Estimation of Elasticities of Substitution for CES Production Functions using Data on Selected Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Battese ◽  
Sohail J. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Asset Size

Firm-level stochastic CES production functions are specified for large and Small-scale firms in twelve manufacturing industries in Pakistan. Assuming that firms within specified asset-size categories for which aggregative data are available have the same levels of productive inputs, the elasticities of substitution of labour for capital are estimated, using weighted least-squares regression. For large-scale firms, the estimated elasticities are generally not significantly different from one, whereas for small-scale firms the elasticities are significantly smaller than one but greater than zero. These results indicate that there may exist more possibilities for the substitution of labour for capital in manufacturing industries in Pakistan than were claimed by earlier researchers. This finding has important policy implications for Pakistan's economic development.

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

scholarly journals Multifractal analysis of radar rainfall fields over the area of Rome

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Calenda ◽  
E. Gorgucci ◽  
F. Napolitano ◽  
A. Novella ◽  
E. Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Scale Invariance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Invariance Properties ◽  
Meteorological Radar ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract. A scale-invariance analysis of space and time rainfall events monitored by meteorological radar over the area of Rome (Italy) is proposed. The study of the scale-invariance properties of intense precipitation storms, particularly important in flood forecast and risk mitigation, allows to transfer rainfall information from the large scale predictive meteorological models to the small scale hydrological rainfall-runoff models. Precipitation events are monitored using data collected by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C (ISAC-CNR), located 15 km Southeast from downtown. The meteorological radar provides the estimates of rainfall intensity over an area of about 10 000 km2 at a resolution of 2×2 km2 in space and 5 min in time. Many precipitation events have been observed from autumn 2001 up to now. A scale-invariance analysis is performed on some of these events with the aim at exploring the multifractal properties and at understanding their dependence on the meteorological large-scale conditions.

The Perks and Perils of Interdisciplinary Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. S55-S67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Leahey
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Extra Time ◽  
Empirical Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Challenges

This paper synthesizes findings from two studies the author conducted that examine how engagement in interdisciplinary research (IDR) influences scholars’ careers. Results from these two studies, one large-scale and quantitative and the other small-scale and qualitative, provide a much needed empirical assessment of IDR’s effects on individual careers. In essence, they provide a nice antidote (and some caution) to the rhetoric and enthusiasm surrounding IDR. My co-authors of these studies and I find that engaging in interdisciplinary research increases a scholar’s visibility in terms of citations, but also presents challenges, including reduced productivity, cognitive challenges, lack of support, extra time and commitment, and framing of one’s work. This paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of this research.

scholarly journals Systemic Review of Application of Six Sigma Approaches in Small and Medium Scale Industries: A Review in Respect of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 191-200
Author(s):  
Neeru Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Six Sigma ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Abstract: Six Sigma is a tool which helps industries to control the defects and all other issues which can be possible factors to reduce the growth of the company. It was seen that in large scale industries, the Six Sigma is used form previous decades but when goes to small and medium scale industries, there is lack of implementation of Six Sigma and its tools, so in present review paper, various research papers selected in which small and medium scale industries are selected. In this paper all possible aspects of the Six Sigma is presented in detail. Keywords: Six Sigma, Tools, Small Scale Industries, DMAIC approach, Manufacturing Industries

scholarly journals Do firm-level barriers to construction product innovation adoption vary according to position in the supply chain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Rose ◽  
Karen Manley ◽  
Kristian Widen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Product ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Road ◽  
Contextual Determinants ◽  
Construction Product

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine product innovation as a means of addressing infrastructure shortages in developed economies and to improve the sustainability of infrastructure. The obstacles to product innovation in the road industry are compared between different types of participants in the supply chain to provide guidelines for interventions to improve innovation rates.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study uses descriptive data from a large scale survey of the Australian road industry. The three top-rated product innovation obstacles for the following four types of participants are examined: contractors, consultants, suppliers and clients.FindingsThe four groups were found to disagree about the relative importance of the obstacles. Contractors and suppliers ranked “restrictive price-only tender assessment” used by clients as their number one obstacle, while consultants thought there was too much emphasis by the clients on direct costs compared with whole-of-life costs. On the other hand, clients felt suppliers do not do enough thorough testing prior to proposing a new product and disagreed with suppliers about who should carry the risk of new product failure.Research limitations/implicationsThe conceptual framework was found to yield novel insights with significant policy implications. The construction-specific contextual determinants that were integrated by the authors into a broad innovation diffusion process proved useful in categorising road product innovation obstacles across the four surveyed supply chain groups – without overlap or omission. The new framework also proved useful in ordering the key obstacles across groups for interpretation and discussion. In disaggregating product obstacles according to groups, these contextual determinants were proven to be mutually exclusive and to represent important focal points in promoting the uptake of product innovation in construction. Although the current study has usefully provided quantitative data concerning construction innovation obstacles, there are limitations due to its reliance on descriptive statistics. Future work by the authors is proposed to analyse the relationships between innovation obstacles and supply chain partners using inferential statistics to further develop and validate these early findings. The current study is an interim step in this work and an important contribution in identifying and addressing firm-level barriers seen to be constraining construction product innovation.Practical implicationsResults suggest there is a need for government clients to carefully consider the differing perspectives across the supply chain when developing strategies to encourage the adoption of mutually-beneficial innovative products on their construction projects. Inclusive focus groups examining the drivers, configuration and benefits of collaborative procurement systems are recommended to reduce innovation obstacles.Social implicationsSociety relies on urban infrastructure for daily living and the current study contributes to stretching infrastructure investment dollars and reducing the environmental impact of infrastructure provision.Originality/valueNo previous study has compared the perception of product innovation obstacles across different road industry supply chain partners. This is a significant gap, as differences in opinions across the supply chain need to be understood to develop the shared expectations and the improved relationships required to improve product innovation rates. Product innovation is important because it has been shown to improve efficiency (potentially addressing the road investment gap) and reduce deleterious environmental impacts.

