Effect of door-to-door screening and awareness generation activities in the catchment areas of vision centres on service utilization: A study protocol (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalinder Sabherwal ◽  
Anand Chinnakaran ◽  
Ishaana Sood ◽  
Gaurav K Garg ◽  
Birendra P Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Participant Recruitment ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND Vision Centre (VC) is a significant eyecare service model to strengthen primary eye care services. VCs have been set-up at block level covering a population of 150,000-250,000 in rural areas in North India. Inadequate utilization by rural communities is a major challenge to sustainability of these VCs. This not only reduces the community’s vision improvement potential but also impacts self-sustainability and limits expansion of services in rural areas. Current literature reports lack of awareness regarding eye diseases and the need for care, social stigmas, low priority being given to eye problems, prevailing gender discrimination, cost, and dependence on caregivers as factors preventing utilization of primary eyecare. OBJECTIVE To address this, our organization is planning an awareness cum engagement intervention – door-to-door basic eye check-up and visual acuity screening in VC’s coverage areas, to connect with the community and improve rational utilization of the VCs. METHODS The study is a randomized parallel group experimental study, in which we will select 2 VCs each for intervention arm and control arm, among poor low performing VCs i.e., walk-in of ≤10 patients/day, from our two operational regions (Vrindavan, Mathura District and Mohammadi, Kheri District) of Uttar Pradesh. Intervention will include door to door screening and awareness generation in 8-12 villages surrounding VC, and control VC will follow existing practices of awareness generation through community activities and health talks. Data collected from each VCs for four months of intervention, primary outcome being utilization of VCs would include, number of walk-in patients, spectacle advised and uptake, referral and uptake for cataract and specialty surgery and operational expenses. Secondary outcomes would be uptake of refraction correction and referrals for cataract and other eye conditions. Differences in the number of walk-in patients, referrals, uptake of services and cost involved would be analyzed. RESULTS Participant recruitment in progress. CONCLUSIONS Through this study, we would analyze if of our door-to-door intervention is effective in increasing the number of visits at VC and the thus, the overall sustainability. We would also study the cost-effectiveness of this intervention to recommend it’s scalability. CLINICALTRIAL This protocol has been retrospectively registered as a clinical trial (NCT04800718) on 15th March 2021 at the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Participant recruitment is still in progress. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04800718?term=NCT04800718&recrs=ab&draw=2&rank=1

Authorship Correction: Effect of Door-to-Door Screening and Awareness Generation Activities in the Catchment Areas of Vision Centers on Service Use: Protocol for a Randomized Experimental Study (Preprint)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalinder Sabherwal ◽  
Anand Chinnakaran ◽  
Ishaana Sood ◽  
Gaurav K Gary ◽  
Birendra P Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Care Service ◽  
North India ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Primary Eye Care ◽  
Catchment Areas

UNSTRUCTURED A vision center (VC) is a significant eye care service model to strengthen primary eye care services. VCs have been set up at the block level, covering a population of 150,000-250,000 in rural areas in North India. Inadequate use by rural communities is a major challenge to sustainability of these VCs. This not only reduces the community’s vision improvement potential but also impacts self-sustainability and limits expansion of services in rural areas. The current literature reports a lack of awareness regarding eye diseases and the need for care, social stigmas, low priority being given to eye problems, prevailing gender discrimination, cost, and dependence on caregivers as factors preventing the use of primary eye care. Our organization is planning an awareness-cum-engagement intervention—door-to-door basic eye checkup and visual acuity screening in VCs coverage areas—to connect with the community and improve the rational use of VCs. In this randomized, parallel-group experimental study, we will select 2 VCs each for the intervention arm and the control arm from among poor, low-performing VCs (ie, walk-in of ≤10 patients/day) in our 2 operational regions (Vrindavan, Mathura District, and Mohammadi, Kheri District) of Uttar Pradesh. Intervention will include door-to-door screening and awareness generation in 8-12 villages surrounding the VCs, and control VCs will follow existing practices of awareness generation through community activities and health talks. Data will be collected from each VC for 4 months of intervention. Primary outcomes will be an increase in the number of walk-in patients, spectacle advise and uptake, referral and uptake for cataract and specialty surgery, and operational expenses. Secondary outcomes will be uptake of refraction correction and referrals for cataract and other eye conditions. Differences in the number of walk-in patients, referrals, uptake of services, and cost involved will be analyzed. Background work involved planning of interventions and selection of VCs has been completed. Participant recruitment has begun and is currently in progress. Through this study, we will analyze whether our door-to-door intervention is effective in increasing the number of visits to a VC and, thus, overall sustainability. We will also study the cost-effectiveness of this intervention to recommend its scalability. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04800718; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04800718

Bureaucracy and Control in India's Great Landed Estates: The Raj Darbhanga of Bihar, 1879 to 1950

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Henningham
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
Limited Power ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Official Sources

