scholarly journals Reporting and availability of COVID-19 demographic data by US health departments, April 2020: Observational Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peace Ossom-Williamson ◽  
Isaac Williams ◽  
Kukhyoun Kim ◽  
Tiffany B. Kindratt
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Race Ethnicity

BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for the unified and consistent collection of demographic data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality and the sharing of data in open and accessible ways. Due to lack of consistency and transparency during the initial spread of COVID-19, the Equitable Data Collection and Disclosure on COVID-19 Act was introduced into Congress to require collection and reporting of demographic COVID-19 data on testing, treatments, and deaths by race, ethnicity, sex, age, disability, and socioeconomic status. The bill recommends collecting data on race and ethnicity in line with federal standards, including the Office and Management and Budget’s (OMB) guidelines for collecting race and ethnicity. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated how all of the aforementioned demographic data points have been collected before and after the introduction of this legislation in April 2020. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in reporting and availability of COVID-19 demographic data by US state health departments and Washington, DC before and after the introduction of Equitable Data Collection and Disclosure on COVID-19 Act in Congress on April 21, 2020. METHODS In this quasi-experimental study, we reviewed health department websites from all 50 states and Washington, DC. We evaluated how each state reported age, gender, and race/ethnicity of cases and deaths and how they made COVID-19 data available (charts and tables only, dashboards, machine-actionable by downloading) before and after introduction of legislation. RESULTS We found statistically significant increases in the number of health departments reporting the age of COVID-19 cases (P=.045) and deaths (P=.0016), gender of deaths (P=.0027) and race/ethnicity of cases (P=.003) and deaths (P=.005). More health departments reported race/ethnicity based on federal requirements (P<.0001), although over half (56.9%) still did not report all racial and ethnic groups based on OMB guidelines. The number of health departments who made their COVID-19 data available to download significantly increased from 7 to 11 (P=.005). CONCLUSIONS Although increased demand for disaggregations has improved reporting of demographics across health departments, there is an urgent need for the introduced legislation to be passed for the US to consistently collect and make characteristics of COVID-19 cases and deaths available to allocate resources to mitigate the spread of this disease.

scholarly journals Reporting and Availability of COVID-19 Demographic Data by US Health Departments (April to October 2020): Observational Study

10.2196/24288 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e24288
Author(s):  
Peace Ossom-Williamson ◽  
Isaac Maximilian Williams ◽  
Kukhyoung Kim ◽  
Tiffany B Kindratt
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Us States ◽  
Ethnicity Data

Background There is an urgent need for consistent collection of demographic data on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality and sharing it with the public in open and accessible ways. Due to the lack of consistency in data reporting during the initial spread of COVID-19, the Equitable Data Collection and Disclosure on COVID-19 Act was introduced into the Congress that mandates collection and reporting of demographic COVID-19 data on testing, treatments, and deaths by age, sex, race and ethnicity, primary language, socioeconomic status, disability, and county. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated how COVID-19 demographic data have been collected before and after the introduction of this legislation. Objective This study aimed to evaluate differences in reporting and public availability of COVID-19 demographic data by US state health departments and Washington, District of Columbia (DC) before (pre-Act), immediately after (post-Act), and 6 months after (6-month follow-up) the introduction of the Equitable Data Collection and Disclosure on COVID-19 Act in the Congress on April 21, 2020. Methods We reviewed health department websites of all 50 US states and Washington, DC (N=51). We evaluated how each state reported age, sex, and race and ethnicity data for all confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths and how they made this data available (ie, charts and tables only or combined with dashboards and machine-actionable downloadable formats) at the three timepoints. Results We found statistically significant increases in the number of health departments reporting age-specific data for COVID-19 cases (P=.045) and resulting deaths (P=.002), sex-specific data for COVID-19 deaths (P=.003), and race- and ethnicity-specific data for confirmed cases (P=.003) and deaths (P=.005) post-Act and at the 6-month follow-up (P<.05 for all). The largest increases were race and ethnicity state data for confirmed cases (pre-Act: 18/51, 35%; post-Act: 31/51, 61%; 6-month follow-up: 46/51, 90%) and deaths due to COVID-19 (pre-Act: 13/51, 25%; post-Act: 25/51, 49%; and 6-month follow-up: 39/51, 76%). Although more health departments reported race and ethnicity data based on federal requirements (P<.001), over half (29/51, 56.9%) still did not report all racial and ethnic groups as per the Office of Management and Budget guidelines (pre-Act: 5/51, 10%; post-Act: 21/51, 41%; and 6-month follow-up: 27/51, 53%). The number of health departments that made COVID-19 data available for download significantly increased from 7 to 23 (P<.001) from our initial data collection (April 2020) to the 6-month follow-up, (October 2020). Conclusions Although the increased demand for disaggregation has improved public reporting of demographics across health departments, an urgent need persists for the introduced legislation to be passed by the Congress for the US states to consistently collect and make characteristics of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and vaccinations available in order to allocate resources to mitigate disease spread.

