Racial Differences in the Household Composition of Elders by Age, Gender, and Area of Residence

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond T. Coward ◽  
Gary R. Lee ◽  
Julie K. Netzer ◽  
Stephen J. Cutler ◽  
Nicholas L. Danigelis
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
White Women ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Multigenerational Households

Using census data and an innovative technique for describing the composition of households from the perspective of elders, this research provides a more detailed description of race differences in living arrangements of older persons than has previously existed. In addition, cross tabulations of race with other factors known to influence household composition (gender, age, and area of residence) are examined. While white women are more likely than black women to live alone, the reverse is true among men. Whites are more likely than blacks to live in married-couple-only households, and blacks are more likely than whites to live in multigenerational households, although these differences decrease with advancing age. Blacks are also more likely than whites to live with collateral kin or nonkin only, although these categories comprise small proportions of the population. Implications of these differences for caregiving and quality of life among older persons are discussed.

scholarly journals Racial differences in lifestyle, demographic, and health factors associated with quality of life (QoL) in midlife women

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi Patrice Smith ◽  
Esmeralda Cardoso-Mendoza ◽  
Jodi A. Flaws ◽  
Zeynep Madak-Erdogan ◽  
Rebecca L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Factors Associated

AbstractPreviously, quality of life (Qol) has been defined as an individual’s evaluation of a satisfactory life as a whole (i.e. physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially). Only a few studies have examined the racial differences between QoL and risk factors associated with health, demographics, and lifestyle in midlife women. Thus, the purpose of our study was to determine racial differences in QoL in menopausal women due to lifestyle, demographic, and health related risk factors. A stratified ordinal logistic regression model was applied to self-reported questionnaire data from the Midlife Women’s Health Study (MWHS) to determine risk factors associated with QoL differences between White and Black women during the menopausal transition. In multivariable models, our results showed Black women who had 3 or 4 comorbidities were about 4 times as likely to have higher QoL compared to women who had 0 to 2 comorbidities (95% CI: 1.65,10.78). However, the number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with QoL in White women in univariate or multiple regression. Further, body mass index and income were not significant factors in QoL in Black women but were in White women. Overall, our results illustrate that differences in health, demographic, and lifestyle factors are associated with QoL during menopause. Also, we suggest that future studies evaluate stratified models between racial groups to determine race-specific risk factors related to quality of life.

scholarly journals Racial Differences in Lifestyle, Demographic, and Health Factors Associated with Quality of Life (QoL) in Midlife Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi Patrice Smith ◽  
Esmeralda Cardoso-Mendoza ◽  
Jodi A. Flaws ◽  
Zeynep Madak-Erdogan ◽  
Rebecca Lee Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Previously, quality of life (Qol) has been defined as an individual’s evaluation of a satisfactory life as a whole (i.e. physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially). Only a few studies have examined the racial differences between QoL, and risk factors associated with health, demographics, and lifestyle in midlife women. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine racial differences in QoL in menopausal women due to lifestyle, demographic, and health related risk factors. A stratified ordinal logistic regression model was applied to self-reported questionnaire data from the Midlife Women's Health Study (MWHS) to determine risk factors associated with QoL differences between White and Black women during the menopausal transition. In multivariate models, our results showed Black women who had 3 or 4 comorbidities (moderate) were about 4 times as likely to have higher QoL compared to women who had 0 to 2 comorbidities (95% CI: 1.65,10.78). However, the number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with QoL in White women in univariate or multivariate analysis. Further, BMI and income were not significant factors in QoL in Black women but were in White women. Overall, our results illustrate that differences in health, demographic, and lifestyle factors are associated with QoL during menopause. Also, we suggest that future studies evaluate stratified models between racial groups to determine race-specific risk factors related to quality of life.

