POSSIBILITY OF APPLYING ROAD NETWORK PROPORTIONAL DIVISION TO DISASTER RESPONSE FACILITY PLACEMENT PLANS IN HILLED RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. I_247-I_253
Author(s):  
Norimitsu KOIKE ◽  
Tomohumi YAMAGUCHI ◽  
Misao HASHIMOTO ◽  
Masatoshi MORITA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Facility Placement

scholarly journals Increased Rural Connectivity and its Effects on Health Outcomes

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadia Majid
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Pakistan

This paper examines the effects of increased connectivity in rural areas on child health outcomes. In particular, it studies whether improved access to markets for rural areas through an upgraded road network and greater openness, as measured by village electrification status, has had a positive impact on child health outcomes and awareness of health practices such as immunization and prenatal care. Using a 16-year panel dataset from rural Pakistan, we estimate two iterations of a probit model, where one examines the probability of child i being vaccinated and the second estimates the incidence of use of prenatal care. The results support the hypothesis that greater connectivity, as measured by road connectivity and electrification, improves health outcomes by increasing the likelihood of immunization and uptake of prenatal care.

scholarly journals Rapid Multi-Dimensional Impact Assessment of Floods

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4246 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pastor-Escuredo ◽  
Yolanda Torres ◽  
María Martínez-Torres ◽  
Pedro J. Zufiria
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
The Impact

Natural disasters affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. The impact assessment of a disaster is key to improve the response and mitigate how a natural hazard turns into a social disaster. An actionable quantification of impact must be integratively multi-dimensional. We propose a rapid impact assessment framework that comprises detailed geographical and temporal landmarks as well as the potential socio-economic magnitude of the disaster based on heterogeneous data sources: Environment sensor data, social media, remote sensing, digital topography, and mobile phone data. As dynamics of floods greatly vary depending on their causes, the framework may support different phases of decision-making during the disaster management cycle. To evaluate its usability and scope, we explored four flooding cases with variable conditions. The results show that social media proxies provide a robust identification with daily granularity even when rainfall detectors fail. The detection also provides information of the magnitude of the flood, which is potentially useful for planning. Network analysis was applied to the social media to extract patterns of social effects after the flood. This analysis showed significant variability in the obtained proxies, which encourages the scaling of schemes to comparatively characterize patterns across many floods with different contexts and cultural factors. This framework is presented as a module of a larger data-driven system designed to be the basis for responsive and more resilient systems in urban and rural areas. The impact-driven approach presented may facilitate public–private collaboration and data sharing by providing real-time evidence with aggregated data to support the requests of private data with higher granularity, which is the current most important limitation in implementing fully data-driven systems for disaster response from both local and international actors.

Nature and Effects of Low-Volume Roads in Botswana

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bizzar B. Madzikigwa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
The Road ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Sand And Gravel

The road sector in Botswana continues to develop its road network throughout the country at a tremendous rate. When Botswana gained independence in 1966, it had only 10 km (16 mi) of bitumen road. By 1992 the total length of bituminous surfaced road reached 3500 km (2,175 mi) out of a total road network of 18 000 km (11,285 mi). These statistics clearly show that the majority of roads are not yet surfaced; these are low-volume roads that provide access to the rural areas where most of the country’s population is found, though in low density. In spite of the rapid improvement in the quality of the national road network in recent years, much remains to be done. In the early 1970s and early 1980s the rural roads unit was introduced in the Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, which was charged with the responsibility of design and construction of low-volume roads around the country in a bid to integrate the country’s road network. This unit was later disbanded in the 1990s, and all roads are improved through the conventional procurement system using private contractors. For these roads the justification of a surfacing project based on conventional economic return methods does not apply, and worse still, the road improvements have to compete with other amenities for the same limited resources. Three ministries in Botswana are responsible for roads: Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, Ministry of Local Government, and Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism. These ministries have different responsibilities for different roads within the country, and earth, sand, and gravel roads are found under the jurisdiction of each of the ministries. The major drawbacks concerning low-volume roads in Botswana are inadequate maintenance, poor road construction materials, and the environmental impacts of the roads. Since the budget and resources are inadequate to keep these roads in good condition, it would be prudent to find technological means that would improve the locally available road construction materials so as to minimize their effects on the environment and vehicle operating costs.

scholarly journals The Drivers of Rural Accommodation Development in Romania: a Preliminary Study - Part2

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-150
Author(s):  
Cornelia Pop ◽  
Maria-Andrada Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Preliminary Study

"The present paper continues the work of Pop et al. (2019) on what concerns the drivers of rural accommodation development in Romania. The study covers the same period: 2005 to 2019. This study introduces a new factor / driver: the accessibility of communes via the national and county road network. Similar to the findings of Pop et al. (2019), the 2008 and 2012 ranks were established based on the existing tourist attractions. The 2012 rank is strongly influenced by 2008 ranks and, under the present study, by accessibility. Though, the influence of both ranks on lodgings (both under NIS and MoT data) remains weak to very weak hence suggesting the need to introduce new factors in order to explain the lodging development in rural areas. Keywords: rural tourism, lodging, resources, Romania JEL classification: L83 "

scholarly journals Evaluación de algoritmos de clasificación en la plataforma Google Earth Engine para la identificación y detección de cambios de construcciones rurales y periurbanas a partir de imágenes de alta resolución