Credit Constraints and Increased Firm-level Production Fragmentation: Evidence from India

2022 ◽  
pp. 097491012110677
Author(s):  
Debarati Ghosh ◽  
Meghna Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Credit Constraints ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Financing Structure ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Level Production ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Production Fragmentation

Previous studies have underlined various rationales for production fragmentation from wage differentials, decreased trade costs, access to specialized skills and resources, access to new markets, and benevolent government policies, to technological advancement. However, the idea that a firm’s financing structure can influence its production structure remains less explored, more so empirically. Firms that are financially constrained find it difficult to complete the entire production process in-house and therefore tend to resort to production fragmentation. The current study investigates this link between the extent of credit constraints faced by firms and their outsourcing behavior using data from Indian manufacturing firms over a period of ten years. We also separately study this linkage for firms that tend to export more vis-à-vis firms that export less, to ascertain if increased exporting have relaxed the financial constraint of the firms. The results confirm the positive effect of credit constraints on outsourcing behavior. For a robustness check, subsample regressions and alternative measures of constraints are also analyzed. The study has important policy implications for developing countries such as India, where outsourcing may prove to be a profitable reorganization strategy for firms that are financially constrained.

scholarly journals Sharia Maqashid Index as a measuring performance of Islamic banking: A more holistic approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Sri Hartono ◽  
Agus Sobari
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Due Measure ◽  
Using Data

So far, measurements of financial performance of Islamic banking is still predominantly still used by indicators of financial performance of conventional banking system. Its implication, many stakeholders, especially customers of Islamic banks. For Moslems are difficulty in measuring the benefits of the existence of Islamic banking. It is clearly due measure of success of Islamic banking course will be very different from conventional banking successes. If the benchmarks used today is still conventional, the consequences will be contained incorrect results of performance comparison of Islamic banking and conventional banking. Thus, both of the banking system becomes irrelevant and less apt to be compared directly. The size of Islamic banking performance should not directly benchmarking with conventional banking. It must be linked to the objectives and the establishment of Islamic banking noble intentions, namely to provide human well simultaneously implement the principles contained in sharia maqashid. This research will try to practice the measurement of financial performance based Sharia Maqashid and use it to make comparisons between the performance of the national largest-scale of Islamic commercial banks and regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah). This study presented using data from the financial statements of the three Islamic commercial banks and three Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah). The results showed that the performance of the national largest-scale of Islamic commercial banks and regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah), all of them, has no a Sharia Maqashid index whose high value. This shows the inconsistency, that should be, the national largest-scale of Islamic banking to always focus on the muamalah objectives according by sharia. From the comparison of financial performance based on sharia maqashid, it turns out the national large-scale of Islamic commercial banks tend to have a lower index of Sharia Maqashid than the regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah).

scholarly journals Analysis of Inter-industry Relations in Pakistan: Some Further Experiments with the 1975-76 Data

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-670
Author(s):  
Aftab Ali Syed
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Industry Relations

Input-Output (1-0) tables of Pakistan's economy for the year 1975-76 were published by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) in 1983. They delineated the structure of production of 118 industries together with the disposition of their output by five categories of final demand: consumption expenditures; gross fixed capital formation; changes in stocks; exports; and re-exports. Import have been shown to be absorbed as intermediate inputs as well as destined for final consumption. The present author presented an analytical paper [3], based on the said data-base, in which despite the useful industrial details captured, the predominant agrarian nature of Pakistan's economy was emphasized. Agricultural sector's contribution to the total gross domestic product (CDP) at factor cost amounted to 22.1 percent. Although the 1-0 tables identified some 81 manufacturing industries - both large-scale and small-scale - there were only seven industries whose contribution to the total CDP was of any significance. The manufacturing sector, as a whole, contributed only about 11.7 percent of the total CDP. Service industries, construction and the like still account for the rest of the CDP.

scholarly journals Finescale Structure of the T–S Relation in the Eastern North Atlantic

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ferrari ◽  
K. L. Polzin
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gyre Circulation

Abstract Distributions of temperature (T) and salinity (S) and their relationship in the oceans are the result of a balance between T–S variability generated at the surface by air–sea fluxes and its removal by molecular dissipation. In this paper the role of different motions in setting the cascade of T–S variance to dissipation scales is quantified using data from the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE). The NATRE observational programs include fine- and microscale measurements and provide a snapshot of T–S variability across a wide range of scales from basin to molecular. It is found that microscale turbulence controls the rate of thermal dissipation in the thermocline. At this level the T–S relation is established through a balance between large-scale advection by the gyre circulation and small-scale turbulence. Further down, at the level of intermediate and Mediterranean waters, mesoscale eddies are the rate-controlling process. The transition between the two regimes is related to the presence of a strong salinity gradient along density surfaces associated with the outflow of Mediterranean waters. Mesoscale eddies stir this gradient and produce a rich filamentation and salinity-compensated temperature inversions: isopycnal stirring and diapycnal mixing are both required to explain the T–S relation at depth.

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