scholarly journals Racial Differences in Lifestyle, Demographic, and Health Factors Associated with Quality of Life (QoL) in Midlife Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi Patrice Smith ◽  
Esmeralda Cardoso-Mendoza ◽  
Jodi A. Flaws ◽  
Zeynep Madak-Erdogan ◽  
Rebecca Lee Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Previously, quality of life (Qol) has been defined as an individual’s evaluation of a satisfactory life as a whole (i.e. physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially). Only a few studies have examined the racial differences between QoL, and risk factors associated with health, demographics, and lifestyle in midlife women. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine racial differences in QoL in menopausal women due to lifestyle, demographic, and health related risk factors. A stratified ordinal logistic regression model was applied to self-reported questionnaire data from the Midlife Women's Health Study (MWHS) to determine risk factors associated with QoL differences between White and Black women during the menopausal transition. In multivariate models, our results showed Black women who had 3 or 4 comorbidities (moderate) were about 4 times as likely to have higher QoL compared to women who had 0 to 2 comorbidities (95% CI: 1.65,10.78). However, the number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with QoL in White women in univariate or multivariate analysis. Further, BMI and income were not significant factors in QoL in Black women but were in White women. Overall, our results illustrate that differences in health, demographic, and lifestyle factors are associated with QoL during menopause. Also, we suggest that future studies evaluate stratified models between racial groups to determine race-specific risk factors related to quality of life.

scholarly journals Racial Differences in Lifestyle, Demographic, and Health Factors Associated with Quality of Life (QoL) in Midlife Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi Patrice Smith ◽  
Esmeralda Cardoso-Mendoza ◽  
Jodi A. Flaws ◽  
Zeynep Madak-Erdogan ◽  
Rebecca Lee Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background Quality of Life (QoL) is a major indicator of an individual’s overall health. Only a few studies have examined the racial differences between QoL, and risk factors associated with health, demographics, and lifestyle in midlife women. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine racial differences in QoL in menopausal women due to lifestyle, demographic, and health related factors. Methods A stratified ordinal logistic regression model was applied to self-reported questionnaire data from the Midlife Women's Health Study (MWHS) to determine risk factors associated with QoL differences between white and black women during the menopausal transition. Results In multivariate models, our results showed black women who had 3 or 4 comorbidities (moderate) were about 4 times as likely to have higher QoL compared to women who had 0 to 2 comorbidities (95% CI: 1.65,10.78). However, the number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with QoL in white women in univariate or multivariate analysis. Further, BMI, education, and income were not significant factors in QoL in black women but were in white women. Conclusions Overall, our results illustrate that differences in health, demographic, and lifestyle factors are associated with QoL during menopause. Also, we suggest that future studies evaluate stratified models between racial groups to determine race-specific risk factors related to quality of life.

Abstract MP008: Racial Differences in Total, Free, and Bioavailable 25(OH)D and PTH Levels and CVD Risk Among Postmenopausal Women

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Wanzhu Tu ◽  
Lesley Tinker ◽  
JoAnn E Manson ◽  
Simin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Circulating Levels

Background: Recent evidence suggests that racial differences in circulating levels of free or bioavailable 25(OH)D rather than total 25(OH)D may explain the apparent racial disparities in cardiovascular disease(CVD).However, few prospective studies have directly tested this hypothesis. Objective: Our study prospectively examined black white differences in the associations of total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels at baseline with incident CVD in a large, multi-ethnic, geographically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women. Method: We conducted a case-cohort study among 79,705 black and non-Hispanic white postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years and free of CVD at baseline in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). We included a randomly chosen subcohort of 1,300 black and 1,500 white noncases at baseline and a total of 550 black and 1,500 white women who developed incident CVD during the follow up. We directly measured circulating levels of total 25(OH)D, VDBP (monoclonal antibody assay), albumin, and PTH and calculated free and bioavailable vitamin D levels. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used while adjusting for known CVD risk factors. Results: At baseline, white women had higher mean levels of total 25(OH)D and VDBP and lower mean levels of free and bioavailable 25(OH)D and PTH than black women (all P values < 0.0001). White cases had lower levels of total 25(OH)D and VDBP and higher levels of PTH than white noncases, while black cases had higher levels of PTH than black noncases (all P values < 0.05). There was a trend toward an increased CVD risk associated with low total 25(OH)D and VDBP levels or elevated PTH levels in both US black and white women. In the multivariable analyses, the total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D, and VDBP were not significantly associated with CVD risk in black or white women. A statistically significant association between higher PTH levels and increased CVD risk persisted in white women, however. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] comparing the extreme quartiles of PTH were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.06-1.77; P-trend=0.02) for white women and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.79-1.58; P-trend=0.37) for black women. This positive association among white women was also independent of total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D or VDBP. There were no significant interactions with other pre-specified factors, including BMI, season of blood draw, sunlight exposure, recreational physical activity, sitting time, or renal function. Interpretation: Findings from a large multiethnic case-cohort study of US black and white postmenopausal women do not support the notion that circulating levels of vitamin D biomarkers may explain black-white disparities in CVD but indicate that PTH excess may be an independent risk factor for CVD in white women.

