scholarly journals Электрогенез растительно-микробного топливного элемента при параллельном и последовательном соединении ячеек

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Т.Э. Кулешова ◽  
Н.Р. Галль ◽  
А.С. Галушко ◽  
Г.Г. Панова
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Series Connection ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Late Stages

The paper describes electrogenic features of the plant-microbial fuel cell (PMFC) with various assembling of single cells into a battery. The operation of a single cell and two variants of electric circuit organization: parallel and series connection of PMFC, have been experimentally studied and compared. A potential difference, ~ 70 mV, was measured for a cell without a plant, which disappears with time. This supports the significant role of the plant in PMFC; we put forward a hypothesis of diffusion EMF production by the root system with the participation of electrogenic chemoorganoterotrophic microorganisms. It has been shown that the mean bioelectric potential generated by a single cell is 170 mV. It is increased by only 1.5 times in a series connection of 3 fuel cells. Load current increase is also observed for parallel connection of 3 PMFC, but also only by 1.5 times, and only in the late stages of the plant growth. It is likely that the sum of flowing currents and generated voltages affects the electrogenic reactions in each individual plant and microorganisms in each PMFC and thereby trigger some compensation mechanisms decreasing electrogenic plant features.

scholarly journals Single-cell tumor-immune microenvironment of BRCA1/2 mutated high-grade serous ovarian cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga-Maria Launonen ◽  
Nuppu Lyytikäinen ◽  
Julia Casado ◽  
Ella Anttila ◽  
Angéla Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Cellular Phenotypes

Abstract The majority of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs) are deficient in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, most commonly due to mutations or hypermethylation of the BRCA1/2 genes. We aimed to discover how BRCA1/2 mutations shape the cellular phenotypes and spatial interactions of the tumor microenvironment. Using a highly multiplex immunofluorescence and image analysis we generated spatial proteomic data for 21 markers in 124,623 single cells from 112 tumor cores originating from 31 tumors with BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut), and from 13 tumors without alterations in HR genes (HRwt). We identified a phenotypically distinct tumor microenvironment in the BRCA1/2mut tumors with evidence of increased immunosurveillance. Importantly, we found an opposing prognostic role of a proliferative tumor-cell phenotypic subpopulation in the HR-genotypes, which associated with enhanced spatial tumor-immune interactions by the CD8+ and CD4+T-cells in BRCA1/2mut tumors. The single-cell spatial landscapes indicate distinct patterns of spatial immunosurveillance with the premise to improve immunotherapeutic strategies and patient stratification in HGSC.

scholarly journals Cell-to-cell diversification in ERBB-RAS-MAPK signal transduction that produces cell-type specific growth factor responses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiraku Miyagi ◽  
Michio Hiroshima ◽  
Yasushi Sako
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Single Cell Responses ◽  
Specific Growth Factor ◽  
A Cell

AbstractGrowth factors regulate cell fates, including their proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death, according to the cell type. Even when the response to a specific growth factor is deterministic for collective cell behavior, significant levels of fluctuation are often observed between single cells. Statistical analyses of single-cell responses provide insights into the mechanism of cell fate decisions but very little is known about the distributions of the internal states of cells responding to growth factors. Using multi-color immunofluorescent staining, we have here detected the phosphorylation of seven elements in the early response of the ERBB–RAS–MAPK system to two growth factors. Among these seven elements, five were analyzed simultaneously in distinct combinations in the same single cells. Although principle component analysis suggested cell-type and input specific phosphorylation patterns, cell-to-cell fluctuation was large. Mutual information analysis suggested that cells use multitrack (bush-like) signal transduction pathways under conditions in which clear cell fate changes have been reported. The clustering of single-cell response patterns indicated that the fate change in a cell population correlates with the large entropy of the response, suggesting a bet-hedging strategy is used in decision making. A comparison of true and randomized datasets further indicated that this large variation is not produced by simple reaction noise, but is defined by the properties of the signal-processing network.Author SummaryHow extracellular signals, such as growth factors (GFs), induce fate changes in biological cells is still not fully understood. Some GFs induce cell proliferation and others induce differentiation by stimulating a common reaction network. Although the response to each GF is reproducible for a cell population, not all single cells respond similarly. The question that arises is whether a certain GF conducts all the responding cells in the same direction during a fate change, or if it initially stimulates a variety of behaviors among single cells, from which the cells that move in the appropriate direction are later selected. Our current statistical analysis of single-cell responses suggests that the latter process, which is called a bet-hedging mechanism is plausible. The complex pathways of signal transmission seem to be responsible for this bet-hedging.

scholarly journals Direct correlation between motile behavior and protein abundance in single cells

