scholarly journals Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Pavement Derived from Palm Oil Eco Processed Pozzolan (EPP) Material as Partial Cement Replacement

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Nurul Farhanah Mohd Kusaimi ◽  
Fazlena Hamzah ◽  
Junaidah Jai ◽  
Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki ◽  
Norliza Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Bleaching Earth ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement ◽  
Pozzolanic Properties

Eco Processed Pozzolan (EPP) is derived from Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) by the calcination process via heat treatment in the palm oil refining industry. EPP can be used as a partial replacement of cement as it contains a high amount of silica and has pozzolanic properties. Besides its properties, the sustainable production of EPP in the palm oil industry, abundantly available, and cheaper raw material have opened an opportunity to explore it as a cement substitute in pavement industries. This research aimed to study the properties of pozzolanic EPP and discover its potential as a partial substitute of cement in the pavement block's development. The compressive strength and water absorption of the formulated pavement block using EPP were analyzed in this study. Two sets of paving blocks were developed, namely, Set A, EPP was added as a partial replacement of the cement in pavement formulation at 20% - 90%, while in Set B, integration of EPP and Fly Ash (FA) was used as a partial replacement of the cement. The results indicated that the maximum addition of EPP into pavement formulation was 20%. The increment of EPP as a cement substitute in a formulation of more than 20% has reduced the compressive strength and increased the water absorption of the pavement. Simultaneously, the addition of FA and EPP in the formulation of hybrid pavement in Set B shows that the addition of FA has improved the compressive strength of the pavement and less water absorption was detected. The pavement’s highest compressive strength by addition of FA was 36MPa at the EPP was added of 15 – 20%. The study indicated that EPP could be used as a partial substitute of the cement, but addition of FA might require to improve pavement compressive strength.

scholarly journals The Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Railway’s Concrete Sleepers Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a Cement Replacement Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 1200 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
A S Nurfarhanna ◽  
A Suraya Hani ◽  
O Mohamad Hairi ◽  
J Zalipah ◽  
AH Noor Azlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Pozzolanic Reaction ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Oil Fuel ◽  
Pozzolanic Properties ◽  
Curing Age

Abstract Railway’s concrete sleepers demand high consumption of cement which generates higher energy assumption and carbon emission. Meanwhile, in Malaysia, around 100 tonnes of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) were disposed of in the landfill, which endangering environmental health. However, this POFA have pozzolanic properties that can be employed as cementitious material. Therefore, this study aimed to produce a sustainable concrete sleeper by using POFA as a cement replacement material focusing on the compressive strength and water absorption performance. Concrete samples with a strength grade of 55MPa and w/c of 0.35 were prepared with three design mixes containing 0% (control), 20%(POFA20), and 40%(POFA40) of POFA. For the compressive strength test, a compression machine was used. Meanwhile, the water absorption was measured at atmospheric pressure. Both tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days of curing age. The results show that as the curing age increases, their water absorption and compressive strength improves, indicating a pozzolanic reaction. In terms of POFA content, the water absorption increases by 14% and 54% for POFA20 and POFA40, respectively. Meanwhile, the compressive strength reduced by 39% for POFA20 and 67% for POFA40. Since POFA20 meets the standards, it is however applicable in slab tracks.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) Partial Replacement of Cement

2020 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 482-487
Author(s):  
Gunalaan Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement ◽  
Oil Palm Fibre ◽  
Palm Fibre

This research showed the results of experiments effect use of oil palm fibre (OPF) from oil palm industry as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. Research on the reuse of waste materials in the concrete industry has been quite intensive in the past decade. The objective of this research is to identify the Effect of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement in the production of concrete. After the treatment, the economical ways to dispose of it is by using landfill method. But due to a limited landfill site in Malaysia and it is the temporary solution for the disposal of the waste, it becomes a problem to Malaysia and the number of the oil palm fibre keeping increase year by year because of the population increase year by year too. The results showed that oil palm fibre (OPF) greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of oil palm fibre (OPF) concrete was reduced as oil palm fibre filled up the existing voids, making it more impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the oil palm fibre concrete decreases gradually when the amount of oil palm fibre (OPF) increased. It can be concluded that the optimum percentage of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement is 10%. In this direction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity, carbonation test, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption was undertaken to use oil palm fiber and admixtures as partial replacement for cement in concrete.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF PEAT WATER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COCONUT SHELL AND FLY ASH BASED CONCRETE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Yulin Patrisia ◽  
Topan Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Coconut Shells