Sex and Race Differences in the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated With Fasting Blood Glucose in REGARDS

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012296
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Madsen ◽  
D. Leann Long ◽  
April P. Carson ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Dawn O. Kleindorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background:To investigate sex and race differences in the association between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and risk of ischemic stroke (IS).Methods:This prospective longitudinal cohort study included adults age ≥45 years at baseline in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study, followed for a median of 11.4 years. The exposure was baseline FBG (mg/dL); suspected IS events were ascertained by phone every 6 months and were physician-adjudicated. Cox proportional hazards were used to assess the adjusted sex/race-specific associations between FBG (by category and as a restricted cubic spline) and incident IS.Results:Of 20,338 participants, mean age was 64.5(SD 9.3) years, 38.7% were Black, 55.4% were women, 16.2% were using diabetes medications, and 954 IS events occurred. Compared to FBG <100, FBG ≥150 was associated with 59% higher hazards of IS (95%CI 1.21-2.08) and 61% higher hazards of IS among those on diabetes medications (95%CI 1.12-2.31). The association between FBG and IS varied by race/sex (HR, FBG ≥ 150 vs. FBG <100: White women 2.05 (95% CI 1.23-3.42), Black women 1.71 (95%CI 1.10-2.66), Black men 1.24 (95%CI 0.75-2.06), White men 1.46 (95%CI 0.93-2.28), pFBG*race/sex=0.004). Analyses using FBG splines suggest that sex was the major contributor to differences by race/sex subgroups.Conclusions:Sex differences in the strength and shape of the association between FBG and IS are likely driving the significant differences in the association between FBG and IS across race/sex subgroups. These findings should be explored further and may inform tailored stroke prevention guidelines.

Abstract MP32: Race-sex differences in hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika M Safford ◽  
Paul Muntner ◽  
Raegan Durant ◽  
Stephen Glasser ◽  
Christopher Gamboa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Risk Categories

Introduction: To identify potential targets for eliminating disparities in cardiovascular disease outcomes, we examined race-sex differences in awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia in the REGARDS cohort. Methods: REGARDS recruited 30,239 blacks and whites aged ≥45 residing in the 48 continental US between 2003-7. Baseline data were collected via telephone interviews followed by in-home visits. We categorized participants into coronary heart disease (CHD) risk groups (CHD or risk equivalent [highest risk]; Framingham Coronary Risk Score [FRS] >20%; FRS 10-20%; FRS <10%) following the 3 rd Adult Treatment Panel. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia were described across risk categories and race-sex groups. Multivariable models examined associations for hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control between race-sex groups compared with white men, adjusting for predisposing, enabling and need factors. Results: There were 11,677 individuals at highest risk, 847 with FRS >20%, 5791 with FRS 10-20%, and 10,900 with FRS<10%; 43% of white men, 29% of white women, 49% of black men and 43% of black women were in the highest risk category. More high risk whites than blacks were aware of their hyperlipidemia but treatment was 10-17% less common and control was 5-49% less common among race-sex groups compared with white men across risk categories. After multivariable adjustment, all race-sex groups relative to white men were significantly less likely to be treated or controlled, with the greatest differences for black women vs. white men (Table). Results were similar when stratified on CHD risk and area-level poverty tertile. Conclusion: Compared to white men at similar CHD risk, fewer white women, black men and especially black women who were aware of their hyperlipidemia were treated and when treated, they were less likely to achieve control, even after adjusting for factors that influence health services utilization.