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann S Dufour ◽  
Sébastien Gillet ◽  
Nicholas W Frankel ◽  
Douglas B Weibel ◽  
Thierry Emonet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Chemotaxis Proteins

AbstractUnderstanding how stochastic molecular fluctuations affect cell behavior requires the quantification of both behavior and protein numbers in the same cells. Here, we combine automated microscopy with in situ hydrogel polymerization to measure single-cell protein expression after tracking swimming behavior. We characterized the distribution of non-genetic phenotypic diversity in Escherichia coli motility, which affects single-cell exploration. By expressing fluorescently tagged chemotaxis proteins (CheR and CheB) at different levels, we quantitatively mapped motile phenotype (tumble bias) to protein numbers using thousands of single-cell measurements. Our results disagreed with established models until we incorporated the role of CheB in receptor deamidation and the slow fluctuations in receptor methylation. Beyond refining models, our central finding is that changes in numbers of CheR and CheB affect the population mean tumble bias and its variance independently. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the degree of phenotypic diversity of a population by adjusting the global level of expression of CheR and CheB while keeping their ratio constant, which, as shown in previous studies, confers functional robustness to the system. Since genetic control of protein expression is heritable, our results suggest that non-genetic diversity in motile behavior is selectable, supporting earlier hypotheses that such diversity confers a selective advantage.

scholarly journals Single cell network analysis with a mixture of Nested Effects Models

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pirkl ◽  
Niko Beerenwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
R Package ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Cell Data

AbstractMotivationNew technologies allow for the elaborate measurement of different traits of single cells. These data promise to elucidate intra-cellular networks in unprecedented detail and further help to improve treatment of diseases like cancer. However, cell populations can be very heterogeneous.ResultsWe developed a mixture of Nested Effects Models (M&NEM) for single-cell data to simultaneously identify different cellular sub-populations and their corresponding causal networks to explain the heterogeneity in a cell population. For inference, we assign each cell to a network with a certain probability and iteratively update the optimal networks and cell probabilities in an Expectation Maximization scheme. We validate our method in the controlled setting of a simulation study and apply it to three data sets of pooled CRISPR screens generated previously by two novel experimental techniques, namely Crop-Seq and Perturb-Seq.AvailabilityThe mixture Nested Effects Model (M&NEM) is available as the R-package mnem at https://github.com/cbgethz/mnem/[email protected], [email protected] informationSupplementary data are available.online.

Single-cell analyses of nitrergic neurons in simple nervous systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Moroz ◽  
R. Gillette ◽  
J.V. Sweedler
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
No Oxidation ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Understanding the role of the gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) in the nervous system is complicated by the heterogeneity of its nerve cells; analyses carried out at the single cell level are therefore important, if not critical. Some invertebrate preparations, most especially those from the gastropod molluscs, provide large, hardy and identified neurons that are useful both for the development of analytical methodologies and for cellular analyses of NO metabolism and its actions. Recent modifications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) allow the use of a small fraction of an individual neuron to perform direct, quantitative and simultaneous assays of the major metabolites of the NO-citrulline cycle and associated biochemical pathways. These chemical species include the products of NO oxidation (NO2-/NO3-), l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-argininosuccinate, as well as selected NO synthase inhibitors and cofactors such as NADPH, biopterin, FMN and FAD. Diverse cotransmitters can also be identified in the same nitrergic neuron. The sensitivity of CE methods is in the femtomole to attomole range, depending on the species analysed and on the specific detector used. CE analysis can be combined with prior in vivo electrophysiological and pharmacological manipulations and measurements to yield multiple physiological and biochemical values from single cells. The methodologies and instrumentation developed and tested using the convenient molluscan cell model can be adapted to the smaller and more delicate neurons of other invertebrates and chordates.

SIFTER: Electrophoretic complex fractionation protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julea Vlassakis ◽  
Louise L Hansen ◽  
Amy E Herr
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
A Cell

Abstract We introduce micro-arrayed, differential detergent fractionation for the simultaneous detection of protein complexes in 100s of individual cells with SIFTER (Single-cell protein Interaction Fractionation Through Electrophoresis and immunoassay Readout). Size-based fractionation of protein complexes is accomplished with five assay steps. First, a cell suspension generated by trypsinization is introduced onto a microwell array, and single cells are settled into the microwells by gravity. Cells are lysed in F-actin stabilization buffer that is delivered by a hydrogel lid. Second, the protein complexes are fractionated from the smaller monomers by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Monomers are electrophoresed into the gel and are immobilized using a UV-induced covalent reaction to benzophenone. Third, a protein-complex depolymerization buffer is introduced by another hydrogel lid. Fourth, the recently depolymerized complexes are electrophoresed into a region of the gel separate from the immobilized monomers, where the complex fraction are in turn immobilized. Fifth, in-gel immunoprobing detects the immobilized populations of monomer and depolymerized complexes. These general steps are built on previously published protocols for bulk actin studies, single-cell western blotting, and bidirectional separations1-4.

