Cross-countries comparison of Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakher Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Mortality Weekly Report ◽  
Patient Registries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Risk Areas

OBJECTIVE Given the importance of case fertility rate (CFR) and recovery rate (RR), we observed different countries during a COVID-19 ongoing epidemic using recent country-level data. METHODS data were revived from most accurate databases, including Worldometer, WHO, and Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) series provided from CDC, according to the user’s guide of data sources for patient registries. Then we calculated CFR and RR from various countries. RESULTS The comparison of CFR between different countries with total cases equal or more than 1000 were observed. In addition, all countries with less than 1000 cases were given in details. Current data shows Iraq with only 71 cases has the highest CFR as 9.86%, which strikingly are higher than overall CFR of 3.61%. Overall RR was 55.83%. CONCLUSIONS Taking detailed and accurate medical history, and scoring case fatality alongside recovery rate, may show the highest risk areas, to direct the efficient medical care ; thus, this will lead to develop point-of-care tools to help clinicians in stratifying patients based on possible r CLINICALTRIAL None

scholarly journals COVID-19 case-fatality rate and demographic and socioeconomic influencers: worldwide spatial regression analysis based on country-level data

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e043560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Cao ◽  
Ayako Hiyoshi ◽  
Scott Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Testing Policies

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the COVID-19 case-fatality rate (CFR) globally.DesignPublicly available register-based ecological study.SettingTwo hundred and nine countries/territories in the world.ParticipantsAggregated data including 10 445 656 confirmed COVID-19 cases.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCOVID-19 CFR and crude cause-specific death rate were calculated using country-level data from the Our World in Data website.ResultsThe average of country/territory-specific COVID-19 CFR is about 2%–3% worldwide and higher than previously reported at 0.7%–1.3%. A doubling in size of a population is associated with a 0.48% (95% CI 0.25% to 0.70%) increase in COVID-19 CFR, and a doubling in the proportion of female smokers is associated with a 0.55% (95% CI 0.09% to 1.02%) increase in COVID-19 CFR. The open testing policies are associated with a 2.23% (95% CI 0.21% to 4.25%) decrease in CFR. The strictness of anti-COVID-19 measures was not statistically significantly associated with CFR overall, but the higher Stringency Index was associated with higher CFR in higher-income countries with active testing policies (regression coefficient beta=0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.27). Inverse associations were found between cardiovascular disease death rate and diabetes prevalence and CFR.ConclusionThe association between population size and COVID-19 CFR may imply the healthcare strain and lower treatment efficiency in countries with large populations. The observed association between smoking in women and COVID-19 CFR might be due to the finding that the proportion of female smokers reflected broadly the income level of a country. When testing is warranted and healthcare resources are sufficient, strict quarantine and/or lockdown measures might result in excess deaths in underprivileged populations. Spatial dependence and temporal trends in the data should be taken into account in global joint strategy and/or policy making against the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 case-fatality rate and demographic and socioeconomic influencers: a worldwide spatial regression analysis based on country-level data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Cao ◽  
Ayako Hiyoshi ◽  
Scott Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Active Testing ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Spatial Regression Analysis ◽  
Testing Policies

We used the COVID-19 dataset obtained from the Our World in Data website and investigated the associations between COVID-19 CFR and nine country-level indices of 209 countries/territories using the Matern correlation regression model. Spatial dependence among the data was controlled using the latitude and longitude of the centroid of the countries/territories. Stratified analyses were conducted by economic level and COVID-19 testing policy. The average of country/territory-specific COVID-19 CFR is about 2-3% worldwide, which is higher than previously reported at 0.7-1.3%. Statistically significant associations were observed between COVID-19 CFR and population size and proportion of female smokers. The open testing policies are associated with decreased CFR. Strictness of anti-COVID-19 measures was not statistically significantly associated with CFR overall, but the higher stringency index was associated with higher CFR in higher income countries with active testing policies. The statistically significant association between population size and COVID-19 CRF suggests the healthcare strain and lower treatment efficiency in countries with large populations. The observed association between smoking in females and COVID-19 CFR might be due to that the proportion of female smokers reflected broadly income level of a country. When testing is warranted and healthcare resources are sufficient, strict quarantine and/or lockdown measures might result in excess deaths in underprivileged populations.

TBE in Romania

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Regular Screening ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Risk Areas

Based on an epidemiological survey,1 human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps.2,3 TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not done at the country level, only regionally in some counties (northern/central/western part, close to Hungary). The passive surveillance system was implemented in 2008. However, there is no regular screening and the relative risk of contracting this disease is unknown. In 1999, an outbreak of TBE in humans was recorded with a total of at least 38 human cases.4

An Updated Review on COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Ebada ◽  
Ahmed Wadaa Allah ◽  
Eshak Bahbah ◽  
Ahmed Negida
Keyword(s):  
Screening Tool ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
Discharge Criteria ◽  
Serology Testing

: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected more than seven million individuals in 213 countries worldwide with a basic reproduction number ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 and an estimated case fatality rate ranging from 2% to 7%. A substantial proportion of COVID-19 patients are asymptomatic; however, symptomatic cases might present with fever, cough, and dyspnoea or severe symptoms up to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Currently, RNA RT-PCR is the screening tool, while bilateral chest CT is the confirmatory clinical diagnostic test. Several drugs have been repurposed to treat COVID-19, including chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir combination, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, and EIDD-1931. Recently, Remdesivir gained FDA emergency approval based on promising early findings from the interim analysis of 1063 patients. The recently developed serology testing for SARSCoV-2 antibodies opened the door to evaluate the actual burden of the disease and to determine the rate of the population who have been previously infected (or developed immunity). This review article summarizes current data on the COVID-19 pandemic starting from the early outbreak, viral structure and origin, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, and future research.