This study aimed to determine the influence of peat water on the mechanical properties of the paving block (compressive strength and water absorption) using coconut shell waste and fly ash as raw material. The background of the research were the lack utilization of fly ash, preparation for the handling and utilization of fly ash from power station at Pulang Pisau and Tumbang Kajuei (under construction), and the utilization of coconut shell to be more effective and economical. Paving block specimens were immersed in peat water to determine the effect of peat water and the rest were immersed in plain water. This experiment used fly ash as a partial replacement of cement and 2% coconut shell as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. The results of the analysis showed that: (a) Paving block using fly ash and coconut shells which were immersed in plain water experienced the increase in compressive strength and the decrease in water; (b) Paving block using fly ash and coconut shells soaked in peat water showed that by the increase of age, compressive strength was decrease and water absorption was increase; (c) The compressive strength of paving block specimens immersed in plain water and peat water showed relatively similar values at 7 and 28 days age, (d). Water absorption in paving block specimens soaked both in plain water and peat water showed relatively similar values at 7 days age, but at 28 days age the specimens immersed in peat water had greater water absorption.

Manufacturing of Construction Materials from Municipal Incinerator Residue

2008 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Dae Yong Shin ◽  
Kyung Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
Leaching Procedure

Municipal incinerator residue (MIR) was used as raw material to replace clay to manufacture bricks. Brick specimens were substituted from 0 to 50 wt% MIR by 10 wt% increment for clay. Clay-MIR brick specimens were fired at 800~1050°C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption rate and compressive strength were investigated. Leaching procedure tests were also conducted to characterize toxicity. Increasing MIR contents resulted in a decrease in water absorption rate, firing shrinkage and increase in compressive strength of bricks. It was found that when brick specimen with 50 wt% of MIR content was heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h, a brick specimen could be generated, which was compressive strength of 1256 kg/cm2, water absorption ratio of 6.8% and firing shrinkage of 3.5%. This indicates that MIR is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of clay in bricks

scholarly journals Investigation on the Properties of Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Seashell Powder as Partial Cement Replacement

CONSTRUCTION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
K. Hasan ◽  
F.M. Yahaya ◽  
A. Karim ◽  
Rokiah Othman
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Oil Fuel

The concept of utilizing various types of wastes, such as agricultural dumps and marine by-products, as a partial replacement of cement has gained a great interest to develop eco-friendly and economical mortars for sustainable construction. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agro-industrial waste by-product from palm oil mills and seashell powder (SSP) derived from seashells, a marine waste material partial replacement of cement in mortars. The water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.49 and the sand to binder (s/b) ratio of 2.54 with 0% to 30% of ordinary portland cement (OPC) by weight was replaced with POFA and SSP, and the resulting mortar samples were tested for mechanical properties and durability in this study. The compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and flow table tests were performed in this study for different percentages of POFA and SSP after 7, 28, and 130 days. The results showed that the 30% POFA incorporated mortars achieved the highest compressive strength (35.12N/mm2), flexural strength (4.06N/mm2), high density with less water absorption (4.79%) after 130 days of curing and the high strength mortar with less water flow (22.2cm) during casting. Also, it found that the 25% POFA and 5% SSP incorporated mortars attained acceptable results as supplementary cementing material. This study suggests that the POFA and SSP incorporated mortars could be used in concrete for sustainable development of construction through the efficient valorization of waste materials.

