scholarly journals Crypto Collectibles, Museum Funding and OpenGLAM: Challenges, Opportunities and the Potential of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9931
Author(s):  
Foteini Valeonti ◽  
Antonios Bikakis ◽  
Melissa Terras ◽  
Chris Speed ◽  
Andrew Hudson-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Real World ◽  
Auction House ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Digital Assets

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) make it technically possible for digital assets to be owned and traded, introducing the concept of scarcity in the digital realm for the first time. Resulting from this technical development, this paper asks the question, do they provide an opportunity for fundraising for galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM), by selling ownership of digital copies of their collections? Although NFTs in their current format were first invented in 2017 as a means for game players to trade virtual goods, they reached the mainstream in 2021, when the auction house Christie’s held their first-ever sale exclusively for an NFT of a digital image, that was eventually sold for a record 69 million USD. The potential of NFTs to generate significant revenue for artists and museums by selling effectively a cryptographically signed copy of a digital image (similar to real-world limited editions, which are signed and numbered copies of a given artwork), has sparked the interest of the financially deprived museum and heritage sector with world-renowned institutions such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Hermitage Museum, having already employed NFTs in order to raise funds. Concerns surrounding the environmental impact of blockchain technology and the rise of malicious projects, exploiting previously digitised heritage content made available through OpenGLAM licensing, have attracted criticism over the speculative use of the technology. In this paper, we present the current state of affairs in relation to NFTs and the cultural heritage sector, identifying challenges, whilst highlighting opportunities that they create for revenue generation, in order to help address the ever-increasing financial challenges of galleries and museums.

scholarly journals MEMORIALIZATION OF OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OF FEDERAL SIGNIFICANCE IN TYUMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-112
Author(s):  
Dmitrii A. GOGOLEV ◽  
Elena O. MAKAROVA
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The historic monuments of Tyumen are an integral part of the historical and cultural landscape of the city, especially those of them that have the status of the objects of the cultural heritage of the federal significance. The relevance of this topic lies in commemorative marks being one of the sources of the formation of historical memory. For the first time, there is an attempt to study the commemorative potential using the example of a limited number of cultural heritage sites in Tyumen and compare with its current state. A comprehensive study of the history of these objects allows identifying their commemorative potential, while the comprehension of the current state of their memorialization aids in developing specific proposals for perpetuating significant events for them. Using the principles of objectivity and historicism, the authors have studied memorial plaques. Today, they are the only type of commemorative signs located on the cult cultural heritage sites of federal significance in Tyumen. Their texts contain information exclusively about the events of religious life. The reason for this may be the fact that the initiative to install all the memorial signs came from the representatives of the church. The events related to the history of the iconic monuments of Tyumen were grouped into thematic blocks. They reflect the connection of these objects with facts from the life of indivi¬duals or with the history of the most memorial place. This allows formulating more clearly their proposals for the memorialization of historic objects of cultural heritage of federal significance in Tyumen. It should be noted that the issue of the current state and prospects of memorialization of the historic objects of cultural heritage of regional significance in Tyumen requires a special study.

scholarly journals Marine Robots Mapping the Present and the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of the Deep

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3902
Author(s):  
Nadir Kapetanović ◽  
Antonio Vasilijević ◽  
Đula Nađ ◽  
Krunoslav Zubčić ◽  
Nikola Mišković
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Marine Vehicles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
First Time

Underwater cultural heritage sites are subject to constant change, whether due to natural forces such as sediments, waves, currents or human intervention. Until a few decades ago, the documentation and research of these sites was mostly done manually by diving archaeologists. This paper presents the results of the integration of remote sensing technologies with autonomous marine vehicles in order to make the task of site documentation even faster, more accurate, more efficient and more precisely georeferenced. It includes the integration of multibeam sonar, side scan sonar and various cameras into autonomous surface and underwater vehicles, remotely operated vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle. In total, case studies for nine underwater cultural heritage sites around the Mediterranean region are presented. Each case study contains a brief archaeological background of the site, the methodology of using autonomous marine vehicles and sensors for their documentation, and the results in the form of georeferenced side-scan sonar mosaics, bathymetric models or reconstructed photogrammetric models. It is important to mention that this was the first time that any of the selected sites were documented with sonar technologies or autonomous marine vehicles. The main objective of these surveys was to document and assess the current state of the sites and to establish a basis on which future monitoring operations could be built and compared. Beyond the mere documentation and physical preservation, examples of the use of these results for the digital preservation of the sites in augmented and virtual reality are presented.

scholarly journals A Decentralized Framework for Patents and Intellectual Property as NFT in Blockchain Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Bamakan ◽  
Nasim Nezhadsistani ◽  
Omid Bodaghi ◽  
Qiang Qu
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Real World ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Equity Funds ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion ◽  
Real World Problems

Abstract With the explosive development of decentralized finance (DeFi), we witness a phenomenal growth in tokenization of all kinds of assets, including equity, funds, debt, and real estate. By taking advantage of blockchain technology, digital assets are broadly grouped into fungible and non-fungible tokens (NFT). Here non-fungible tokens refer to those with unique and non-substitutable properties. Although the application of NFT is currently limited to digital fantasy artwork, games, collectible, etc., due to its unique capabilities, protocols, and platforms, they could be utilized in more practical issues. The main objective of this paper is to examine the requirements of presenting intellectual property assets, specifically patents, as NFTs. Hence, we offer a layered conceptual NFT-based patent framework with a comprehensive discussion on each layer, including storage, decentralized authentication, decentralized verification, Blockchain, and application layer. Furthermore, a series of open challenges about NFT-based patents and the possible future directions are highlighted. The proposed framework provides fundamental elements and guidance for businesses in taking advantage of NFTs in real-world problems such as grant patents, funding, biotechnology, event ticketing, and so forth.