scholarly journals Cell explosions: single cell death triggers an avoidance response in local populations of the ecologically prominent phytoplankton genus Micromonas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Henshaw ◽  
Jonathan Roberts ◽  
Marco Polin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Micromonas Pusilla

The global phytoplankton community, comprised of aquatic photosynthetic organisms, is acknowledged for being responsible for half of the global oxygen production Prominent among these is the pico-eukaryote Micromonas commoda (formally Micromonas pusilla of the genus Micromonas), which can be found in marine and coastal environments across the globe. Cell death of phytoplankton has been identified as contributing to the largest carbon transfers on the planet moving 109 tonnes of carbon in the oceans every day. During a cell death organic matter is released into the local environment which can act as both a food source and a warning signal for nearby organisms. Here we present a novel motility response to single cell death in populations of Micromonas sp., where the death of a single cell releases a chemical patch triggers surrounding cells to escape the immediate affected area. These so-called “burst events” are then modelled and compared with a spherically symmetric diffusing patch which is found to faithfully reproduce the observed behaviour. Finally, laser ablation of single cells reproduces the observed avoidance response, confirming that Micromonas sp. has evolved a specific motility response in order to escape harmful environments for example nearby predator-prey interactions or virus lysis induced cell death.

scholarly journals Single-cell tumor-immune microenvironment of BRCA1/2 mutated high-grade serous ovarian cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga-Maria Launonen ◽  
Nuppu Lyytikäinen ◽  
Julia Casado ◽  
Ella Anttila ◽  
Angéla Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Cellular Phenotypes

Abstract The majority of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs) are deficient in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, most commonly due to mutations or hypermethylation of the BRCA1/2 genes. We aimed to discover how BRCA1/2 mutations shape the cellular phenotypes and spatial interactions of the tumor microenvironment. Using a highly multiplex immunofluorescence and image analysis on 112 tumor cores we generated single-cell spatial data for 21 markers in 124,623 single cells from 31 tumors with BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut), and 13 tumors without any alterations in HR genes (HRwt). We identified a phenotypically distinct tumor microenvironment in the BRCA1/2mut tumors with evidence of increased immunosurveillance. Importantly, we found an opposing prognostic role of a proliferative tumor-cell phenotypic subpopulation in the HR-genotypes, which associated with enhanced spatial interactions in the tumor-immune cellular communities. The single-cell spatial landscapes indicate distinct patterns of spatial immunosurveillance with the premise to improve immunotherapeutic strategies and patient stratification in HGSC.

scholarly journals Single-cell RNA-seq revealed the role of Alkbh5 in reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhong Shen ◽  
Gangcai Xie
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Single Cell Sequencing ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

AbstractN(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)a) is the most common internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. According to previous literature reports, alkbh5, as another demethylase in mammals, can reverse the expression of m(6)a gene in vivo and in vitro. In order to reveal the effect of Alkbh5 deletion on the level of single cells in the testis during spermatogenesis in mice, the data were compared using single-cell sequencing. In this article, we discussed the transcription profile and cell type identification of mouse testis, the expression of mitochondrial and ribosomal genes in mice, the analysis of differential gene expression, and the effects of Alkbh5 deletion, and try to explain the role and influence of Alkbh5 on reproduction at the level of single-cell sequencing.

scholarly journals Tracking infection dynamics at single-cell level reveals highly resolved expression programs of a large virus infecting algal blooms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Ku ◽  
Uri Sheyn ◽  
Arnau Sebé-Pedrós ◽  
Shifra Ben-Dor ◽  
Daniella Schatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Viral Transcript ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Large Virus ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Large Dna Viruses ◽  
Late Stages

AbstractNucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses have the largest genomes among all viruses and infect diverse eukaryotes across various ecosystems, but their expression regulation and infection strategies are not well understood. We profiled single-cell transcriptomes of the worldwide-distributed microalga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific coccolithovirus responsible for massive bloom demise. Heterogeneity in viral transcript levels detected among single cells was used to reconstruct the viral transcriptional trajectory and to map cells along a continuum of infection states. This enabled identification of novel viral genetic programs, which are composed of five kinetic classes with distinct promoter elements. The infection substantially changed the host transcriptome, causing rapid shutdown of protein-encoding nuclear transcripts at the onset of infection, while the plastid and mitochondrial transcriptomes persisted to mid- and late stages, respectively. Single-cell transcriptomics thereby opens the way for tracking host-pathogen infection dynamics at high resolution within microbial communities in the marine environment.

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