Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungal organisms causing postharvest rot of sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce in Sharada Market, Kano State-Nigeria

Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungal organisms responsible for the postharvest spoilage of sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce at Sharada market in Kano metropolis, Nigeria was carried out in the present study. Samples showing symptoms of rot were collected from the retailers in the market and conveyed to the laboratory using polyethene bags. Small portion from rotten parts were cut and surface sterilized in 1% of Sodium hydrochloride and rinsed in several changes of sterile distilled water. They were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and observed for fungal growth. Identification was done macroscopically and microscopically. For pathogenicity test, healthy sweet oranges, cucumber and lettuce were plugged with pure cultures of the fungal isolates, thus, frequency of occurrence and disease severity of the pathogen were evaluated. Seven fungi namely Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus flavus, Mucor spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia spp. and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated. Severity of decay ranged from 6.39–46.15% for all fungal isolates, while the controls showed 0%. Pathogenic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables are a potential health hazard to man and animals following ingestion. Proper handling from the farm as well as during storage and the avoidance of mixing of diseased ones with the healthy ones were identified as important factors in preventing loss and health complication at the event of consumption. The use of suitable chemical treatment of the orange is also recommended as means of reducing economic loss due to fungal pathogens. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(4): 286-291

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Efficacy of Cow Urine as Plant Growth Enhancer and Antifungal Agent

Advances in Agriculture ◽

10.1155/2015/620368 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Savita Jandaik ◽

Preeti Thakur ◽

Vikas Kumar

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Nutritional Effect ◽

Cow Urine ◽

Fungal Organisms ◽

Poison Food Technique

The present study was conducted to determine antifungal activity of three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of cow urine against three fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, andSclerotium rolfsii) isolated from infected plants of Methi and Bhindi that showed symptoms of damping off and wilting disease by poison food technique. The extent of growth of test fungi in plates poisoned with cow urine was lesser when compared with the control plates. Among these concentrations cow urine at 15% concentration was most effective. When the three fungal organisms were compared, maximum growth suppression was observed inFusarium oxysporum(78.57%) at 15% concentration of cow urine followed byRhizoctonia solani(78.37%) andSclerotium rolfsii(73.84%). Finally we concluded that the cow urine has antifungal activities and the inhibitory activity can be used in the control of fungi. The nutritional effect of cow urine on plant growth was also tested withTrigonella foenum-graecum(Methi) andAbelmoschus esculentus(Bhindi) plants and the chlorophyll and protein content was also estimated.

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Diversity of Airborne Fungi at Pepper Plantation Lembah Bidong, Kuala Terengganu

Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology ◽

10.33736/bjrst.2683.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 147-154

Author(s):

NUR AINU FARHAH RABAE ◽

SALMAN AZIZ ◽

ASAMOAH FREDERICK OSEI ◽

SITI NORDAHLIAWATE MOHAMED SIDIQUE

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Airborne Fungi ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Trichoderma Sp ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Significant Economic Loss

Piper nigrum L. is well-known as the king of spices and widely used in various field such as food and medicines. In Malaysia, 98% of pepper production comes from the state of Sarawak. The National Commodity Policy (2011-2020) targets to increase the pepper plantation area from the current 16,331 ha to 20,110 ha by year 2020. However, pepper diseases remain as a major challenge in the pepper industry. A great number of airborne fungi pathogen may contribute to a significant economic loss in pepper production. Therefore, this study aims to morphologically identify the diversity of fungi obtained from air-borne samples in a pepper planation that are capable of causing pepper plant diseases. This experiment was conducted at a pepper plantation near Lembah Bidong, Kuala Terengganu. An Andersen spore sampler was used to collect the fungi spores. Culture based identification were then made. The study resulted in the identification of four genus of fungi such as Fusarium sp, Fusarium semictectum Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. (Ascomycetes). Further molecular identification will confirm the species of fungal pathogens and more understanding of their population as well as severity. Keywords: Pepper, Piper nigrum L., air-borne, fungi, Andersen spore sampler

