scholarly journals Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2967
Author(s):  
Rokiah Othman ◽  
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ◽  
Khairunisa Muthusamy ◽  
MohdArif Sulaiman ◽  
Youventharan Duraisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Bleaching Earth ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Control Specimen ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement

This study aims to obtain the relationship between density and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Foamed concrete is a preferred building material due to the low density of its concrete. In foamed concrete, the compressive strength reduces with decreasing density. Generally, a denser foamed concrete produces higher compressive strength and lower volume of voids. In the present study, the tests were carried out in stages in order to investigate the effect of sand–cement ratio, water to cement ratio, foam dosage, and dilution ratio on workability, density, and compressive strength of the control foamed concrete specimen. Next, the test obtained the optimum content of processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) as partial cement replacement in the foamed concrete. Based on the experimental results, the use of 1:1.5 cement to sand ratio for the mortar mix specified the best performance for density, workability, and 28-day compressive strength. Increasing the sand to cement ratio increased the density and compressive strength of the mortar specimen. In addition, in the production of control foamed concrete, increasing the foam dosage reduced the density and compressive strength of the control specimen. Similarly with the dilution ratio, the compressive strength of the control foamed concrete decreased with an increasing dilution ratio. The employment of PSBE significantly influenced the density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete. An increase in the percentage of PSBE reduced the density of the foamed concrete. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete that incorporated PSBE increased with increasing PSBE content up to 30% PSBE. In conclusion, the compressive strength of foamed concrete depends on its density. It was revealed that the use of 30% PSBE as a replacement for cement meets the desired density of 1600 kg/m3, with stability and consistency in workability, and it increases the compressive strength dramatically from 10 to 23 MPa as compared to the control specimen. Thus, it demonstrated that the positive effect of incorporation of PSBE in foamed concrete is linked to the pozzolanic effect whereby more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produces denser foamed concrete, which leads to higher strength, and it is less pore connected. In addition, the regression analysis shows strong correlation between density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete due to the R2 being closer to one. Thus, production of foamed concrete incorporating 30% PSBE might have potential for sustainable building materials.

An Investigation of Usability of Brown Coal Fly Ash for Building Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirdosha Gamage ◽  
Sujeeva Setunge ◽  
Kasuni Liyanage
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Cold Pressed ◽  
Initial Results

The Victoria State of Australia has the second largest reserves of brown coal on earth, representing approximately 20% of the worlds reserves, and at current use, could supply Victoria with its energy for over 500 years. Its combustion, annually, yields up to 1.3 million tonnes of fly ash, which is largely use for land-fills. Disposal of fly ash in open dumps cause massive environmental problems such as ground water contamination that may create various health problems. This study focuses on the usability of brown coal fly ash to develop a sustainable building material. A series of laboratory investigations was conducted using brown coal fly ash combined with cement and aggregate to prepare cold pressed samples aiming to test their properties. Initial results indicate that compressive strength satisfies minimum standard compressive strength required for bricks or mortar.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Various Water-Cement Ratio After High Temperature Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
M.I Retno Susilorini ◽  
Budi Eko Afrianto ◽  
Ary Suryo Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
High Temperature Exposure ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Concrete building safety of fire is better than other building materials such as wood, plastic, and steel,because it is incombustible and emitting no toxic fumes during high temperature exposure. However,the deterioration of concrete because of high temperature exposure will reduce the concrete strength.Mechanical properties such as compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are absolutely corruptedduring and after the heating process. This paper aims to investigate mechanical properties of concrete(especially compressive strength and modulus of elasticity) with various water-cement ratio afterconcrete suffered by high temperature exposure of 500oC.This research conducted experimental method and analytical method. The experimental methodproduced concrete specimens with specifications: (1) specimen’s dimension is 150 mm x 300 mmconcrete cylinder; (2) compressive strength design, f’c = 22.5 MPa; (3) water-cement ratio variation =0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. All specimens are cured in water for 28 days. Some specimens were heated for 1hour with high temperature of 500oC in huge furnace, and the others that become specimen-controlwere unheated. All specimens, heated and unheated, were evaluated by compressive test.Experimental data was analyzed to get compressive strength and modulus of elasticity values. Theanalytical method aims to calculate modulus of elasticity of concrete from some codes and to verifythe experimental results. The modulus elasticity of concrete is calculated by 3 expressions: (1) SNI03-2847-1992 (which is the same as ACI 318-99 section 8.5.1), (2) ACI 318-95 section 8.5.1, and (3)CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 Section 2.1.4.2.The experimental and analytical results found that: (1) The unheated specimens with water-cementratio of 0.4 have the greatest value of compressive strength, while the unheated specimens with watercementratio of 0.5 gets the greatest value of modulus of elasticity. The greatest value of compressivestrength of heated specimens provided by specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5, while the heatedspecimens with water-cement ratio of 0.4 gets the greatest value of modulus of elasticity, (2) Allheated specimens lose their strength at high temperature of 500oC, (3) The analytical result shows thatmodulus of elasticity calculated by expression III has greater values compares to expression I and II,but there is only little difference value among those expressions, and (4)The variation of water-cementratio of 0.5 becomes the optimum value.

