scholarly journals Eliminate Hate

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Jenni Martin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs

The prevalence of hate speech and hate-motivated crimes in Canada can be attributed to the systemic failures of Canadian laws. These laws have historically condoned ill treatment towards minorities and minimal changes have been made to remedy this. An examination of how Canadian criminal law defines hate speech and hate-motivated crimes will provide a better understanding of how the current legal framework inadequately addresses it. An analysis of the current state of affairs and real-world implications will provide information on statistics and consequences. Particular attention is focused on several minority groups who face the consequences of these crimes. More research should be conducted focusing on the effects of hate speech and crime on victims and their mental health. Moreover, additional research determining causal linkages between hate speech and serious violent incidents of hate crimes would better solidify the need to address hate speech more seriously.

scholarly journals The Concept of Culpability in Criminal Law and AI Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Roman Dremliuga ◽  
Natalia Prisekina
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Artificial Intelligence System ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Current State

This article focuses on the problems of the application of AI as a tool of crime from the perspective of the norms and principles of Criminal law. The article discusses the question of how the legal framework in the area of culpability determination could be applied to offenses committed with the use of AI. The article presents an analysis of the current state in the sphere of criminal law for both intentional and negligent offenses as well as a comparative analysis of these two forms of culpability. Part of the work is devoted to culpability in intentional crimes. Results of analysis in the paper demonstrate that the law-enforcer and the legislator should reconsider the approach to determining culpability in the case of the application of artificial intelligence systems for committing intentional crimes. As an artificial intelligence system, in some sense, has its own designed cognition and will, courts could not rely on the traditional concept of culpability in intentional crimes, where the intent is clearly determined in accordance with the actions of the criminal. Criminal negligence is reviewed in the article from the perspective of a developer’s criminal liability. The developer is considered as a person who may influence on and anticipate harm caused by AI system that he/she created. If product developers are free from any form of criminal liability for harm caused by their products, it would lead to highly negative social consequences. The situation when a person developing AI system has to take into consideration all potential harm caused by the product also has negative social consequences. The authors conclude that the balance between these two extremums should be found. The authors conclude that the current legal framework does not conform to the goal of a culpability determination for the crime where AI is a tool.

scholarly journals Nepalese psychiatrists' struggle for evolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Jha
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Current State ◽  
Professional Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Health Programme

Nepal has a short and slowly developing history of psychiatry. Recent political turmoil has crippled Nepalese healthcare in rural areas. Although the final quarter of the 20th century saw some development of psychiatric services in Nepal, the majority of Nepalese people remain deprived of such services even today. There is no national health programme or Mental Health Act. Psychiatric services are hospital based and most are centralised in the capital. Nepalese psychiatrists need urgent help, but they have been unable to form a strong professional body. This report presents the historical background, current state of affairs and suggestions for modernising mental health services in Nepal.

scholarly journals Tobacco Use: The Current State of Affairs and How Nurses Can Help Patients Quit

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cessation Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs

Tobacco use is at epidemic levels and a leading cause of disability and premature death in the United States, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and minority groups. While cigarette consumption is at an all-time low, electronic cigarette use has soared, especially in teenagers, who are at the highest risk for lifelong tobacco dependence. This article first offers a brief history of tobacco use and discusses nicotine prevalence and pathogenesis of tobacco dependence. Following this information, the author discusses various tobacco concerns and the benefits of quitting tobacco use. Nurses are vital partners in the war against tobacco through proactive patient education, successful cessation treatment and counseling, and advocacy for policy change.

The Evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Current Challenges of a Disintegrated Neighbourhood

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narine Ghazaryan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
European Neighbourhood Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Eu

The paper traces the evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) since its origins until the present day. The ENP was initiated in 2003 attracting vast institutional and scholarly interest in its various aspects. The extraordinary events of the Arab Spring revolutions in the Southern neighbourhood prompted a renewed interest towards the ENP despite the internal economic turmoil faced by the European Union (EU) and its Member States. The EU institutions undertook a substantive revision of the policy in 2011 in addition to the regional split that had taken place previously. The legal framework of the ENP, comprising its objectives, methodology and instruments, is analysed to reveal the various stages of the existence of the policy and the shortcomings undermining its success. The initial stage of policy formation, the subsequent impact of the Treaty of Lisbon, and the most current state of affairs with a regional emphasis will be addressed in sequence.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v7i1.211

scholarly journals HATE CRIMES DI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERBANDINGAN HUKUM

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Widati Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Racial Ethnic