2021 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Alejandro Coca-Castro ◽  
Maycol A. Zaraza-Aguilera ◽  
Yilsey T. Benavides-Miranda ◽  
Yeimy M. Montilla-Montilla ◽  
Heidy B. Posada-Fandiño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Classification Algorithms ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Google Earth Engine

<p>Building change detection based on remote sensing imagery is a key task for land management and planning e.g., detection of illegal settlements, updating land records and disaster response. Under the post- classification comparison approach, this research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of several classification algorithms to identify and capture buildings and their change between two time steps using very-high resolution images (&lt;1 m/pixel) across rural areas and urban/rural perimeter boundaries. Through an App implemented on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we selected two study areas in Colombia with different images and input data. In total, eight traditional classification algorithms, three unsupervised (K-means, X-Means y Cascade K-Means) and five supervised (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, GMO maximum Entropy and Minimum distance) available at GEE were trained. Additionally, a deep neural network named Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN) was added and trained using a pre-trained model, EfficientNetB3 model. Three evaluation zones per study area were proposed to quantify the performance of the algorithms through the Intersection over Union (IoU) metric. This metric, with a range between 0 and 1, represents the degree of overlapping between two regions, where the higher agreement the higher IoU values. The results indicate that the models configured with the FPN network have the best performance followed by the traditional supervised algorithms. The performance differences were specific to the study area. For the rural area, the best FPN configuration obtained an IoU averaged for both time steps of 0.4, being this four times higher than the best supervised model, Support Vector Machines using a linear kernel with an average IoU of 0.1. Regarding the setting of urban/rural perimeter boundaries, this difference was less marked, having an average IoU of 0.53 in comparison to 0.38 obtained by the best supervised classification model, in this case Random Forest. The results are relevant for institutions tracking the dynamics of building areas from cloud computing platfo future assessments of classifiers in likewise platforms in other contexts.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of land consolidation in Southern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-282
Author(s):  
Monika Balawejder ◽  
Katarzyna Matkowska ◽  
Ernest Rymarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

Motives: The fragmentation of land and the distribution of plots in rural areas negatively affects the profitability and efficiency of agricultural production. Land consolidation is an activity that facilitates the improvement of the spatial structure and at the same time contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas. European Union (EU) funding helps to improve, among others the area structure of agricultural land in the EU countries. Aim: From these premises, the purpose of the work results, which is the assessment of the effects of the performed consolidation of land with EU funding. The detailed analysis covered 16 precincts from the Podkarpackie voivodeship and 3 precincts from the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The assessment of the consolidation of land was made in 19 consolidated objects in the years 2007-2020. In practice, there is a problem of how to demonstrate the effects of land consolidation? This article proposes to present the four most important effects of land consolidation in the form of the following coefficients: W1 (coefficient of reducing the number of plots as a result of consolidation), W2 (coefficient of increasing the average plot area in the consolidation facility), W3 (coefficient of reducing the number of plots in an individual farm as a result of consolidation), W4 (index of road network density in merged area) are a reliable image of the results of the land consolidation performed in the studied area. Results: The results were obtained. Index W1 in the examined objects indicated the result of 34.0% for the Podkarpackie voivodeship, and 28.8% for the Świętokrzyskie. Index W2 in the Podkarpackie voivodeship is 27.0%, and in the Świętokrzyskie it is higher and amounts to 29.7%. Index W3 which amounts to 39.4% of the average number of plots in a farm in the Podkarpackie voivodeship and much higher, amounting to 46.6% in the Świętokrzyskie. Index W4 for the Podkarpackie voivodeship is + 14.7%. However, for the Świętokrzyskie it is only + 3.7%. Summing up, the study analyzed four indicators showing the effects of land consolidation in southern Poland. The results obtained for these two voivodeships were similar. However, unsatisfactory in terms of the effects of land consolidation.

Modelling of Logistics Monitoring System for Milk Collection Based on Swarm Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Mouhcine Elgarej ◽  
Khalifa Mansouri ◽  
Mohamed Youssfi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Transport Logistics

Over the last 30 years, the milk processing process has shifted from the farm to the centralized cheese factory, which has had an impact on the management of transport logistics. In Morocco, several dairy units are located in rural areas with a poor road network, which means that milk collection has a significant impact on profit, affecting milk transport costs. The objective of this work is to develop a decision support tool based on internet of things technologies to optimize milk collection routes, reduce the cost of milk transport, and improve collection density. The tool developed in this study is based on a SIG system and farm milk volumes to estimate the cost per liter of milk for the regular route and to recalculate the same cost for the optimized collection route, combined with IoT technology to ensure the communication process between dairy farms, trucks, and dairy plants.

PURA for Connectivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Datta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Network System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Urban Amenities ◽  
Test Region ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

The PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) scheme has been designed to induce sustainable growth in underdeveloped areas. The test region is the Nuh Block, Haryana, a region severely lacking the amenities required for an area with a population of 201,816 which is increasing rapidly. The proposed development period of 2005 to 2020 is split into three equal phases to help distribute the expenditure evenly over time. Five ‘nodal’ villages are chosen to act as centres of development for the block. These are linked together through the road network system. Three alternative networks are discussed in terms of the cost-effectiveness of the design.

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