scholarly journals Personal Digital Health Assistants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Uday Jain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Dynamic of Job Stress as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Gafarov VV ◽  
◽  
Panov DO ◽  
Gromova EA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences

scholarly journals Gender differences and trends of attitude toward smoking and diet behavior in population aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Diet Behavior

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of attitude toward smoking and diet behavior in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Smoking status and diet behavior assessed by questionnaire proposed by MONICA-MOPSY protocol. Results: The proportion of men who ever smoked was extremely high (80%) in the general population of 25-64 years and remained unchanged in the period 1988-2003 but began to decrease in 2013, first in the younger age groups and in 2016- 2017 in the older age groups. Despite the fact that there are significantly fewer female smokers, the proportion of female smokers began to increase in 1994, firstly in younger age groups and by 2003-05 in older age groups. Men of younger age groups more often than women tried unsuccessfully to give up a harmful habit. But in 2013-2016, the proportion of those who quit smoking increased to 25-29%. Men were 1.5-2 times more likely than women to report that they did not need to follow a diet. The number of those adhering to the diet, despite the increase in 2013-17, on average did not exceed 10% during 29 years of observation. Diet men were absent in the younger age group in 1988; but in the 45-54 age group their number reached a maximum of 17.1% in 2016-17, overtaking women in this indicator. The proportion of unsuccessful dietary attempts was higher among women in all age groups. The gender gap in the frequency of failed attempts to follow a diet has been growing since 2003. And in 2013-16, more than half of the male and 2/3 of the female population were unsuccessful in trying to adhere to the diet. Conclusions: There was a trend towards a decrease in smoking among men and, at the same time, a decrease in the proportion of women who never smoked in the period from 1994 to 2017. More than half of the male population and 2/3 of the female population were unsuccessful in trying to adhere to the diet, so the proportion of those following the diet did not exceed 10% during 29 years of observation.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Dynamic of Family Stress Indicators in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 To 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Family Stress ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Family

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of family stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Family stress indicators were assessed using the questionnaire “Knowledge and attitude towards own’s health”. Results: In 1988, men were 7% more likely than women to report serious illness or death of close relatives in the past year. By 2016-17, the share of such persons decreased to 20.1% of men and 28.1% of women. Women more often than men reported changes in marital status over the past 12 months in 1988: married, divorced, left family, widowed, had a child, etc. The frequency of these changes was higher in the younger age group. In 2013-2015, these changes occurred equally often in men and women but their share decreased subsequently. The difference in the perception of conflicts in the family is present among men and women aged 25-64. In 1988, men more often than women believed that there were no serious conflicts in the family, especially in the younger age groups. Gender gap towards family conflicts is reducing among older participants. The proportion of women who reported family conflicts dropped significantly in 2013-2016 and 2016-17. It has led to gender parity in the frequency of family disagreements. Men more often than women reported that “something disturbs their rest at dwelling “. By 2017, the proportion of such persons increased, reaching the maximum levels (80-90%) among men and women in certain age groups. Conclusions: Women are more likely than men to report changes in marital status and conflicts in the family. Men are more often than women dissatisfied with rest at home. Gender differences are diminished with age.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Dynamics of Attitudes towards the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 To 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 5258-5271
Author(s):  
Valery Gafarov ◽  
Dmitriy Panov ◽  
Elena Gromova ◽  
Eldar Krymov ◽  
Igor Gagulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamics of attitudes towards the cardiovascular prevention in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34,9% males, mean age 54,25±0,2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43,8% males, mean age 34,5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 гг.( n=663, 41,3% years 51,95±0,32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. АААА-А17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Attitude towards preventive methods and health care utilization were assessed using the questionnaire "Knowledge and attitude towards own's health". Results: About 100% male and female population aged of 25-64 years considered it probable "to develop a serious illness within the next 5-10 years" in 1988. This proportion has not changed significantly by 2017. In 1988, men more often than women certainly believed that they would avoid serious illness if they took action on their own health. In subsequent years of observation these sex differences in responses were erased. Belief in the power of medicine to prevent all or most of the heart disease was present among young men in 2013 and 2017. In comparison with them, women are more balanced about the preventive possibilities of medicine. Despite the fact that 100% of men and women in the open population 25-64 years find "preventive health screening" useful, only 6.8% of males and 3% of females were regularly checked by a doctor in 1988. In 2016-2017, the frequency of regular health checks exceeded the 10% in middle-aged groups. An equal proportion of men and women - 67% sought medical help only in case of chest pain, and 11-12% would not go to a doctor even with intense pain; by 2017, their share had decreased to 6.5%. Conclusions: Among those who consider it likely to have a serious illness, only one of ten is regularly checked by a doctor. At the same time, men are more likely than women to shift responsibility for their health to the preventive capabilities of medicine. Keywords: awareness, cardiovascular prevention, sex differences, population, healthcare utilization