Racial differences in lipid metabolism in women with abdominal obesity

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. R944-R950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Racette ◽  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Bettina Mittendorfer ◽  
Samuel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
White Women ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion

We evaluated palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma during basal conditions and during a four-stage epinephrine infusion plus pancreatic hormonal clamp in nine white and nine black women with abdominal obesity, who were matched on fat-free mass, total and percent body fat, and waist-to-hip circumference ratio. On the basis of single-slice magnetic resonance imaging analysis, black women had the same amount of subcutaneous abdominal fat but less intra-abdominal fat than white women (68 ± 9 vs. 170 ± 14 cm2, P < 0.05). Basal palmitate Rawas lower in black than in white women (1.95 ± 0.26 vs. 2.88 ± 0.23 μmol · kg fat-free mass−1 · min−1, P < 0.005), even though plasma insulin and catecholamine concentrations were the same in both groups. Palmitate Ra across a physiological range of plasma epinephrine concentrations remained lower in black women, because the increase in palmitate Ra during epinephrine infusion was the same in both groups. We conclude that basal and epinephrine-stimulated palmitate Ra is lower in black than in white women with abdominal obesity. The differences in basal palmitate kinetics are not caused by alterations in plasma insulin or catecholamine concentrations or lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine. The lower rate of whole body fatty acid flux and smaller intra-abdominal fat mass may have clinical benefits because of the relationship between excessive fatty acid availability and metabolic diseases.

Disparities at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity: Examining Trends and Outcomes in Hispanic Women With Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. OP.20.00381
Author(s):  
Cosette D. Champion ◽  
Samantha M. Thomas ◽  
Jennifer K. Plichta ◽  
Edgardo Parrilla Castellar ◽  
Laura H. Rosenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Tumor Subtype ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

PURPOSE: We sought to examine tumor subtype, stage at diagnosis, time to surgery (TTS), and overall survival (OS) among Hispanic patients of different races and among Hispanic and non-Hispanic (NH) women of the same race. METHODS: Women 18 years of age or older who had been diagnosed with stage 0-IV breast cancer and who had undergone lumpectomy or mastectomy were identified in the National Cancer Database (2004-2014). Tumor subtype and stage at diagnosis were compared by race/ethnicity. Multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to estimate associations between race/ethnicity and adjusted TTS and OS, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 44,374 Hispanic (American Indian [AI]: 79 [0.2%]; Black: 1,011 [2.3%]; White: 41,126 [92.7%]; Other: 2,158 [4.9%]) and 858,634 NH women (AI: 2,319 [0.3%]; Black: 97,206 [11.3%]; White: 727,270 [84.7%]; Other: 31,839 [3.7%]) were included. Hispanic Black women had lower rates of triple-negative disease (16.2%) than did NH Black women (23.5%) but higher rates than did Hispanic White women (13.9%; P < .001). Hispanic White women had higher rates of node-positive disease (23.2%) versus NH White women (14.4%) but slightly lower rates than Hispanic (24.6%) and NH Black women (24.5%; P < .001). Hispanic White women had longer TTS versus NH White women regardless of treatment sequence (adjusted means: adjuvant chemotherapy, 42.71 v 38.60 days; neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 208.55 v 201.14 days; both P < .001), but there were no significant racial differences in TTS among Hispanic patients. After adjustment, Hispanic White women (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81]) and Black women (hazard ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58 to 0.96]) had improved OS versus NH White women (reference) and Black women (hazard ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.12 to 1.18]; all P < .05). CONCLUSION: Hispanic women had improved OS versus NH women, but racial differences in tumor subtype and nodal stage among Hispanic women highlight the importance of disaggregating racial/ethnic data in breast cancer research.

Special topics in rural health III

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Ying Yang Chan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Developing Regions

This chapter looks into the last three emerging areas in rural health, namely, older persons, migration, and technology. Population ageing is a global phenomenon. The growth in the number of older people is faster in developing regions, including many Asian countries like Thailand. Many of the elders living in rural areas are experiencing changes associated with sociodemographic development, such as adult offspring moving away, changes in living arrangements, and being responsible for the care of grandchildren. With the rapidly growing number of older persons, more planning and support from society is needed to improve their healthcare and quality of life. This chapter looks into the last three emerging areas in rural health, namely, older persons, migration, and technology. Specific issues for individual countries are included and discussed in textbox format.

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