scholarly journals Quantifying the Cost of Risk in Consumption

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Tirelli ◽  
Sergio Turner
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Approximation Method ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
General Preferences ◽  
Consumption Profile

Fixing a risky intertemporal, interagent consumption profile, its total cost is the total willingness to pay for smoothing everyone's consumption. It decomposes into a micro cost that captures the inefficiency in the cross-sectional distribution of total consumption, risky as it is, and a macro cost that captures the additional benefit of eliminating the risk in total consumption, once efficiently redistributed.We consider the risk that a household experiences income mobility and the consequent consumption mobility. U.S. panel data estimates a consumption profile for which we compute the costs. The total cost is 9-18% of total initial consumption for CRRA parameters 1.25-3.5. Of this, 80-90% is the micro cost and only 10-20% is the macro cost. The magnitude of these results, and in particular the relative importance of the micro cost, is in line with previous empirical evidence.Motivated by this evidence we develop the theory of micro cost. Moreover, because the micro cost does not admit a closed form, for general preferences, we lay out an approximation method.

scholarly journals Comparative Cost Analysis Of Cervical Cancer Screening Programme Based On Molecular Detection Of HPV In Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Ibáñez ◽  
María Mareque ◽  
Rosario Granados ◽  
Daniel Andía ◽  
Marcial García-Rojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: HPV cervical cancer screening (CCS) must use validated HPV tests based on the molecular detection of either viral mRNA (Aptima HPV Assay – AHPV) or DNA. AHPV has demonstrated the same cross-sectional and longitudinal sensitivity for the detection of HSIL/CIN2+ lesions but with greater specificity than HPV-DNA tests. The study aimed to estimate the total costs of a CCS with a primary HPV test based on the detection of mRNA compared to DNA in women aged 35-65 years for the National Health System.Methods: A decision-tree-based model to estimate the cost of the CCS until the first colposcopy was designed based on Spanish CCS guidelines. The total cost (€,2019) for CCS with AHPV or DNA tests (HC2 and Cobas) was calculated, including HPV test, liquid-based cytology (LBC) and colposcopy, for a population of 7,263,529 women aged 35-65 years (assuming 70% coverage). Clinical inputs derived from a literature review were validated by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Data from head-to-head studies between different HPV tests were selected. Results: The use of AHPV showed reduction of 290,541 (-35%) and 355,913 (-40%) LBC compared to HC2 or Cobas, respectively. Furthermore, AHPV avoided 151,699 (-47%) colposcopies vs HC2 and 151,165 (-47%) vs Cobas. The total cost of CCS was €282,747,877 with AHPV, €322,587,588 with HC2 and €324,614,490 with Cobas. Therefore, AHPV savings €-39,839,711 vs HC2 and €-41,866,613 vs Cobas.Conclusions: Assuming that 70% of women from 35-65 years attend the CCS programme, the cost of screening up to the first colposcopy using AHPV would provide cost savings of up to €41.9 million vs DNA tests in Spain.

scholarly journals Comparative cost analysis of cervical cancer screening programme based on molecular detection of HPV in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ibáñez ◽  
M. Mareque ◽  
R. Granados ◽  
D. Andía ◽  
M. García-Rojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background HPV cervical cancer screening (CCS) must use validated HPV tests based on the molecular detection of either viral mRNA (Aptima HPV Assay—AHPV) or DNA. AHPV has demonstrated the same cross-sectional and longitudinal sensitivity for the detection of HSIL/CIN2+ lesions but with greater specificity than HPV-DNA tests. The study aimed to estimate the total costs of a CCS with a primary HPV test based on the detection of mRNA compared to DNA in women aged 35–65 years for the National Health System. Methods A decision-tree-based model to estimate the cost of the CCS until the first colposcopy was designed based on Spanish CCS guidelines. The total cost (€, 2019) for CCS with AHPV or DNA tests (HC2 and Cobas) was calculated, including HPV test, liquid-based cytology (LBC) and colposcopy, for a population of 7,263,529 women aged 35–65 years (assuming 70% coverage). Clinical inputs derived from a literature review were validated by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Data from head-to-head studies between different HPV tests were selected. Results The use of AHPV showed reduction of 290,541 (− 35%) and 355,913 (− 40%) LBC compared to HC2 or Cobas, respectively. Furthermore, AHPV avoided 151,699 (− 47%) colposcopies versus HC2 and 151,165 (− 47%) versus Cobas. The total cost of CCS was € 282,747,877 with AHPV, € 322,587,588 with HC2 and € 324,614,490 with Cobas. Therefore, AHPV savings € − 39,839,711 versus HC2 and € − 41,866,613 versus Cobas. Conclusions Assuming that 70% of women from 35 to 65 years attend the CCS programme, the cost of screening up to the first colposcopy using AHPV would provide cost savings of up to € 41.9 million versus DNA tests in Spain.