scholarly journals WATER ABSORPTION AND DRYING SHRINKAGE OF RECYCLED FOAMED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Teck Jung ◽  
Tang Hing Kwong ◽  
Koh Heng Boon
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Foamed Concrete

Abstract: This paper presents some experimental results and discusses the used of recycled foamed aggregates as natural coarse aggregates replacement in producing concrete. The physical properties of recycled foamed aggregates concrete were investigated. The properties studied are water absorption and drying shrinkage from the concrete early ages until the periods of 56 days. The 100 mm x 100 mm cube specimen was used to study the water absorption at the age of 7, 28 and 56 days. Meanwhile, the 100 mm x 100 mm x 300 mm length prism had been casted and used for drying shrinkage test for recycled foamed aggregates concrete. The foamed aggregates was produced from crushing recycled foamed concrete blocks. It were coated with cement paste to reduce its water absorption ability during casting process. Superplasticizer was used to maintain the workability of fresh concrete with a slump vary between 50 mm to 100 mm. The physical tests were conducted on recycled foamed aggregates to determine their initial properties such as loose bulk density, sieve analysis and water absorption rate. Recycled foamed aggregate concretes were produced with varied water cement ratio. The results obtained indicated that the linear elastic relationship between water cement ratio and water absorption rate. The higher the water cement ratio of concrete specimen will obtained higher water absorption rate. Vice versa, the density is low for drying shrinkage. The water absorption decreased while drying shrinkage becomes more stabilized over curing period.

Mechanical Properties of Granite-Gravel Porous Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Samson Olalekan Odeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Control Specimen ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Porous Concrete ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Percentage Porosity

The need for porous concrete has become increased due its ability to control surface water, increase the rate of recharging groundwater, and reduce pollution of the ecosystem. Granite is a coarse aggregate that is quite expensive when compared with gravel in Nigeria. Therefore, this research is aimed at optimizing blended granite and gravel in the production of porous concrete. Samples of blended granite-gravel porous concrete of varying mix proportions were produced using cement to aggregate mix ratio of 1:4. The samples were tested for their porosity, workability and compressive strengths. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of Design Expert 10.0. It was observed that the optimal combination for the granite-gravel blended porous concrete is 12% granite, 88% gravel, and a water-cement ratio of 0.66%. This combination gave a porous concrete with a compressive strength of 48.4 N/mm2, percentage porosity of 6% and a compacting factor of 0.91. These values when compared to that of the control specimen revealed that the optimal mix gave a porous concrete with higher porosity, higher workability and a better compressive strength.

scholarly journals Water-Cement-Density Ratio Law for the 28-Day Compressive Strength Prediction of Cement-Based Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Li ◽  
Jinbo Yang ◽  
Peng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Strength Prediction ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Cement Based Materials ◽  
Foamed Concrete

In the present contribution, the water-cement-density ratio law for the standard curing 28-day compressive strength of cement-based materials including grout, normal concrete, ceramsite concrete, and foamed concrete is proposed. The standard curing 28-day compressive strength of different grouts, normal concrete, ceramsite concrete, and foamed concrete was tested. Simulations for Abrams’ law, Bolomey’s formula, and water-cement-density ratio law were carried out and compared. The water-cement-density ratio law illustrates better simulations for the prediction of the 28-day compressive strength of cement-based materials. The water-cement-density ratio law includes both the water-cement ratio and relative apparent density of the cement-based material. Relative apparent density of the cement-based material is an important one of all the factors determining the compressive strength of the cement-based material. The water-cement-density ratio law will be beneficial for the precise and generalized prediction of the 28-day standard curing compressive strength of cement-based materials.

scholarly journals Acoustic Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete with Eggshell Waste as Partial Cement Replacement Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547
Author(s):  
Siong Kang Lim ◽  
Kar Poh Foo ◽  
Foo Wei Lee ◽  
Hock Yong Tiong ◽  
Yee Ling Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
Eggshell Waste

Nowadays, almost every industry needs to undergo green and sustainable industrial revolution due to pollutions like waste dumping and noise that deteriorating the environment. Therefore, feasibility study on application of eggshell waste as partial cement replacement in lightweight foamed concrete was conducted by aiming to solve environmental and acoustical issues, i.e. reduce eggshell waste and improve acoustic properties. In this study, compressive strength and acoustic properties of 1300 kg m-3 lightweight foamed concrete with and without 5% eggshell powder as partial cement replacement material were tested. Optimal water to cement ratio of 0.6 was obtained for acoustic properties test by comparing compressive strength result. The result shows that application eggshell powder has generally reduced 7 days compressive strength but improved 28 days compressive strength, and either improve or maintain acoustics properties, in which lightweight foamed concrete that containing eggshell powder has improved noise reduction coefficient at testing ages of 7, 28, and 90 days and improved sound transmission class at testing age of 56 and 90 days. Based on these results, 5% of eggshell powder is feasible to be incorporated into lightweight foamed concrete as partial cement replacement material for sound insulation and strength development purposes.

