scholarly journals Fungal Pathogens Associated with Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease on Cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Hendra Hendra ◽  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Suryanti Suryanti
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Special Region

Cacao is one of the pre-eminent crops plantation with high economic value. Indonesia's cacao beans production is the third largest in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is one of the important diseases of cacao which caused a decreased yield either in quantity or quality. The disease is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae (syn. Oncobasidium theobromae). Spores are carried by wind to spread, infect young leaves and penetrate through natural openings and colonize xylem vessel which could inhibit the transportation system in the plant tissue. There are several fungal pathogens associated with VSD diseases on cacao. This research aimed to study the fungi associate with VSD diseases on cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Survey and sampling were conducted in cacao plantations in regencies of Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo, Bantul and Sleman. The severity of VSD disease in the regencies of Gunungkidul and Kulon Progo were high, while in the regencies of Sleman and Bantul were moderate. Eighty eight fungal isolates were isolated from infected petiole and stem. The in vitro pathogenicity test screened 32 fungal isolates causing necrotic and chlorotic symptoms on young healthy cacao leaves with and without wounding. The first symptoms appeared at 8-12 days after inoculation and fungal mycelium could grow at 1−3 days after inoculation. Those isolates collected showed a high diversity of colony morphology. Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. had been identified based on conidial morphology.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of grapevine endophytes, epiphytes and sap micro-organisms for potential use to control grapevine trunk disease pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Blundell ◽  
Molly Arreguin ◽  
Akif Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Wound Protection

SummaryGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) threaten the economic sustainability of viticulture worldwide causing a significant reduction of both yields and quality of grapes. Biological control presents a promising sustainable alternative to cultural and chemical methods to mitigate the effects of pathogens causing GTDs, including Botryosphaeria dieback, Eutypa dieback and Esca. This study aimed to identify naturally occurring potential biological control agents from a variety of grapevine tissues, including sap, cane and pith and evaluate their antagonistic activity against selected fungal pathogens responsible for GTDs in vitro. Bacterial and fungal isolates were preliminary screened in vitro to determine their antifungal activity via a dual culture assay against Neofusicoccum parvum and Eutypa lata. Among the fungal isolates, Trichoderma spp. inhibited E. lata mycelial growth up to 64% and N. parvum mycelial growth up to 73% with overgrowth and stopped growth being the likely antagonistic mechanisms. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus spp. inhibited E. lata mycelial growth up to 20% and N. parvum mycelial growth up to 40%. Select antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma, Bacillus and Aureobasidium spp. were subject to further dual culture antifungal analysis against Diplodia seriata and Diaporthe ampelina, with Trichoderma isolates consistently causing the greatest inhibition. Volatile organic compound antifungal analysis revealed that these Trichoderma isolates resulted significantly inhibited mycelial growth of N. parvum, E. lata and D. ampelina causing up to 20.11%, 60.55% and 70.9% inhibition respectively (P≤0.05). Multilocus sequence analysis revealed that the Trichoderma isolates are most closely related to Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma hamatum. This study identifies grapevine sap as a novel source of potential biological control agents for control of GTDs to support existing efforts to control GTDs. Further testing will be necessary to fully characterize these microbes mode of antagonism and assess their efficacy for pruning wound protection in planta.