scholarly journals Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2967
Author(s):  
Rokiah Othman ◽  
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ◽  
Khairunisa Muthusamy ◽  
MohdArif Sulaiman ◽  
Youventharan Duraisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Bleaching Earth ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Control Specimen ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement

This study aims to obtain the relationship between density and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Foamed concrete is a preferred building material due to the low density of its concrete. In foamed concrete, the compressive strength reduces with decreasing density. Generally, a denser foamed concrete produces higher compressive strength and lower volume of voids. In the present study, the tests were carried out in stages in order to investigate the effect of sand–cement ratio, water to cement ratio, foam dosage, and dilution ratio on workability, density, and compressive strength of the control foamed concrete specimen. Next, the test obtained the optimum content of processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) as partial cement replacement in the foamed concrete. Based on the experimental results, the use of 1:1.5 cement to sand ratio for the mortar mix specified the best performance for density, workability, and 28-day compressive strength. Increasing the sand to cement ratio increased the density and compressive strength of the mortar specimen. In addition, in the production of control foamed concrete, increasing the foam dosage reduced the density and compressive strength of the control specimen. Similarly with the dilution ratio, the compressive strength of the control foamed concrete decreased with an increasing dilution ratio. The employment of PSBE significantly influenced the density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete. An increase in the percentage of PSBE reduced the density of the foamed concrete. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete that incorporated PSBE increased with increasing PSBE content up to 30% PSBE. In conclusion, the compressive strength of foamed concrete depends on its density. It was revealed that the use of 30% PSBE as a replacement for cement meets the desired density of 1600 kg/m3, with stability and consistency in workability, and it increases the compressive strength dramatically from 10 to 23 MPa as compared to the control specimen. Thus, it demonstrated that the positive effect of incorporation of PSBE in foamed concrete is linked to the pozzolanic effect whereby more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produces denser foamed concrete, which leads to higher strength, and it is less pore connected. In addition, the regression analysis shows strong correlation between density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete due to the R2 being closer to one. Thus, production of foamed concrete incorporating 30% PSBE might have potential for sustainable building materials.

scholarly journals USE OF SLUDGE FROM SANITARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (S.T.P) AND THEIR USE AS RAW MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (33) ◽  
pp. 823-840
Author(s):  
M. K. TARABAI ◽  
S. G. de AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Ceramic Block ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The One

This paper discusses a possible solution regarding the final disposal of sludge from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations (ET), aiming at environmental preservation. The solid waste generated after the wastewater treatment processes is highly contaminating and detrimental to the area in which it is deposited. Given this, the use of sludge with the application of reuse techniques becomes pertinent, both from the economic point of view and from the ecological point of view. By replacing the use of aggregates from mineral deposits, the main clay raw material in the manufacture of ceramic products (Vieira, 2000), by the treated sludge of WWTP we will save on the sources of granular materials. Aiming its reintegration to the production cycle through the introduction of sludge as raw material incorporated in the ceramic mass in the manufacture of hollow bricks, the viability of use was verified through performance analysis, compared to the control brick made of pottery, without the addition of sludge. Specimens were prepared with three types of samples: 90% clay and 10% sludge; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. Mass loss, water absorption index and compressive strength tests were performed. As for the tests, the specimens with 10% and 20% of sludge were the ones that had better adaptation to the technical requirements, but because it is a larger volume of the residue for the application of reuse techniques, the brick with 20% sludge dosage. is the most suitable. NBR7.171, November 1992: Ceramic Block for masonry; Specification NBR 6.461, June 1983: Masonry Ceramic Block - Compressive Strength Check: Test Method; NBR 8.947, November 1992: Ceramic Tile- Determination of Mass and Water Absorption: Test Method. As for the tests, the specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had the best adaptation to technical and environmental requirements. The present article approaches a possible solution regarding the destination of the sludge coming from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations, aiming at environmental preservation. Aiming at its reintegration into the productive cycle through applications of reuse techniques, the sludge became raw material when the ceramic mass was incorporated into the brick fabrication. Three types of samples were elaborated: 90% of clay and 10% of mud; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. As for the tests, the test specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had more adequacy to the technical and environmental requirements.