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Trends in Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression and Vital Exhaustion in Russia / Siberia from 1994 To 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 5288-5298
Author(s):  
Valery Gafarov ◽  
Dmitriy Panov ◽  
Elena Gromova ◽  
Eldar Krymov ◽  
Igor Gagulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Affective States ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Vital Exhaustion ◽  
Open Population ◽  
High Exhaustion ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Purpose: To determine gender differences in trends of anxiety, depression and vital exhaustion levels in an open population aged 25-64 years over long-term period - 23 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1994-95 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n = 1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34,9% males, mean age 54,25±0,2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43,8% males, mean age 34,5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 гг.( n=663, 41,3% years 51,95±0,32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. АААА-А17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Anxiety traits studied by means of the Spielberger test. Depression and vital exhaustion assessed by MOPSY questionnaires. Results: 2/3 of the female population aged 25-64 years had high level of anxiety traits in 1994. It was highest in the younger age groups. High anxiety was found in less than half of the surveyed men, increasing with age. The maximum values of anxiety were noted in 2003-2005 in both genders. The decrease in the incidence of high anxiety which began in 2013-2016, remained only in the female part of the population aged 35-64y but in men the prevalence of anxiety returned to the levels of 1994. Depression occurred in more than half of the female population in 1994. The overall prevalence among men was less than 30%. At the same time, the frequency of major D in women was 4-fold higher compared with men (p <0.001). Trends in prevalence in 2017 were mixed: a reduction in moderate levels and an increase in major depression in the youngest and oldest age groups. The prevalence of high vital exhaustion in 1994 was 14.6% and 31% in men and women 25-64 years, respectively (p <0.001). An increase in high exhaustion from younger to older age groups was noted in both sexes. The downward trend in exhaustion in 2017 persisted only among women. At that moment for the first time men began to report high exhaustion more often than women over 23-year of follow-up (16.9% and 15.6% for men and women 35-64y, respectively; n.s.). Conclusion: The prevalence of affective states is higher in females in general population. Long-term trends in decreasing the prevalence of anxiety, depression and vital exhaustion were not sustainable and returned to levels of 1994.

scholarly journals Gender Differences and Trends of Self-Rated Health in Population Aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
The Stability

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of self-rated health in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Self-rated health was assessed using the questionnaire “Knowledge and attitude towards own’s health”. Results: The proportion of people with negative self-reported health in the open population was extremely high in 1988. The share of women who consider themselves healthy was 13.7%, men - 37.9%. Gender differences increased with age. Only 10.5% of women and 29.7% of men had no complaints about their health. In 2013, there was an increase in positive health estimation among males and females and a decrease in the frequency of complaints, especially in female part of the population - by 2-2.5 times. The favorable trend which began in 2013 continued in 2017, when men and women more often self-esteemed own health status as “good” compared to earlier periods of observation. The proportion of women believed that taking comprehensive care of their health rose to 15% by 2017, equaling that of men. With the exception of 2013, women were more likely than men to report that “taking care of their health is not enough”, although by 2017 this proportion had dropped to 20%. Conclusions: Sex differences in self-rated health increase with age, but the frequency of health complaints increases proportionally in men and women. There were found favorable tendencies in the decrease in the frequency of negative assessments of health, especially in female population. Further research is required to determine the stability of this trend.