scholarly journals The Use of Distribution Requirement Planning Method in Rice Distribution System of CV. Usaha Milla Gesit for Cost Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 836-840
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Rice Distribution ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Distribution Requirement ◽  
Cost Forecasting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Efficient Distribution

The purpose of this research to provide a method of Distribution Requirement Planning on the form of CV. Usaha Milla Gesit’s rice to efficient the cost of the material distribution. This type of research is descriptive research with a time horizon that use cross-sectional for data collection .The technique of data collection during this research is directly interviewing company’s oprational manager. The data that acquired processed with Distribution Requirement Planning and then compared with the results of company’s conventional system. From the results of the comparison Distribution Requirement Planning can be efficient the cost of rice distribution as many as 26.76 %. With this proves Distribution Requirement Planning can efficient distribution total cost, Forecasting aims to know the period from March 2018 - February 2019 and manage it with Distribution Requirement Planning to know distribution total cost from March 2018 - February 2019.

Do Creditors Prefer Smooth Earnings? Evidence from European Private Firms

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Gassen ◽  
Rolf Uwe Fülbier
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Debt Contracting ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Earnings Smoothness ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT We investigate the interplay between creditor financing and the smoothness of earnings reported by European private firms, and document how heterogeneous debt-contracting infrastructures across Europe moderate this relation. We expect the smoothness of earnings to be positively related to the relative importance of credit providers in our setting. More importantly, we predict this relation to be more pronounced in regimes with higher bankruptcy and contract enforcement costs. Finally, we hypothesize that earnings smoothness is negatively related to the cost of debt of our sample firms. Our large-sample empirical evidence confirms our expectations. While the cross-sectional nature of our setting limits our potential to address endogeneity concerns and, thus, caution is required when interpreting our findings in a causal way, they are consistent with the accounting of European private firms being shaped by creditor incentives and with this link being moderated by the country-level efficiency of the debt-contracting infrastructure. JEL Classifications: M41; G14; F42. Data Availability: All data used in this study are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.

scholarly journals Analisis sisa makanan lunak rumah sakit pada penyelenggaraan makanan dengan sistem outsourcing di RSUD Gunung Jati Cirebon

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
M Agus Ariefuddin ◽  
Tjahjono Kuntjoro ◽  
Yeni Prawiningdyah
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Food Portion ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Cost

Background: An indicator of success in maintaining quality of service in patient nutrition can be measured from leftovers. In average inpatients got soft food as much as 40.1% and about 20.5% of them have leftovers. One benefit of leftover data is that they can be used to evaluate provision of hospital foods. Leftovers indicate that there is a waste in food cost.Objective: To analyze leftovers of hospital soft food in the provision of food using outsourcing system at Gunung Jati Hospital of Cirebon Municipality.Method: This was an observational study that used cross sectional design. Samples were as many as 93 patients. Data were analyzed quantitatively using chi square to identify in factors correlation the presence of leftovers and correlation in respondents’ satisfaction with the quality of food with the presence of leftovers and to identify correlation of irrelevance with leftovers of hospital soft foods portion served with the presence of leftovers. Characteristics of respondents and cost of foods wasted were analyzed using univariate technique.Result: The result of statistical analysis showed that there was significant  correlation in sex, level of education, types of diseases and appetite  on the presence of leftovers (p < 0.05) and there was no significant correlation based on age and class of hospitalization (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation in respondents’ satisfaction with quality of foods on the presence of leftovers (p > 0.05). There was significant correlation between irrelevances in the amount of soft food portion served on the presence of leftovers.  Total cost foods wasted was Rp 12.559.12/day.Conclusion: There was correlation in sex, level of education, types of diseases and appetite on the presence of leftovers. There was no significant correlation in respondents’ satisfaction with quality of foods on the presence of leftovers (p > 0.05). There was significant correlation between irrelevances in the amount of soft food portion served with leftovers. The cost of foods wasted based on class of hospitalization served greatly varied.

