The Dynamic Digital Twin: diagnosis, treatment, prediction and prevention of disease during the life course (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skander Tahar Mulder ◽  
Amir-Houshang Omidvari ◽  
Anja,J. Rueten-Budde ◽  
Pei-Hua Huang ◽  
Ki-Hun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Physical Asset ◽  
Acquisition Management ◽  
Definition Of

UNSTRUCTURED A Digital Twin (DT), which is defined originally as a virtual representation of a physical asset, system or process, is a new concept in healthcare. DT in healthcare cannot be a single technology, but a domain adapted multi-modal modelling approach, which incorporates the acquisition, management, analysis, prediction, and interpretation of the data, aiming to improve medical decision making. However, there are many challenges and barriers that has to be overcome before a DT can be used in healthcare. In this viewpoint paper, we address these challenges, and envision a dynamic DT in healthcare for optimizing individual patient health care journeys. We describe how we can commit multiple domains to developing this DT. With our cross-domain definition of the DT, we aim to define future goals, trade-offs, and methods, which guide the development of the dynamic DT and the implementation strategies in healthcare.

Decision Processes and Value Endogeneity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. March
Keyword(s):  
Decision Processes ◽  
Hard Problem ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
What Matters

Humans use reasons to shape and justify choices. In the process, trade-offs seem essential and often inevitable. But trade-offs involve comparisons, which are problematic both across values and especially over time. Reducing disparate values to a common metric (especially if that metric is money) is often problematic and unsatisfactory. Critically, it is not that values just shape choices, but that choices themselves shape values. This endogeneity of values makes an unconditional normative endorsement of modern decision-theoretic rationality unwise. This is a hard problem and there is no escaping the definition of good values, that is, those that make humans better. This removes the wall between economics and philosophy. If we are to adopt and enact this perspective, then greater discourse and debate on what matters and not just what counts will be useful and even indispensable.

Assessing HIPAA Compliance of Open Source Electronic Health Record Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Hossain Shahriar ◽  
Hisham M. Haddad ◽  
Maryam Farhadi
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Record ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Quality In Healthcare

Electronic health record (EHR) applications are digital versions of paper-based patient health information. EHR applications are increasingly being adopted in many countries. They have resulted in improved quality in healthcare, convenient access to histories of patient medication and clinic visits, easier follow up of patient treatment plans, and precise medical decision-making process. The goal of this paper is to identify HIPAA technical requirements, evaluate two open source EHR applications (OpenEMR and OpenClinic) for security vulnerabilities using two open-source scanner tools (RIPS and PHP VulnHunter), and map the identified vulnerabilities to HIPAA technical requirements.

scholarly journals Digital Infrastructure as a Component of Emergency Medical Services Transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-146
Author(s):  
Svitlana MALONOHA
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Digital Infrastructure ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Definition Of

The importance of digital infrastructure for the transformation of emergency medical services as one of the priority areas of public policy and public authorities are considered. Some approaches to the definition of digital infrastructure are studied. This study made it possible to identify the components of the digital infrastructure of emergency medical services and outline its role in the health care ecosystem. The approach to the application of the modular architecture of the digital infrastructure of emergency medical services as a conceptual basis for the integration of information systems of different departments into a single emergency system is considered. Exist two groups of mechanisms that influence the formation of the digital infrastructure of emergency medical services and indicate the causal links that explain how their use can lead to the transformation of emergency medical services. The range of tasks that are solve due to the digital infrastructure aimed at improving the efficiency, accuracy of diagnosis and provision of emergency medical services is outlined. New opportunities are opening up to improve the quality of emergency medical services provision in a human-centered health care system based on a digital infrastructure, the central elements of which are the exchange of information contained in electronic records and patient health cards and mobile digital devices, diagnostics and information transfer. The list of problems on the way of emergency medical services transformation is formulated and some recommendations for their solution are offered, the formulation of which is based on the analysis of existing practices and own long-term experience at the emergency medical services system.

scholarly journals The Economic Value of Digital Earth

2019 ◽  
pp. 623-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Craglia ◽  
Katarzyna Pogorzelska
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Digital Earth ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract In this chapter, we approach the economic value of Digital Earth with a broad definition of economic value, i.e., the measure of benefits from goods or services to an economic agent and the trade-offs the agent makes in view of scarce resources. The concept of Digital Earth has several components: data, models, technology and infrastructure. We focus on Earth Observation (EO) data because this component has been undergoing the most dramatic change since the beginning of this century. We review the available recent studies to assess the value of EO/geospatial/open data and related infrastructures and identify three main sets of approaches focusing on the value of information, the economic approach to the value of EO to the economy from both macro- and microeconomic perspectives, and a third set that aims to maximize value through infrastructure and policy. We conclude that the economic value of Digital Earth critically depends on the perspective: the value for whom, what purpose, and when. This multiplicity is not a bad thing: it acknowledges that Digital Earth is a global concept in which everyone can recognize their viewpoint and collaborate with others to increase the common good.