Variation in Reporting of the Race and Ethnicity of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths Across US States: April 12, 2020, and November 9, 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e8
Author(s):  
Megan D. Douglas ◽  
Ebony Respress ◽  
Anne H. Gaglioti ◽  
Chaohua Li ◽  
Mitchell A. Blount ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Us States ◽  
Political Determinants ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
The Social ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Despite growing evidence that COVID-19 is disproportionately affecting communities of color, state-reported racial/ethnic data are insufficient to measure the true impact. We found that between April 12, 2020, and November 9, 2020, the number of US states reporting COVID-19 confirmed cases by race and ethnicity increased from 25 to 50 and 15 to 46, respectively. However, the percentage of confirmed cases reported with missing race remained high at both time points (29% on April 12; 23% on November 9). Our analysis demonstrates improvements in reporting race/ethnicity related to COVID-19 cases and deaths and highlights significant problems with the quality and contextualization of the data being reported. We discuss challenges for improving race/ethnicity data collection and reporting, along with opportunities to advance health equity through more robust data collection and contextualization. To mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on racial/ethnic minorities, accurate and high-quality demographic data are needed and should be analyzed in the context of the social and political determinants of health. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print April 15, 2021: e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306167 )

Abstract TP409: Reporting of Key Demographic Characteristics in Neurological Trials Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush Fansiwala ◽  
Lauren Southwick ◽  
Emily Goldmann ◽  
Nina S Parikh ◽  
Joy Madubuonwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
Trial Participation ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: To increase the transparency of clinical trial information, U.S. Congress passed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amendments Act of 2007, which expanded prior legislation to mandate inclusion of specific trial characteristics, such as funding source and gender demographics, in a new basic results section on ClinicalTrials.gov. Few studies have examined the extent to which key demographic characteristics such as sex and race/ethnicity are reported for neurological trials on ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: As part of the National Initiative for Minority Involvement in Neurological Clinical Trials (NIMICT), we systematically identified neurological clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov (for stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s Disease [AD]) and examined the proportion that reported sex, race, and ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino or not) of study participants. We used the website’s advanced search feature to evaluate demographic information reported from trials conducted between 1999 and 2015. We first calculated frequencies of trials reporting these characteristics, then assessed differences in reporting of each characteristic (yes/no) by condition (stroke, epilepsy, AD) and between trials conducted before and after the basic results section update (pre- and post-2008) using chi-square tests. Results: Our sample comprised 251,847 subjects across 393 trials (147 stroke, 127 epilepsy, 115 AD). Overall, sex was reported for nearly all trials (99.0%), while reporting of race and ethnicity was low (ethnicity: 14.0%, race: 19.8%). Reporting of these characteristics did not differ significantly across the three conditions or between periods preceding and following the FDA act. Conclusion: While ClinicalTrials.gov mandates reporting of sex, it does not require reporting of race/ethnicity, and few trials report these characteristics. This lack of information prevents understanding of neurological trial participation and how interventions might impact patients differently by race/ethnicity. Mandatory reporting of race/ethnicity would enhance transparency and increase awareness of the limited participation of racial/ethnic minorities-who suffer disproportionately from neurological diseases-in neurological trials.