scholarly journals Comparative Cost Analysis Of Cervical Cancer Screening Programme Based On Molecular Detection Of HPV In Spain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Ibáñez ◽  
María Mareque ◽  
Rosario Granados ◽  
Daniel Andía ◽  
Marcial García-Rojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: HPV cervical cancer screening (CCS) must use validated HPV tests based on the molecular detection of either viral mRNA (Aptima HPV Assay – AHPV) or DNA. AHPV has demonstrated the same cross-sectional and longitudinal sensitivity for the detection of HSIL/CIN2+ lesions but with greater specificity than HPV-DNA tests. The study aimed to estimate the total costs of a CCS with a primary HPV test based on the detection of mRNA compared to DNA in women aged 35-65 years for the National Health System.Methods: A decision-tree-based model to estimate the cost of the CCS until the first colposcopy was designed based on Spanish CCS guidelines. The total cost (€,2019) for CCS with AHPV or DNA tests (HC2 and Cobas) was calculated, including HPV test, liquid-based cytology (LBC) and colposcopy, for a population of 7,263,529 women aged 35-65 years (assuming 70% coverage). Clinical inputs derived from a literature review were validated by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Data from head-to-head studies between different HPV tests were selected. Results: The use of AHPV showed reduction of 290,541 (-35%) and 355,913 (-40%) LBC compared to HC2 or Cobas, respectively. Furthermore, AHPV avoided 151,699 (-47%) colposcopies vs HC2 and 151,165 (-47%) vs Cobas. The total cost of CCS was €282,747,877 with AHPV, €322,587,588 with HC2 and €324,614,490 with Cobas. Therefore, AHPV savings €-39,839,711 vs HC2 and €-41,866,613 vs Cobas.Conclusions: Assuming that 70% of women from 35-65 years attend the CCS programme, the cost of screening up to the first colposcopy using AHPV would provide cost savings of up to €41.9 million vs DNA tests in Spain.

R&D and the Rising Foreign Profitability of U.S. Multinational Corporations

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa De Simone ◽  
Jingjing (Jing) Huang ◽  
Linda K. Krull
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pricing Risk ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT We investigate how R&D contributes to rising foreign profitability in U.S. multinational corporations through wage and tax incentives. Our results suggest that wage savings increase foreign profit margins derived from foreign R&D, while tax incentives increase foreign profit margins derived from domestic R&D. By exploring their relative importance, we find that wage savings are more important than tax incentives in explaining foreign profit margins when the wage discount substantially exceeds tax incentives, and vice versa. Cross-sectional tests show that firms respond more to foreign R&D wage savings when they have access to local human talent, but less as the cost of conducting foreign R&D increases. Firms respond less to tax incentives to shift income derived from domestic R&D as transfer pricing risk increases. Our evidence sheds light on the importance of R&D-related income shifting that potentially separates the location of economic activity from the location of income. JEL Classifications: H25; H26.

Statistical Evaluation for claims and disputes in construction contracts

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Raid Saleem Abd Ali ◽  
Nooran kanaan Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Construction Contracts ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Price Schedule ◽  
Questionnaire Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

This research aims to diagnose and identify the causes of claims and disputes between the contractor and the employer, also review the methods used to resolve disputes in construction contracts. In order to achieve the goal of the research, scientific methodology is followed to collect information and data on the subject of claims and disputes in construction projects in Iraq through personal interviews and questionnaire form. The most important results in this research are: the price schedule contract as a kind of competitive contracts is the most important and guarantee for the completion of minimum level of claims and disputes with relative importance of (84.1), compared with the (cost plus a percentage of the cost contract) as a kind of negotiating contracts is the most relative importance of (79.6), and the turnkey contract as a kind of special contracts is the most relative importance of (74.2). The  contractor and  his agents are one of the most influence sources in occurring claims and disputes in construction contracts with relative importance of (77.4) followed by the contract documents with relative importance of (74.2) and then the employer with relative importance of (73.2). In addition to the long period of litigation and the multiplicity of veto grades are most negative when contractual disputes have resolved by it, and with relative importance of (86), followed by the large number of issues and lack of efficiency and specialty of Judges with relative importance (78.4). Finally, the direct negotiation method (relative importance of 77) is one of the most friendly settlement ways favored by conflicted parties, while the resolution of disputes and claims board (relative importance of 10) occupied the last rank in the friendly settlement ways.

An Examination of Audit Report Lag for Banks: A Panel Data Approach

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Charlene Henderson ◽  
Steven E. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Audit Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Analysis

This study investigates the determinants of audit report lag (ARL) for a sample of banks. Researchers have been interested in the determinants of ARL, in part, because it impacts the timeliness of public disclosures. However, prior ARL research has relied exclusively on regression analysis of cross-sectional samples of companies from many industries. In addition to focusing exclusively on banks, panel data analysis is introduced and compared with cross-sectional analysis to demonstrate its power in dynamic settings and its potential to improve estimation. Results reveal important differences between cross-sectional analysis and panel data analysis. First, bank size is negatively related to ARL in cross-section but positively related to ARL using panel data analysis. The cross-sectional size estimate is subject to omitted variables bias, and furthermore, cross-sectional analysis fails to capture variation in size over time in relation to ARL. Panel data analysis both accounts for omitted variables and captures the dynamics of the relationship between size and ARL. As well, the panel data model's explanatory power far exceeds that of the cross-sectional model. This is primarily due to the panel model's use of firm-specific intercepts that both capture the role of reporting tradition and eliminate heterogeneity bias. Thus, panel data analysis proves to be a powerful tool in the analysis of ARL.

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