<p><em>This article discusses the deficiency of the Indonesian criminal law with regard to the criminalization of hate crimes. Taking into consideration the fact that Indonesia faces a high incidence of social conflict due to rising intolerance and discrimination targeting minority groups.  The combination of (racial-ethnic-religious) discrimination and hatred against minority groups in most cases results in various forms of common crimes which generally is known as hate crimes. Using a comparative law method, by and between Indonesian criminal law and the criminal law of other countries experiencing hate crimes, the author highlights options for eradicating hate crimes. One important finding is the tendency of a number of countries to perceive hatred or prejudice which motivate the perpetrator of hate crimes as aggravating factor and not to as as separate substantive offence. </em></p>

Der Schutz älterer Menschen durch das Strafrecht

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Weiss-Brummer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Current State ◽  
Quality Of Protection ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Special Protection

Despite the demographic change of our society, elderly people as victims of crime are still a group little noticed within the context of crime research. Therefore, this thesis deals with the victimization of the elderly and their protection by German criminal law. To this end, firstly the current state of empirical-criminological research with regard to elderly victims is elucidated to clarify fundamental questions: Is there a European and constitutional legal framework for a special protection of this group under German criminal law? Is such protection compatible with criminal law principles? On this foundation, the author then discusses the quality of protection of elderly victims.

scholarly journals Crypto Collectibles, Museum Funding and OpenGLAM: Challenges, Opportunities and the Potential of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9931
Author(s):  
Foteini Valeonti ◽  
Antonios Bikakis ◽  
Melissa Terras ◽  
Chris Speed ◽  
Andrew Hudson-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Real World ◽  
Auction House ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Digital Assets

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) make it technically possible for digital assets to be owned and traded, introducing the concept of scarcity in the digital realm for the first time. Resulting from this technical development, this paper asks the question, do they provide an opportunity for fundraising for galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM), by selling ownership of digital copies of their collections? Although NFTs in their current format were first invented in 2017 as a means for game players to trade virtual goods, they reached the mainstream in 2021, when the auction house Christie’s held their first-ever sale exclusively for an NFT of a digital image, that was eventually sold for a record 69 million USD. The potential of NFTs to generate significant revenue for artists and museums by selling effectively a cryptographically signed copy of a digital image (similar to real-world limited editions, which are signed and numbered copies of a given artwork), has sparked the interest of the financially deprived museum and heritage sector with world-renowned institutions such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Hermitage Museum, having already employed NFTs in order to raise funds. Concerns surrounding the environmental impact of blockchain technology and the rise of malicious projects, exploiting previously digitised heritage content made available through OpenGLAM licensing, have attracted criticism over the speculative use of the technology. In this paper, we present the current state of affairs in relation to NFTs and the cultural heritage sector, identifying challenges, whilst highlighting opportunities that they create for revenue generation, in order to help address the ever-increasing financial challenges of galleries and museums.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Current Challenges of a Disintegrated Neighbourhood

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narine Ghazaryan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
European Neighbourhood Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Eu

The paper traces the evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) since its origins until the present day. The ENP was initiated in 2003 attracting vast institutional and scholarly interest in its various aspects. The extraordinary events of the Arab Spring revolutions in the Southern neighbourhood prompted a renewed interest towards the ENP despite the internal economic turmoil faced by the European Union (EU) and its Member States. The EU institutions undertook a substantive revision of the policy in 2011 in addition to the regional split that had taken place previously. The legal framework of the ENP, comprising its objectives, methodology and instruments, is analysed to reveal the various stages of the existence of the policy and the shortcomings undermining its success. The initial stage of policy formation, the subsequent impact of the Treaty of Lisbon, and the most current state of affairs with a regional emphasis will be addressed in sequence.

scholarly journals Contentious Issues Related to the Perpetrator of Bodily Harm or a Disturbance of Health in a Conceived Child

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Marzena Czochra
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Health It ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Unintentional Acts ◽  
State Of Affairs

The Polish legislator has regulated the personal side of the offence of bodily injury in a child conceived in a manner different from the regulations adopted for crimes related to causing injury to the health of a born person. In the current legal framework, inadvertent harm to a conceived child or life threatening health disorder is not criminalised. Such a state of affairs leads to the issue of a possible amendment of Article 157a of the Penal Code regarding the punishability of unintentional acts. It seems (taking into account the birth criterion) that the legislator differentiates the protection of legal goods in the form of human life and health. It is indisputable that criminal law is an ultima ratio, applied when other legal means are not adequate to the rank of the protected good. However, despite the fact that there are civil regulations on this subject, it seems that they are not a sufficient means of protecting the legal goods in question. For this reason, this discourse proposes several solutions with regard to the subjective part of the offence of Article157a PC.

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