scholarly journals Isolation of antagonistic fungi from rhizospheres and its biocontrol activity against different isolates of soil borne fungal pathogens infected legumes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIYANTO YUSNAWAN ◽  
ALFI INAYATI ◽  
YULIANTORO BALIADI
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Antagonistic Fungi ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Abstract. Yusnawan E, Inayati A, Baliadi Y. 2019. Isolation of antagonistic fungi from rhizospheres and its biocontrol activity against different isolates of soil borne fungal pathogens infected legumes. Biodiversitas 20: 2048-2054. Soilborne diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sp. are biotic limits for legume production. Biological controls offer environmental friendly control for these pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and screen Trichoderma from different rhizospheres and to obtain effective Trichoderma isolates to suppress in vitro growth of the soil borne pathogens. The antagonistic inhibitory activity was performed by dual culture method. Seven out of forty indigenous Trichoderma isolates collected from East Java, Indonesia effectively suppressed the growth of different fungal isolates, namely Rhizoctonia solani (R.s1), R. solani (R.s2) as well as Fusarium sp. which infected soybean and mung bean. In vitro study showed different suppression of the pathogens on dual culture tests. The seven isolates inhibited the growth of R. solani (R.s1), R.solani (R.s2) and Fusarium sp. ranging from 90.0 to 99.6%, 72.8 to 82.4%, and 67.9 to 90.8%, respectively. Isolate origin and genetic variability of Trichoderma played an important role in the antagonistic activity. The fast-growing of selected Trichoderma showed their abilities for space occupation and nutrition competition, which involved in the antagonistic activity. The mycelial growth of Trichoderma over pathogens showed hyperparasitism mechanism. In addition, coiling of Trichoderma over hyphal pathogens was observed during microscopic observation. The seven Trichoderma isolates, therefore, are promising as biological control agents against the soil borne fungi infected legumes.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of APX001A (Manogepix) and Comparator Agents against 1,706 Fungal Isolates Collected during an International Surveillance Program in 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Pfaller ◽  
M. D. Huband ◽  
R. K. Flamm ◽  
P. A. Bien ◽  
M. Castanheira
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT Current antifungal agents cover a majority of opportunistic fungal pathogens; however, breakthrough invasive fungal infections continue to occur and increasingly involve relatively uncommon yeasts and molds, which often exhibit decreased susceptibility. APX001A (manogepix) is a first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of the conserved fungal Gwt1 protein. This enzyme is required for acylation of inositol during glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis. APX001A is active against the major fungal pathogens, i.e., Candida (except Candida krusei), Aspergillus, and hard-to-treat molds, including Fusarium and Scedosporium. In this study, we tested APX001A and comparators against 1,706 contemporary clinical fungal isolates collected in 2017 from 68 medical centers in North America (37.3%), Europe (43.4%), the Asia-Pacific region (12.7%), or Latin America (6.6%). Among the isolates tested, 78.5% were Candida spp., 3.9% were non-Candida yeasts, including 30 (1.8%) Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates, 14.7% were Aspergillus spp., and 2.9% were other molds. All isolates were tested by CLSI reference broth microdilution. APX001A (MIC50, 0.008 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml) was the most active agent tested against Candida sp. isolates; corresponding anidulafungin, micafungin, and fluconazole MIC90 values were 16- to 64-fold higher. Similarly, APX001A (MIC50, 0.25 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml) was ≥8-fold more active than anidulafungin, micafungin, and fluconazole against C. neoformans var. grubii. Against Aspergillus spp., AXP001A (50% minimal effective concentration [MEC50], 0.015 μg/ml; MEC90, 0.03 μg/ml) was comparable in activity to anidulafungin and micafungin. Aspergillus isolates (>98%) exhibited a wild-type phenotype for the mold-active triazoles (itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole). APX001A was highly active against uncommon species of Candida, non-Candida yeasts, and rare molds, including 11 isolates of Scedosporium spp. (MEC values, 0.015 to 0.06 μg/ml). APX001A demonstrated potent in vitro activity against recent fungal isolates, including echinocandin- and fluconazole-resistant strains. The extended spectrum of APX001A was also notable for its potency against many less common but antifungal-resistant strains. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the clinical utility of the methyl phosphate prodrug, APX001, in difficult-to-treat resistant fungal infections.

scholarly journals Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungal organisms causing postharvest rot of sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce in Sharada Market, Kano State-Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-291
Author(s):  
Ya’u Mukhtar ◽  
Maryam Adamu Muhammad ◽  
Safiyya Maiwada Zubairu ◽  
Aisha Muhammad Galalain ◽  
Umar Muazu Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Fungal Organisms

Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungal organisms responsible for the postharvest spoilage of sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce at Sharada market in Kano metropolis, Nigeria was carried out in the present study. Samples showing symptoms of rot were collected from the retailers in the market and conveyed to the laboratory using polyethene bags. Small portion from rotten parts were cut and surface sterilized in 1% of Sodium hydrochloride and rinsed in several changes of sterile distilled water. They were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and observed for fungal growth. Identification was done macroscopically and microscopically. For pathogenicity test, healthy sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce were plugged with pure cultures of the fungal isolates, thus, frequency of occurrence and disease severity of the pathogen were evaluated. Seven fungi namely Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus flavus, Mucor spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia spp. and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated. Severity of decay ranged from 6.39–46.15% for all fungal isolates, while the controls showed 0%. Pathogenic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables are a potential health hazard to man and animals following ingestion. Proper handling from the farm as well as during storage and the avoidance of mixing of diseased ones with the healthy ones were identified as important factors in preventing loss and health complication at the event of consumption. The use of suitable chemical treatment of the orange is also recommended as means of reducing economic loss due to fungal pathogens. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(4): 286-291

scholarly journals Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Stem End Rots of Avocado Fruits in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E. K. Wanjiku ◽  
J. W. Waceke ◽  
B. W. Wanjala ◽  
J. N. Mbaka
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Postharvest Loss ◽  
Major Pathogens