scholarly journals Gender differences and trends of attitude toward physical activity in population aged 25- 64 years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Representative Samples

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of attitude toward physical activity in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Physical activity assessed by questionnaire proposed by MONICA-MOPSY protocol. Results: Men were 2 times more likely than women to report that they did not need to do physical exercises in 1988. In 2013- 2016, the proportion of young men and women who regularly did physical exercises increased significantly: 28.7% and 21.4%, respectively. In 2017, this trend continued among women but there were fewer men who regularly train. 59.9% of men and 73.1% of women aged 25-64 in 1988 reported “failed” attempts to exercise regularly. By 2017, the share of such men has not changed but for women it decreased to 7%. Women more often than men (30.3% vs 24.6%) spent their leisure time physically actively in 1988. By 2017, there was a tendency towards an increase in women aged 25-34 years with passive pastime to 21.1% and among men their share did not change. In 1988, the proportion of those who became less mobile during the year increased linearly with age, reaching 31.5% for men and 38.8% for women 55-64 years old. In 2017, the proportion of men and women who became less mobile decreased in comparison with 1988 and 2003 (11.6% and 22.2%, respectively; p <0.05). In 1988, women more often than men considered themselves insufficiently active. In 2013-2017, individuals of both sexes began to report more often that they are physically more active than other people of their own age. Males aged of 25-44 years considered themselves as active more often than females. But in the older age groups there was an increase in physical activity among women. Conclusions: There is an essential decline in physical activity with age but trends in self-rated levels of physical activity show a steady increase from 1988 to 2017, predominantly in women.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Association of Depression with Self-Rated Health and Awareness of Cardiovascular Preventive Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gafarov VV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Open Population

Aim: To determine gender differences in the relationship between depression and self-rated health and awareness of measures for cardiovascular prevention in an open population of 25-4 years in Russia/Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Under the screening based on the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, a random representative sample of the male and female population who were residents in one of the districts in Novosibirsk was examined in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0.4 years). Selfassessment of health and awareness of preventive measures was assessed using the questionnaire "Knowledge and attitude to own health". Depression was assessed using the depression scale based on the adapted MMPI questionnaire. Results: There was a linear increase in the proportion of those who considered themselves "not entirely healthy" or "sick" with an increase in the level of depression in 25-34 and 35-44 years age groups of studied population. Women aged 35-44 years with a moderate level of depression are 15-20% more likely than men to report that they are “not entirely healthy” and “sick” and have health complaints (p <0.05). Men aged 25-34y with major depression were more likely to report negative self-esteem and health complaints but these differences were not statistically significant. In both age groups, with an increase in the level of depression by 20-40%, the proportion of people who “clearly did not take care of their health” among men and women increased. However, the presence of depression eliminate statistical gender differences. In the presence of depression, women are 16% more likely than men to consider it highly likely to develop a serious illness in the next 5-10 years, while they are 10% less likely to have regular health checks. Women were 4-12% more likely than men to doubt the possibilities of preventive medicine, regardless of the level of depression. Conclusions: As depression rises, self-rated health falls and confidence in the effectiveness of preventive measures among both sexes decreases. And while women are more likely to report pessimistic responses to health and prevention, the presence of high levels of depression deletes gender differences.

scholarly journals Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Todosijević ◽  
Suzana Ignjatović
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Norms ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Social

Abstract The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on ‘social forces’ (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the ESS data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ‘ideal age’ as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach. The results did not provide convincing evidence for the alternative, non-evolutionary interpretation of the identified patterns.

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