scholarly journals A-07 Race, SES, and IQ Test Score Differences: The Case for Social Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-780
Author(s):  
L Weiss
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Academic Expectations ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Iq Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Abstract Objective To quantify potential mediators of observed IQ test score differences of Whites with Hispanics and African Americans in the WISC-IV, WISC-V, and WAIS-IV standardization data sets. Method Mediators included parent education, income and academic expectations for children and adolescents; and self-education, income and occupation for adults. Observed IQ score means are presented by race and ethnicity, unadjusted for demographics. A series of regressions quantify the variance in IQ test scores accounted for by race/ethnicity before and after controlling for SES related mediators. Results SES related mediators accounted for substantial portions of IQ score variance in all group comparisons and age ranges, but least for African Americans and adults. Conclusions The critical influence of cognitively enriching and impoverishing environments on the neurocognitive development of children, and the unequal distribution of these influences across social and economic groups are discussed as complementary with interpretations of acculturation and heredity.

scholarly journals How Administrative Data Collection and Analysis Can Better Reflect Racial and Ethnic Identities

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-331
Author(s):  
Samantha Viano ◽  
Dominique J. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Birth Certificates ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Equivalent Sources ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Measuring race and ethnicity for administrative data sets and then analyzing these data to understand racial/ethnic disparities present many logistical and theoretical challenges. In this chapter, we conduct a synthetic review of studies on how to effectively measure race/ethnicity for administrative data purposes and then utilize these measures in analyses. Recommendations based on this synthesis include combining the measure of Hispanic ethnicity with the broader racial/ethnic measure and allowing individuals to select more than one race/ethnicity. Data collection should rely on self-reports but could be supplemented using birth certificates or equivalent sources. Collecting data over time, especially for young people, will help identify multiracial and American Indian populations. For those with more complex racial/ethnic identities, including measures of country of origin, language, and recency of immigration can be helpful in addition to asking individuals which racial/ethnic identity they most identify with. Administrative data collection could also begin to incorporate phenotype measures to facilitate the calculation of disparities within race/ethnicity by skin tone. Those analyzing racial/ethnic disparities should understand how these measures are created and attempt to develop fieldwide terminology to describe racial/ethnic identities.

scholarly journals Knowledge of diabetic patients about their disease before and after implementing a diabetes education program

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Miyar Otero ◽  
Maria Lúcia Zanetti ◽  
Michelle Daguano Ogrizio
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Study Population

The purpose of this quasi-experimental, prospective and comparative study is to evaluate the knowledge that diabetic patients have about their disease before and after implementing a Diabetes Education Program. Fifty-four diabetic patients participated in the study, which occurred from April 2004 to April 2005. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire. The study population was characterized as adult and elderly subjects, with ages between 29 and 78 years; 60 years, on the average; Most participants were female 40/54 (74.1%); white 32/54 (59.3%); married 37/54 (68.5%); retired 23/54 (42.6%); with incomplete primary education 32/54 (59.3%); and an income of one to two minimum wages 16/54 (29.6%). The patients' knowledge regarding their disease increased significantly (p<0.05); especially considering the general topics concerning diabetes mellitus: concept of the disease, physiopathology and treatments; other topics that stood out were physical activity and nutrition.

scholarly journals Increased mask adherence after important politician infected with COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261398
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Cohen ◽  
Meghan Talarowski ◽  
Olaitan Awomolo ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Stephanie Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
City Council ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Public Health Departments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The City