In north India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several great landed estates played a crucial part in the consolidation of imperial rule and in the support of the social and economic order. These estates have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but previous research has concentrated primarily on their relations with the colonial administraton and on their general intermediary role in north Indian society. The only study directly concerned with their internal affairs is Dr. P. J. Musgrave's ‘Landlords and Lords of the Land: Estate Management and Social Control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920’ (Modern Asian Studies, 6, 3 (1972), pp. 257–75), in which official sources are used as the basis for an account of the internal operations of the great estates in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Hitherto the major obstacle to the examination of the administration of the great estates has been the absence of comprehensive estate records. Fortunately the extensive and well-organized archives of the Raj Darbhanga of Bihar recently have been opened to scholars. In this paper the Raj archives have been drawn upon to provide evidence for an account of the structure and operation of the administration of the Raj Darbhanga during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper argues that despite substantial difficulties the Raj Darbhanga effectively pursued its interests by means of a bureaucratic system of management and that therefore Dr Musgrave's conclusions concerning the limited power of the great landed estates need substantial qualification and correction.

Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Mammography Promotion by Volunteers in Rural Communities

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robyn Andersen ◽  
Michelle Hager ◽  
Celina Su ◽  
Nicole Urban
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Community Volunteer ◽  
The Cost

The Community Trial of Breast Cancer Screening Promotion assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mammography promotion by community volunteer groups in rural areas using three different intervention approaches: individual counseling, community activities, and a combined intervention including both. Societal costs of the interventions were calculated and used in conjunction with measures of effectiveness to calculate cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per additional mammogram and cost per year of life saved. Methods of collecting and using cost information to assess the cost-effectiveness of community interventions are described. The Community Activities intervention was found to be the most cost-effective, at approximately $2,000 for each additional regular mammography user in the community. The cost per year of life saved associated with mammography promotion was approximately $56,000 per year of life saved. Exploratory analyses suggest that the most cost-effective method of promoting mammography use may vary with the target population.

Effects of inbreeding on marriage payment in North India

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badaruddoza ◽  
M. Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

SummaryThis study examines the relationships between consanguineous marriages and marriage payment, using data from two Muslim qaums living in urban and rural areas in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, North India. Qaum and locality were found to have no significant association with the dowry system. Marriage payment is less common in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous marriages. However, the association between marriage payment and the type of marriage is significant at p<0·001. The dowry system is more prevalent among the higher socioeconomic groups, while the bride-wealth system is more common among the lower socioeconomic groups.

Landlords and Lords of the Land: estate management and social control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Musgrave
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Power Bases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Great Mass

The problem of controlling and taxing the countryside is one which has remained with all governments in Asia, or indeed in the whole developing world, up to 1972. Government has inevitably tended to be essentially urban-based, centred on military power-bases, whether they be ‘Pacified Areas’, towns or mud forts, backed by military power normally concentrated in these centres. Outside the towns, however, lived the great mass of the population, and the great mass of the potentially taxable wealth, and it is upon its ability to control the rural areas that the credibility and survival of any régime must ultimately depend. It is perhaps an indication of our preoccupations with the problems of pacification and control in Asian societies that increasing interest is being shown in the patterns of rural control, in systems of traditional deference, which are usually seen as surviving much longer and much more strongly in the countryside than in the towns, and in problems of income distribution through social structures based on land. In such a situation, then, the role of the ‘estates’—of traditional and institutionalized systems of dependence and of control, of systems which were commonly used and hence studied by governments—is one which demands to be considered.

Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance? Uttar Pradesh Women Power Line 1090

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Neeraj Dwivedi ◽  
Nishant Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Power Line ◽  
The Third ◽  
Agile Organization ◽  
Cyber Crimes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Eve Teasing

Women Power Line 1090 was a facility set up by the government of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, for eradicating the menace of harassment of women in the state. The case briefly presents the genesis of the 1090 project and traces the journey of the project from an idea to the creation of an innovative and agile organization within the normally bureaucratic police force. The case concludes by presenting the challenges faced by the protagonist while analyzing the first seven months performance of his brainchild. The first challenge discussed is how he can extend 1090 to address more severe problems of eve-teasing, domestic violence and cyber crimes related to women. The second challenge he is thinking about is scaling up the operations without losing quality. The third challenge he is looking at is to find ways to create awareness and mobilization in the rural areas, which are home to 77 per cent of the state’s population.

Libraries as Portal for Knowledge Driven Rural Community Development Cases from Botswana

2011 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lekoko ◽  
Josephine Modise-Jankie ◽  
Christopher Busang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Communication Program ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Realizing that the rural communities lag behind with information that can help improve their lives, the government has set up the Rural Communication Program (RCP) with a goal “to provide telecommunications services to the rural areas in the most cost effective, efficient, logical and transparent manner possible” (Ministry of Communication Science and Technology, 2006, p. 14). Among specific objectives of the Rural Communications Program (RCP) is using appropriate technology to provide services, and in this case, the Internet or computers have been used to augment information found in local libraries. The Botswana Long Term Vision 2016 stipulates as a challenge the need to ensure that all people in Botswana especially those in the rural areas or those who need special assistance, receive the same benefits, and achieve their maximum potential, and RCP is the main foundation on which efforts for availing information that reaches the rural communities are based. Rural here refers to isolated and poorly served communities. These are communities where the government has identified that essential and basic services are required as part of its social obligation and mandate to integrate these areas into economic and social development of the nation. While these communities are of interest in this chapter, the chapter draws some cases from urban places because Internet connectivity in the rural areas of Botswana is still a problem.