Losses associated with stem end rot (SER) of avocado fruits have been reported in all avocado growing regions of the world. In Kenya, mature avocado fruits present SER symptoms during storage and marketing, but the disease causal agent(s) has not been established. This study aimed to identify the fungal pathogen(s) associated with avocado SER in Kenya and evaluate its pathogenicity. Fungal isolates were collected from symptomatic avocado fruits from randomly selected orchards and major markets within Murang'a County, a major avocado growing region in Kenya, between September 2017 and March 2018. A total of 207 and 125 fungal isolates, recovered from orchards and major markets, respectively, were identified morphologically and further confirmed by molecular techniques. The identified isolates were Lasiodiplodia theobromae (39.8%), Neofusicoccum parvum (24.4%), Nectria pseudotrichia (18.4%), Fusarium solani (7.2%), F. oxysporum (5.1%), F. equiseti (3.9%), and Geotricum candidum (1.2%). Geotricum candidum was exclusively recovered from fruits from the market. In the pathogenicity test, L. theobromae, N. parvum, and N. pseudotrichia caused the most severe SER symptoms. Consequently, they were considered to be the major pathogens of SER of avocado fruits in Kenya. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SER pathogen of avocado fruits in Kenya. Given the significant contribution of avocado fruits to household income and foreign exchange in Kenya, this information is significant to further develop management strategies of postharvest loss of avocado fruits in Kenya.

Fungal pathogens of Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf., an invasive weed in Puerto Rico, and their potential as biological control agents

1969 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247
Author(s):  
Verónica Rivera-Andújar ◽  
Lydia I. Rivera-Vargas ◽  
Abner Rodríguez-Carías
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Hyparrhenia Rufa ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf., commonly known as jaragüa, faragüa or yaragüa grass, is an aggressive weed that has invaded cropland in Puerto Rico. To reduce the application of herbicides, the use of phytopathogenic fungi has been proposed for its control. Four fungal isolates associated with foliage lesions of H. rufa were identified as Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Phoma sorghina and Sphaeropsis sp. Their pathogenicity was tested under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. All fungal species were pathogenic in wounded tissues under laboratory conditions, whereas P. sorghina and Sphaeropsis sp. were the most virulent species under greenhouse conditions. Fusarium sp. was the most virulent in a field assay. All fungal isolates showed low levels of infection (level 1) in the field. Disease severity was estimated at 25% of the experimental plot area. To comply with Koch's postulates, all inoculated fungi were re-isolated on potato dextrose agar after pathogenicity tests conducted under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. This is the first report of Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., P. sorghina and Sphaeropsis sp. as foliar pathogens of H. rufa.

scholarly journals Field Survey and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Pathogens of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Fruit Rot in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Keith ◽  
Tracie Matsumoto ◽  
Kate Nishijima ◽  
Marisa Wall ◽  
Mike Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Nephelium Lappaceum

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) is a tropical fruit in Hawaii that has increased in value in the niche market of exotic fruits. The primary limitation to preharvest and postharvest quality is the occurrence of fungal diseases of the fruit. A survey of rambutan disease was conducted at orchards 9.7 km south and 29.0 km north of Hilo, HI, to determine the main fungal pathogens affecting preharvest fruit quality. Pericarp of rambutan fruit revealed brown to black lesions that progressed to blackening and drying of the fruit with some fruits becoming totally mummified. Four fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic fruit included Lasmenia, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum spp. Over the 2-year sampling period, disease incidence from more than 300 fruits sampled was 84.6%. Nine rambutan cultivars were evaluated for disease incidence under field conditions. Disease incidence was greater than 90% for ‘Sitangku’ and ‘R167’ but less than 60% for ‘Chompoo’. Twelve fungal isolates from infected fruit were selected for further characterization (six Lasmenia isolates and two isolates each of Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum). Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. The optimum growth temperature for all fungal isolates ranged between 22 and 28 °C. Molecular methods were used to confirm the identity of the fungi. The fungal isolates were evaluated for in vitro baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth for fungicides registered for use in Hawaii (Abound® and Trilogy®). Abound® was more effective at inhibiting fungal growth than was Trilogy®; however, efficacy appeared to be influenced by fungal genera. Inhibition of fungal growth by Abound® ranged from a 76% reduction for Lasmenia to a 23% reduction for Phomopsis isolates.

scholarly journals Isolation, Identification and the Abilities of Fungi Associated with Agarwood from Bangka Belitung Island to Induce Agarwood Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Hartono Hartono ◽  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Achmadi Priyatmojo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Patchouli Alcohol ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Trimethyl Benzene ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Pathogenic Infection