scholarly journals Eliminate Hate

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Jenni Martin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs

The prevalence of hate speech and hate-motivated crimes in Canada can be attributed to the systemic failures of Canadian laws. These laws have historically condoned ill treatment towards minorities and minimal changes have been made to remedy this. An examination of how Canadian criminal law defines hate speech and hate-motivated crimes will provide a better understanding of how the current legal framework inadequately addresses it. An analysis of the current state of affairs and real-world implications will provide information on statistics and consequences. Particular attention is focused on several minority groups who face the consequences of these crimes. More research should be conducted focusing on the effects of hate speech and crime on victims and their mental health. Moreover, additional research determining causal linkages between hate speech and serious violent incidents of hate crimes would better solidify the need to address hate speech more seriously.

POST-COSMISM AND POST-HUMANISM: TWO STRATEGIES IN THE MOD-ERN PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Natalia Rostova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Exceptionalism ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Post Humanism

The article analyzes the current state of affairs in philosophy in relation to the question «What is hu-man?». In this regard, the author identifies two strategies – post-humanism and post-cosmism. The strat-egy of post-humanism is to deny the idea of human exceptionalism. Humanity becomes something that can be thought of out of touch with human and understood as a right that extends to the non-human world. Post-cosmism, on the contrary, advocated the idea of ontological otherness of the human. Re-sponding to the challenges of anthropological catastrophe, its representatives propose a number of new anthropological projects.

The Reconstruction Project of Illumination Devices at the Krasnoselskaya Station of the Moscow Metro

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Ksenia I. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Current State ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Lighting Environment ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

The current state of the Moscow Metro station of the first priority that became operational in 1935 does not allow it to be called a cultural heritage site. This is due to the fact that lighting modernisation carried out by the Moscow Metro was based on fluorescent lamps. Such lamps are more energy efficient compared to incandescent lamps, which were used in original lighting devices specified in the Station Lighting Project developed by architects and designers. However, they significantly changed the station appearance, transforming the originally designed station with entire well visible architectural tectonics?1 from the standpoint of lighting into a simple, flat, unremarkable, and little loaded station of the Moscow Metro./br> This paper describes a method of lighting reconstruction at Krasnoselskaya station by means of original lighting devices that meet modern standards and requirements for cultural heritage sites. The historical analysis on the development of the station lighting environment was conducted during its operation in order to understand what kind of station was conceived by its architects, what changes occurred with its lighting over time, and how it influenced the station appearance and safety of passenger transportation.

Activity of public control entities and development of distributed computing and distributed data storage systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
D. V. Gribanov
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Computing ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Distributed Data Storage ◽  
Public Control ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Digital Assets

Introduction. This article is devoted to legal regulation of digital assets turnover, utilization possibilities of distributed computing and distributed data storage systems in activities of public authorities and entities of public control. The author notes that some national and foreign scientists who study a “blockchain” technology (distributed computing and distributed data storage systems) emphasize its usefulness in different activities. Data validation procedure of digital transactions, legal regulation of creation, issuance and turnover of digital assets need further attention.Materials and methods. The research is based on common scientific (analysis, analogy, comparing) and particular methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes (a method of interpretation of legal rules, a technical legal method, a formal legal method and a formal logical one).Results of the study. The author conducted an analysis which resulted in finding some advantages of the use of the “blockchain” technology in the sphere of public control which are as follows: a particular validation system; data that once were entered in the system of distributed data storage cannot be erased or forged; absolute transparency of succession of actions while exercising governing powers; automatic repeat of recurring actions. The need of fivefold validation of exercising governing powers is substantiated. The author stresses that the fivefold validation shall ensure complex control over exercising of powers by the civil society, the entities of public control and the Russian Federation as a federal state holding sovereignty over its territory. The author has also conducted a brief analysis of judicial decisions concerning digital transactions.Discussion and conclusion. The use of the distributed data storage system makes it easier to exercise control due to the decrease of risks of forge, replacement or termination of data. The author suggests defining digital transaction not only as some actions with digital assets, but also as actions toward modification and addition of information about legal facts with a purpose of its establishment in the systems of distributed data storage. The author suggests using the systems of distributed data storage for independent validation of information about activities of the bodies of state authority. In the author’s opinion, application of the “blockchain” technology may result not only in the increase of efficiency of public control, but also in the creation of a new form of public control – automatic control. It is concluded there is no legislation basis for regulation of legal relations concerning distributed data storage today.

ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE BANKING SECTOR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ilkovych ◽  
◽  
Maryna Korol ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Further Development

The article considers the essence of blockchain technology and the possibility of its application in the banking sector. The current state of development and application of blockchain technologies in various industries is analyzed. The pros and cons of using blockchain technologies for the banking sector are identified. Emphasis is placed on the role of blockchain technologies in the further development of the banking sector. The most promising directions of development of this technology are considered. Particular attention is paid to examples of the use of blockchain technology by global banking institutions.

Towards a Standard for a Reliable Execution Environment for Security Protocols

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Mahalingam Ramkumar
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Full Advantage ◽  
Real World ◽  
Security Protocols ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
High Integrity ◽  
Execution Environment ◽  
World Information ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Attack Models

Approaches for securing digital assets of information systems can be classified as active approaches based on attack models, and passive approaches based on system-models. Passive approaches are inherently superior to active ones. However, taking full advantage of passive approaches calls for a rigorous standard for a low-complexity-high-integrity execution environment for security protocols. We sketch broad outlines of mirror network (MN) modules, as a candidate for such a standard. Their utility in assuring real-world information systems is illustrated with examples.

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