Experimental study on the synthesis and characterization of volcanic rocks (pozzolan and perlite)-based geopolymers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayoub AZIZ ◽  
Abdellah BENZAOUAK ◽  
Abdelilah BELLIL ◽  
Thamer ALOMAYRI ◽  
Iz-Eddine EL AMRANI EL HASSANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Natural Pozzolan ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Basic Volcanic

Abstract The geopolymer preparation based on natural pozzolan is a promising route. Thus, improving the physicochemical properties of these geopolymers by adding other volcanic rocks merits investigation. The present work aims to study the effect of perlite addition, as an acidic volcanic rock, on the physico-chemical and microstructural properties of geopolymers based on pozzolan (basic volcanic rock). The perlite proportion varied between 0 and 50%. A mixture of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as an alkaline activator. The perlite effect on the physico-mechanical properties of the synthesized geopolymers was evaluated by the compressive strength (Rc), P-wave velocity (Vp), bulk density (D), and porosity (P). The microstructural aspects have been explored by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results highlight the possibility of obtaining an eco-efficient geopolymer, with compressive strength of up to 50 MPa at 28 days by partially replacing the pozzolan by 40% of the perlite, due to the formation of more amorphous N-A-S-H type gel. However, the excessive content (over 40%) of perlite had a negative effect on the development of the compressive strength and microstructure of the pozzolan-based geopolymer, which was related to the formation of zeolitic phases in the geopolymer matrix. This study confirms the promise of using pozzolan-perlite-based geopolymers as sustainable building materials, which could significantly promote the development of geo-resources and environmental protection in the construction sector.

scholarly journals Influence of Mortar Incorporating Silica Based Waste Material on the Formation of C-S-H and Mechanical Strength Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 647-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafisa Tamanna ◽  
Norsuzailina Mohamed Sutan ◽  
Ibrahim Yakub ◽  
Delsye Teo Ching Lee ◽  
Ezzaq Farhan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Calcium Silicate Hydrate ◽  
Glass Powder ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water To Cement Ratio ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement

Recent studies have been carried out to utilize waste glass in construction as partial cement replacement. This paper investigates the formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) and strength characteristics of mortar in which cement is partially replaced with glass powder by replacement level of 10%, 20% and 30%. Mortar cubes containing varying particle sizes in the ranges of 150-75μm, 63-38 μm and lower than 38 μm and in a water to cement ratio of 0.45 and 0.40 have been prepared. Replacement by 10% cement with glass powder reveals high compressive strength and produces more C-S-H at 28 days than other levels of replacement.

scholarly journals The Effect of Water Cement Ratio on Cement Brick Containing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as Sand Replacement

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Noorwirdawati Ali ◽  
Nor Fazlin Mohd Yusup ◽  
Faisal Sheikh Khalid ◽  
Shahiron Shahidan ◽  
Siti Radziah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
High Density ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Control Specimen ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio

Waste disposal can contribute to the problem of environmental pollution. Most of the waste material is plastic based, because the nature of difficult of plastic degradable by itself. In order to overcome the problem, many study has been conducted on the reuse of plastic material into various field such as civil engineering and construction. In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW) in the form of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic was used to replace sand in cement sand brick production. The HDPE used in this study was obtained from a recycle factory at Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. 3% of HDPE replacement was applied in this study, with the cement-sand mix design of 1:6 and water-cement ratio 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 respectively. All specimens were tested for compressive strength and water absorption at 7 and 28 days. The density of the bricks was also recorded. The finding show that brick with 3% HDPE content and 0.45 of water-cement ratio at 28 days of age curing show the highest compressive strength, which is 19.5N/mm2 compared to the control specimen of 14.4 N/mm2.

Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of Concrete after Freeze-Thaw Exposures

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Xiang Ping Fu ◽  
Xiao Xue Liu ◽  
Yi Ze Sun ◽  
Pei Huang ◽  
Yu Chen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Cold Area

The experiment studies how the freeze-thaw cycles influence concrete compressive strength and elasticity modulus with different water-cement ratio under the air-entraining agent and zero of that value respectively. It can be found that modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the concrete specimen reduced significantly when there is air-entraining agent; the durability of freeze-thaw resistance, however, makes great improvement; as the cement increases, both of them improves effectively. Through the comparison of concrete compressive strength and elastic modulus with different water-cement ratio and air-entraining agent, the optimal water-cement ratio and air-entraining agent were determined. The results of experiment can be used in concrete engineering design in severe cold area.

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