Objectives To quantify changes in adherence to mask and distancing guidelines in outdoor settings in Philadelphia, PA before and after President Trump announced he was infected with COVID-19. Methods We used Systematic Observation of Masking Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) to assess mask adherence in parks, playgrounds, and commercial streets in the 10 City Council districts in Philadelphia PA. We compared adherence rates between August and September 2020 and after October 2, 2020. Results Disparities in mask adherence existed by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity, with females wearing masks correctly more often than males, seniors having higher mask use than other age groups, and Asians having higher adherence than other race/ethnicities. Correct mask use did not increase after the City released additional mask guidance in September but did after Oct 2. Incorrect mask use also decreased, but the percentage not having masks at all was unchanged. Conclusions Vulnerability of leadership appears to influence population behavior. Public health departments likely need more resources to effectively and persuasively communicate critical safety messages related to COVID-19 transmission.

scholarly journals Exploring Bias in Student Evaluations: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Chávez ◽  
Kristina M.W. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Student Evaluations ◽  
Student Evaluations Of Teaching ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
White Males ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACTResearch continues to accumulate showing that in instructor evaluations students are biased against women. This article extends these analyses by examining the dynamics between evaluations and gender and race/ethnicity. In a quasi-experimental design, faculty members teaching identical online courses recorded welcome videos that were presented to students at the course onset, constituting the sole exposure to perceived gender and race/ethnicity. This enables exploration of whether and to what degree the instructors’ characteristics influenced student evaluations, even after holding all other course factors constant. Findings show that instructors who are female and persons of color receive lower scores on ordinal student evaluations than those who are white males. Overall, we add further evidence to a growing literature calling for student evaluations of teaching (SETs) reform and extend it to encompass the effects on racial/ethnic minorities in addition to women.

scholarly journals Friendship Collegiate

JCSCORE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Aisa Willis
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Mentor Teachers ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Conference Program ◽  
Art Program ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Race Ethnicity

The Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE) is honored to support the Art Contest for 2015 NCORE. NCORE partners with two high schools in Washington DC to generate art pieces from students to be featured in the NCORE conference guide. JCSCORE has selected Friendship Collegiate by Aisa Willisto be published in this inaugural issue. Aisa Willis’ art piece showcases the Civil Rights Movement and interconnections of race, ethnicity and social justice in our country. NCORE received 23 submissions of artwork, which were inspiring and thoughtful. In addition to the piece of artwork selected to be published in this inaugural issue, NCORE conference program booklet is featuring all six runners-up. We believe that you will find these pieces of artwork to be incredibly profound and heartfelt. Each participant’s school will receive a small monetary award to be used to help replenish art supplies that are used for this competition and in overall support of the school’s art program. The mentor teachers and students will be recognized during an art show in the conference hotel.

scholarly journals The contribution of distance learning to the knowledge of nursing lecturers regarding assessment of chronic wounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Beatriz Berzoti Gonçalves ◽  
Soraia Assad Nasbine Rabeh ◽  
César Augusto Sangaletti Terçariol
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Virtual Learning Environment ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Three Stages

OBJECTIVE: to identify the contribution made by a refresher course on the assessment of chronic wounds, offered through the Moodle virtual learning environment (VLE), to the knowledge relating to this issue of nursing lecturers and nurses linked to higher education.METHOD: a prospective, quasi-experimental study, with data collection before and after the educational intervention. The study was undertaken in three stages using the Moodle VLE. The sample was made up of 28 participants who answered the pre-test on the knowledge, devised in accordance with international guidelines on chronic wounds. Afterwards, the refresher course was offered (intervention) and was accessed in accordance with individuals' schedules, during the established time period. At the end of the course, 26 participants answered the post-test. Those who did not participate in the post-tests were excluded from the study, as it is pairwise analysis of the sample.RESULT: the participants obtained, on average, 55.5% of correct answers in the pre-test on their knowledge, and 73.4% in the post-test, this difference being statistically significant. There was a negative correlation between the time of experience in lecturing and the performance in the test on their knowledge.CONCLUSION: the participation in the online refresher course contributed to improving the lecturers' performance in the test on their knowledge, in relation to the recommendations for assessing chronic wounds, based in scientific evidence.

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