Financial Access of Latin America and Caribbean Firms: What Are the Roles of Institutional, Financial, and Economic Development?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097265272110153
Author(s):  
Lan Khanh Chu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This article examines the impact of institutional, financial, and economic development on firms’ access to finance in Latin America and Caribbean region. Based on firm- and country-level data from the World Bank databases, we employ an ordered logit model to understand the direct and moderating role of institutional, financial, and economic development in determining firms’ financial obstacles. The results show that older, larger, facing less competition and regulation burden, foreign owned, and affiliated firms report lower obstacles to finance. Second, better macro-fundamentals help to lessen the level of obstacles substantially. Third, the role of institutions in promoting firms’ inclusive finance is quite different to the role of financial development and economic growth. JEL classification: E02; G10; O16; P48

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Evaluation in an Emergency Room – Point-of-Care Ultrasonography

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Daniel Damiani ◽  
Durval Damiani
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasonography

AbstractPoint-of-care ultrasound is modifying conducts in emergency care. The various medical specialties, in addition to traditional indications in cases of multiple trauma, are using this technique for rapid diagnosis at the bedside without patient mobilization and without radiation. Point-of-care ultrasound in neurocritical patients, through its transorbital window, can estimate the intracranial pressure by a non-invasive method. Through the measurement of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath 3 mm posterior to the retina, the intracranial pressure is estimated if the value of the diameter is > 5 mm, as it has been verified in other studies. The present article describes the most current data on this topic, and it also highlights the need for more multicentric and randomized trials to determine the correct cut-off points that represent the high sensibility and specificity of the method.

scholarly journals Determining Accurate Vaccination Coverage Rates for Adolescents: The National Immunization Survey-Teen 2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Jain ◽  
James A. Singleton ◽  
Margrethe Montgomery ◽  
Benjamin Skalland
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
First Time ◽  
National Immunization Survey

Since 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has funded the National Immunization Survey (NIS), a large telephone survey used to estimate vaccination coverage of U.S. children aged 19–35 months. The NIS is a two-phase survey that obtains vaccination receipt information from a random-digit-dialed survey, designed to identify households with eligible children, followed by a provider record check, which obtains provider-reported vaccination histories for eligible children. In 2006, the survey was expanded for the first time to include a national sample of adolescents aged 13–17 years, called the NIS-Teen. This article summarizes the methodology used in the NIS-Teen. In 2008, the NIS-Teen was expanded to collect state-specific and national-level data to determine vaccination coverage estimates. This survey provides valuable information to guide immunization programs for adolescents.

scholarly journals Information Technology and Productivity: Evidence from Country-Level Data

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Dewan ◽  
Kenneth L. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

Diagnostic tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in rectal and pharyngeal specimens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Adamson ◽  
Jeffrey D. Klausner
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Control And Prevention

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are two of the most often reported bacterial infections in the United States. The rectum and oropharynx are important anatomic sites of infection and can contribute to ongoing transmission. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the mainstays for the detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections owing to their high sensitivity and specificity. Several NAATs have been evaluated for testing in rectal and pharyngeal infections. A few assays recently received clearance by the Food and Drug Administration, including one point-of-care test. Those assays can be used for testing in symptomatic individuals, as well as for asymptomatic screening in certain patient populations. Routine screening for C. trachomatis in pharyngeal specimens is not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, though is often performed due to the use of multiplex assays. While expanding the types of settings for screening and using self-collected rectal and pharyngeal specimens can help to increase access and uptake of testing, additional research is needed to determine the potential benefits and costs associated with increased screening for rectal and pharyngeal C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections on a population level.

Abstract P636: Social Determinants of Stroke Hospitalization and Mortality in the United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir Sagar Yadav ◽  
Durgesh Chaudhary ◽  
Shima Shahjouei ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Vida Abedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
County Level ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention

Introduction: Stroke hospitalization and mortality are influenced by various social determinants. This ecological study aimed to determine the associations between social determinants and stroke hospitalization and outcome at county-level in the United States. Methods: County-level data were recorded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of January 7, 2020. We considered four outcomes: all-age (1) Ischemic and (2) Hemorrhagic stroke Death rates per 100,000 individuals (ID and HD respectively), and (3) Ischemic and (4) Hemorrhagic stroke Hospitalization rate per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries (IH and HH respectively). Results: Data of 3,225 counties showed IH (12.5 ± 3.4) and ID (22.2 ± 5.1) were more frequent than HH (2.0 ± 0.4) and HD (9.8 ± 2.1). Income inequality as expressed by Gini Index was found to be 44.6% ± 3.6% and unemployment rate was 4.3% ± 1.5%. Only 29.8% of the counties had at least one hospital with neurological services. The uninsured rate was 11.0% ± 4.7% and people living within half a mile of a park was only 18.7% ± 17.6%. Age-adjusted obesity rate was 32.0% ± 4.5%. In regression models, age-adjusted obesity (OR for IH: 1.11; HH: 1.04) and number of hospitals with neurological services (IH: 1.40; HH: 1.50) showed an association with IH and HH. Age-adjusted obesity (ID: 1.16; HD: 1.11), unemployment (ID: 1.21; HD: 1.18) and income inequality (ID: 1.09; HD: 1.11) showed an association with ID and HD. Park access showed inverse associations with all four outcomes. Additionally, population per primary-care physician was associated with HH while number of pharmacy and uninsured rate were associated with ID. All associations and OR had p ≤0.04. Conclusion: Unemployment and income inequality are significantly associated with increased stroke mortality rates.

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