Management of a religious mass gathering in North India: Parkash Utsav 550

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385
Author(s):  
Kapil Goel, MD ◽  
Nikita Sharma, MD ◽  
Ranjitpal Singh Bhogal, MHA ◽  
Amarjeet Singh, MD
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
North India ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Background: The 550th Birth Anniversary (Parkash Utsav) celebrations of Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Sikh Guru, was celebrated with great devotion and fervor at Sultanpur Lodhi, Punjab, India, from November 1 to 14, 2019. The authors aimed to shed light on the planning and management of the event and the factors that led to its success. Methods: The researchers conducted key informant interviews with authority figures, resource mapping, and observations. The researchers focused on the event’s medical lounge. Open-ended questions were asked to gather information regarding various measures taken to organize and execute the event. The data were entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 7.0 and SPSS 20.0 (Trial version).Results: About three million people attended the Parkash Utsav 550 celebrations. Three tent cities were set up in Sultanpur Lodhi with the consideration for incoming road traffic. The state government deployed 820 medical personnel, including 150 doctors, 470 paramedics, and 200 volunteers. A total of 19,521 patients were seen in the outpatient department of the Medical Lounge. The government made sufficient arrangements for various services, such as drinking water, langar (or community kitchens), sanitation, and security. Approximately 37 langar halls were constructed in the town to provide healthy food to the devotees. An integrated command and control center was set up for surveillance and monitoring. For the convenience of the devotees, 1,908 toilets, 1,476 urinals, and 132 bathing units were installed. The District Administration of Kapurthala launched an event-specific mobile application, “Parkash Utsav 550,” for the use of pilgrims as well as government officials. No stampedes, outbreaks, and fire incidents were reported.Conclusions: Parkash Utsav 550 was successfully celebrated. Studying the Parkash Utsav 550 presented a unique opportunity to generate an evidence base for the development of solutions and recommendations for the prevention, management, and control of infectious diseases, stampedes, and fire incidents during mass gatherings. In-depth studies of the Parkash Utsav in the future are required to produce evidence for context-specific measures for addressing the complex health challenges of mass gatherings.

scholarly journals Electrical Energy Demand in Rural India - A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Anna-Kaarina Seppälä ◽  
Nabin Raj Gaihre ◽  
Rinald Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Potential Market

India currently has the biggest unelectrified population in the world. Renewable-based microgrids could provide a sustainable solution to providing universal energy access. However, the potential electricity demand in rural areas is unknown and hard to predict. This data is needed to analyse the purchasing power and potential market for microgrids, and to assess their success rate. This study surveyed 73 households in Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in India, to study the energy need in rural communities. The data shows that many unelectrified households are already using electrical appliances powered by small photovoltaic panels or batteries. The consumption is not income-generating but potential productive use cases are widely present. In Uttar Pradesh, small-scale microgrids are already providing homes with enough power for lighting and mobile chargers. An average unelectrified household was found to consume 2.48 kWhe monthly, and to spend ₹ 155 on energy services. Villagers wish for more appliances and more power, and have the required finances to pay for it.

scholarly journals Improving Last-mile Delivery of COVID-19 Vaccines: The Cluster Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1079-1082
Author(s):  
Anila Varghese ◽  
Surachna ◽  
Sidharth Sekhar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Cluster Approach ◽  
Cluster Strategy ◽  
The Government

Vaccination against the COVID 19 virus is the most effective way to prevent infection and save lives. It is estimated that 285 million doses per month will be needed over the next five months to vaccinate all remaining adults by the end of 2021. To accelerate the vaccination coverage for its population, the state of Uttar Pradesh, North India, has planned a cluster approach to vaccination in rural areas. The cluster strategy is a micro-plan for vaccination by the government of U.P involving intensive mobilisation activities followed by vaccination at centres set up in schools, Panchayat Bhavans and other selected places. It is a people-centred and comprehensive approach, modelled on listening to the intended beneficiaries and stakeholders is vital. It will reduce expenses related to travel and loss of wages for those missing work while travelling far to get vaccinated. The cluster approach is also along the lines of the Near to Home COVID Vaccination Centres (NHCVC) for Elderly and Differently Abled Citizens. The main fear of the health workers regarding the cluster approach is concerning adverse events and their management at the peripheral level. This strategy is only practically possible if an adequate supply of vaccines is available. The cluster approach to vaccination ensures accessibility, includes community participation and is provided free of cost. This is thus in line with the concept of Primary Health Care (PHC) which is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford. Popularising this strategy and applying it to other states in a tailored manner based on social and cultural practices can give the nation the necessary momentum to attain the target of herd immunity quickly and curb the COVID-19 pandemic.

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