scholarly journals Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge Ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975-1983
Author(s):  
Shahid Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Paper Sludge Ash ◽  
Sludge Ash

Abstract: Cement production is one of the sources that emit carbon dioxide, in addition to deforestation and combustion of fossil fuels also leads to ill effects on environment. The global cement industry accounts for 7% of earth’s greenhouse gas emission. To enhance the environmental effects associated with cement manufacturing and to constantly deplore natural resources, we need to develop other binders to make the concrete industry sustainable. This work offers the option to use waste paper sludge ash as a partial replacement of cement for new concrete. In this study cement in partially replaced as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by waste paper sludge ash in concrete for M25 mix and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption and dry density up to the age of 28days and compared it with conventional concrete, based on the results obtained, it is found that waste paper ash may be used as a cement replacement up to 5% by weight and the particle size is less the 90µm to prevent reduction in workability. Keywords: slump test, Compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption test, Waste Paper Sludge Ash Concrete, Workability.

scholarly journals Use of Recycled Tyre Rubber in Non-structural Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 06001
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Waris ◽  
Hussain Najwani ◽  
Khalifa Al-Jabri ◽  
Abdullah Al-Saidy
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Mix Proportion ◽  
Water To Cement Ratio ◽  
Concrete Blocks

To manage tyre waste and conserve natural aggregate resource, this research investigates the use of waste tyre rubber as partial replacement of fine aggregates in non-structural concrete. The research used Taguchi method to study the influence of mix proportion, water-to-cement ratio and tyre rubber replacement percentage on concrete. Nine mixes were prepared with mix proportion of 1:2:4, 1:5:4 and 1:2.5:3; water-to-cement ratio of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.40 and rubber to fine aggregate replacement of 20%, 30% and 40%. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were carried out on 100 mm cubes. Compressive strength was directly proportional to the amount of coarse aggregate in the mix. Water-to-cement ratio increased the strength within the range used in the study. Strength was found to be more sensitive to the overall rubber content than the replacement ratio. Seven out of the nine mixes satisfied the minimum strength requirement for concrete blocks set by ASTM. Water absorption and density for all mixes satisfied the limits applicable for concrete blocks. The study indicates that mix proportions with fine to coarse aggregate ratio of less than 1.0 and w/c ratio around 0.40 can be used with tyre rubber replacements of up to 30 % to satisfy requirements for non-structural concrete.

Development of Nano Modified Eco-Friendly Green Binders for Sustainable Construction Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamada Shoukry
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Cementitious Composites ◽  
Water Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Compressive And Flexural Strengths ◽  
Cement Manufacturing

Cement manufacturing, which is partially responsible for environmental and health risks as well as the greenhouse gas emissions, is a binder industry that needs energy and raw material. To decrease the needing, this study develops nano-modified eco-friendly cementitious composites including industrial solid wastes and/or by-products. For this purpose, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with 70 wt% of fly ash (FA), Nano metakaolin (NMK) was incorporated at a rate of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 % as partial replacement by weight of FA to take advantage of the great role of nano materials in improving the mechanical and physical properties of cement based materials. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and capillary water absorption coefficient have been studied at 28 days of curing according to the international ASTM standards. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the phase composition/decomposition. The microstructure characteristics of the hardened samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive analytical x-ray unit (EDAX). The results revealed that the partial replacement of cement by 70% of FA has reduced both compressive and flexural strengths by about 45% in addition; the water absorption has been increased by about 175% as compared to the OPC. The replacement of FA by different amounts of NMK compensate for the loss in strength by about 75%. Furthermore, NMK has considerably improved the microstructure and reduced the water absorption by 86%. The study concluded that, it is possible to substitute 70% of the weight of the cement in the production of eco-friendly cementitious composites with improved mechanical performance attaining 88% of the corresponding performance of the hydrated OPC. The developed composites can be considered as green binders and recommended for various applications in construction industry.

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