Agarwood is one of the non-timber forest products that have high economic value. Agarwood is widely used to make incense, perfume and other products. Sapwood on agarwood is a group of secondary metabolites of agarwood plants that form a lump and have a certain color and aroma. The fragrant aroma of sapwood on agarwood is formed due to pathogenic infection of the agarwood tree. Until now, most studies of fungi forming sapwood are only oriented to virulent pathogenic fungi in nature and have never been reported to form hypovirulent agarwood. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of fungi originating from sapwood on agarwood especially those that are hypovirulent in inducing sesquiterpene compounds. This study included exploration, isolation, identification, and induction of fungi associated with sapwood on agarwood from four districts in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Hypovirulence test in cucumber sprouts and sesquiterpene induction test on agarwood plantlets was conducted in the laboratory. Based on the isolation results, 48 fungal isolates associated with sapwood on agarwood were found: fungi of genus Fusarium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Curvularia, Peniophora, and six isolates were unidentified. Based on the hypovirulence test on cucumber sprouts, 46 isolates of the fungus 46 isolates were virulent and 2 isolates were hypovirulent (isolates 4A and 17A). The induction of sesquiterpene compounds on the agarwood plant was employed using 5 sample isolates consisting of 4 virulent isolates (2A, 7A, 18A, and 25A) and 1 hypovirulent isolate (Isolate 4A). The results showed that hypovirulent isolates were able to produce sesquiterpenes even in small amounts compared with virulent isolates. Isolates produced many sesquiterpene compounds were isolates 18A (Fusarium sp.). Sesquiterpene compounds formed were pinene, terpineol, patchouli alcohol, trimethyl-naphthalene, beta-caryophyllene, camphor, eugenol, trimethyl- benzene, phenanthrene, citronella, eucalyptol, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. In this study also found fungi associated with sapwood on agarwood which had never been reported by previous researchers, Peniophora sp. (isolate 25A).

Development of an Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation System for `Beurre Bosc' Pear

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 461d-461
Author(s):  
Richard L. Bell ◽  
Ralph Scorza ◽  
Chinnathambi Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Gus Histochemical Assay ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium ◽  
Basal Salts

An efficient regeneration/transformation system was developed for `Beurre Bosc' pear. Young leaves were harvested from in vitro shoots proliferated on a medium containing MS basal salts and 5 BAP, 0.5 μM IBA, and 0.6M3. Shoot regeneration was optimized using a modification of the medium of Chevreau and Leblay (1993). Explants were cultured on shoot induction medium contained 10 μM TDZ and 1 μM IBA for 4 weeks in the dark, and then transfered to a similar, but auxinless, regeneration medium until shoots developed, usually after an additional 4 to 8 weeks. Leaf tissues were transformed by co-cultivation for 3 days with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA101 carrying a pGA482 plasmid containing NPTII, GUS, and rolC genes, followed by cultivation on SIM containing 300 mg/L timentin. Putative transgenic plants were selected on shoot induction medium containing 80mg/L kanamycin, and multiplied on shoot proliferation medium. Four clones were confirmed as transgenic using the GUS histochemical assay and Southern blots for the NPTII and rolC genes. Plants of each clone have been rooted and successfully transfered to the greenhouse for further analysis of gene expression.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria to Control Vibriosis Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mulyati Mulyati ◽  
Suryati Suryati ◽  
Irfani Baga
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Portunid Crab

The study aims to isolate, characterize, and examine probiotic bacteria's inhibitory ability against Vibrio harveyi bacteria, both in-vitro and in vivo. Methods used in the study consist of 1) An Isolation of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 2) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria in vitro, 3) An Identification of Bacteria, 4) A Pathogenicity Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 5) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria against V. harveyi in vivo. According to the isolation of candidate probiotic bacteria, there are 18 isolated candidate probiotic. After being tested for its inhibitory ability in vitro, there are 8 isolates with zone of inhibition as follows: isolate MM 7 from intestine (22 mm), isolate MM 6 from intestine (12 mm), isolate MM 10 from sea water (10 mm), isolate MM 5 from intestine (9 mm), isolate MM 4 from intestine (8 mm), isolate MM 3 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.2 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.1 from intestine (7 mm). Eight genera of the candidate probiotic bacteria is derived from Portunid crab, they are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, bacillus, vibrio, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus, micrococcus. Before proceeding the V. harveyi bacterial challenge test in vivo, three potential isolates consisting of MM6, MM7 and MM10 as the probiotic bacteria are pathogenicity-tested against V. harveyi. The survival rate of Portunid crab on pathogenicity test using MM6, MM7 and MM10 generates 91.11-100%, while the control generates 100% survival rate. Variance analysis result through post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 95% confidence interval indicates that isolate MM7 and MM10 are significantly able to increase hatchling Portunid crab's survival rate.

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