Holistic definition of the digital twin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Martin Eigner ◽  
Alexander Detzner ◽  
Philipp Heiner Schmidt ◽  
Rajeeth Tharma
Keyword(s):  
Digital Twin ◽  
Definition Of

Commercial Mhealth Apps and Exploitative Value Trade-Offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
Leon Rossmaier ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefit ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Mhealth Apps ◽  
Insight Into

"Mobile health (mHealth) apps are becoming progressively important for primary care, disease prevention, and public health interventions. They promise to empower its users by offering them more independence, better access to health services, and more insight into their health status resulting in better informed medical decision-making and lifestyle changes. Disadvantages of mHealth apps often include a lack of privacy protection, a decrease in personal attachment, and the acceptance of a normative conception of health challenging the user’s self-determination. Privacy, attachment, and self-determination are, alongside health, linked to fundamental dimensions of human well-being. Users of mHealth apps can either accept those disadvantages or abstain from using this technology entirely. Users, therefore, have to trade-off fundamental dimensions of well-being to gain a certain health benefit if they want to use commercial mHealth apps. This presentation will clarify the values most relevant in this context, focusing on privacy, self-determination, and attachment. I claim that these values imply fundamental conditions of well-being that should not be undermined, especially in the context of health care. I will argue that the value trade-offs users must engage in are an instance of mutually advantageous agreements by which the provider of the app takes unfair advantage of the user. This renders such agreements exploitative. I will discuss the notion of exploitation that I think applies in this case and explain under what circumstances exploitative agreements that come with the use of commercial mHealth apps oppose the empowerment narrative. "

Demonstration of an Industrial Framework for an Implementation of a Process Digital Twin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Eyre ◽  
Tony J. Dodd ◽  
Chris Freeman ◽  
Richard Lanyon-Hogg ◽  
Aiden J. Lockwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
Industrial Community ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Architectural Framework ◽  
Structured Information ◽  
Physical Asset ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
Plant Simulation

Digital twins have received a large amount of exposure around what they can offer to industry generating lots of noise, however there are few demonstrations utilizing published architectural frameworks. This has been addressed by investigating industrial publications and reports on what is the minimum essential requirements to form a digital twin and additional desirable features. From this, a generic industrial architectural framework of a digital twin has been established to utilize real-time information from a physical asset forming a monitoring digital twin. This has been expanded to incorporate a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to form a process digital twin utilizing structured information about the process. The framework, including the DES extension, has been validated on a reconfigurable fixture utilizing an established process that has been modelled using Siemens Plant Simulation. This result forms the start of a feedback loop presenting additional value transforming a monitoring digital twin into a process digital twin. This provides a solid foundation for discussion within the industrial community about defining the core functionality required for digital twins.

scholarly journals Rapid design of aircraft fuel quantity indication systems via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
David Judt ◽  
Craig Lawson ◽  
Albert S.J. van Heerden
Keyword(s):  
System Level ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tank Geometry ◽  
Probe Set ◽  
Accuracy Constraints ◽  
Good Agreement

The design of electrical, mechanical and fluid systems on aircraft is becoming increasingly integrated with the aircraft structure definition process. An example is the aircraft fuel quantity indication (FQI) system, of which the design is strongly dependent on the tank geometry definition. Flexible FQI design methods are therefore desirable to swiftly assess system-level impact due to aircraft level changes. For this purpose, a genetic algorithm with a two-stage fitness assignment and FQI specific crossover procedure is proposed (FQI-GA). It can handle multiple measurement accuracy constraints, is coupled to a parametric definition of the wing tank geometry and is tested with two performance objectives. A range of crossover procedures of comparable node placement problems were tested for FQI-GA. Results show that the combinatorial nature of the probe architecture and accuracy constraints require a probe set selection mechanism before any crossover process. A case study, using approximated Airbus A320 requirements and tank geometry, is conducted and shows good agreement with the probe position results obtained with the FQI-GA. For the objectives of accessibility and probe mass, the Pareto front is linear, with little variation in mass. The case study confirms that the FQI-GA method can incorporate complex requirements and that designers can employ it to swiftly investigate FQI probe layouts and trade-offs.

scholarly journals Big Data, Decision Models, and Public Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6723
Author(s):  
Chien-Lung Chan ◽  
Chi-Chang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Decision Models ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Mining Machine ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Trade Offs

Unlike most daily decisions, medical decision making often has substantial consequences and trade-offs. Recently, big data analytics techniques such as statistical analysis, data mining, machine learning and deep learning can be applied to construct innovative decision models. With complex decision making, it can be difficult to comprehend and compare the benefits and risks of all available options to make a decision. For these reasons, this Special Issue focuses on the use of big data analytics and forms of public health decision making based on the decision model, spanning from theory to practice. A total of 64 submissions were carefully blind peer reviewed by at least two referees and, finally, 23 papers were selected for this Special Issue.

scholarly journals Net Neutrality: A Fast Lane to Understanding the Trade-offs

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Greenstein ◽  
Martin Peitz ◽  
Tommaso Valletti
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Internet Service Providers ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Definition Of

The last decade has seen a strident public debate about the principle of “net neutrality.” The economic literature has focused on two definitions of net neutrality. The most basic definition of net neutrality is to prohibit payments from content providers to internet service providers; this situation we refer to as a one-sided pricing model, in contrast with a two-sided pricing model in which such payments are permitted. Net neutrality may also be defined as prohibiting prioritization of traffic, with or without compensation. The research program then is to explore how a net neutrality rule would alter the distribution of rents and the efficiency of outcomes. After describing the features of the modern internet and introducing the key players, (internet service providers, content providers, and customers), we summarize insights from some models of the treatment of internet traffic, framing issues in terms of the positive economic factors at work. Our survey provides little support for the bold and simplistic claims of the most vociferous supporters and detractors of net neutrality. The economic consequences of such policies depend crucially on the precise policy choice and how it is implemented. The consequences further depend on how long-run economic trade-offs play out; for some of them, there is relevant experience in other industries to draw upon, but for others there is no experience and no consensus forecast.

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