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Fungal food spoilage of supermarkets' displayed fruits

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.1877-1883 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1877-1883 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iman Saleh ◽

Roda Al-Thani

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Country Of Origin ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Food Spoilage ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Fungal Isolates

Background and Aim: Post-harvest fungal infection of fruits and vegetables is mainly caused by fungal pathogens that can be harmful to both human and animals as they produce mycotoxins, post-harvest diseases in fruits and vegetables are a serious problem that results in the loss of a large percentage of crops reaching 50% in some fruits. This study aims at screening the post-purchasing shelf-life of four highly consumed fruits and vegetables and at identifying the fungal strains behind their spoilage in Qatar. Materials and Methods: Fruits and vegetables were collected from the market to study their post-purchasing shelf-life and to identify the fungal types involved in samples rotting. Factors that affect samples' shelf-life were also analyzed. Results: A total of 73 fungal isolates were isolated and identified, with the highest percentage of Penicillium (21.9%) followed by Rhizopus (17.8%). Interestingly, many mycotoxins producing and diseases inducing fungi were identified in this study; this includes Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Geotrichum, and Colletotrichum. Statistical analysis shows that different fruits have significantly different shelf-life and different predispositions for spoilage. In many cases, a strong relationship was shown between the fungal types isolated and the country of origin of the fruit. Finally, the price of the commodity did not have a significant effect on its contamination level nor did the market from which the sample was purchased. This indicates that the fruit displaying methods in Qatar do not affect their contamination level. Conclusion: The study is among the first reports about fungal types involved in fruits and vegetables rotting in Qatar and it highlights the strong link between spoiling fungi and their country of origin.

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Fungal Pathogens Associated with Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease on Cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ◽

10.22146/jpti.41512 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Hendra Hendra ◽

Arif Wibowo ◽

Suryanti Suryanti

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Economic Value ◽

Fungal Mycelium ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

High Diversity ◽

Special Region

Cacao is one of the pre-eminent crops plantation with high economic value. Indonesia's cacao beans production is the third largest in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is one of the important diseases of cacao which caused a decreased yield either in quantity or quality. The disease is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae (syn. Oncobasidium theobromae). Spores are carried by wind to spread, infect young leaves and penetrate through natural openings and colonize xylem vessel which could inhibit the transportation system in the plant tissue. There are several fungal pathogens associated with VSD diseases on cacao. This research aimed to study the fungi associate with VSD diseases on cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Survey and sampling were conducted in cacao plantations in regencies of Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo, Bantul and Sleman. The severity of VSD disease in the regencies of Gunungkidul and Kulon Progo were high, while in the regencies of Sleman and Bantul were moderate. Eighty eight fungal isolates were isolated from infected petiole and stem. The in vitro pathogenicity test screened 32 fungal isolates causing necrotic and chlorotic symptoms on young healthy cacao leaves with and without wounding. The first symptoms appeared at 8-12 days after inoculation and fungal mycelium could grow at 1−3 days after inoculation. Those isolates collected showed a high diversity of colony morphology. Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. had been identified based on conidial morphology.

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Incidence of Fungi in Shared-Use Cosmetics Available to the Public

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/76.2.430 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 430-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Philip B Mislivec ◽

Ruth Bandler ◽

Geraldene Allen

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Large Share ◽

Potential Health ◽

Potential Health Risk ◽

The Public ◽

Fungal Isolates

Abstract A survey was conducted to assess both the potential health risk from shared-use cosmetics caused by microorganisms and the microbial efficacy of preservatives in cosmetics. Samples of 3027 shared-use cosmetic products were collected from 171 retail establishments nationwide. Fungi were present in 10.4% of the products, and 3.9% contained fungal pathogens or opportunistic pathogens. The 423 fungal isolates identified represented 33 genera and at least 69 species. A disproportionately large share of the fungal isolates were from eye products; fewer were from lip products. Pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens made up 32.2% of the fungal isolates. A slightly lower percentage of samples that contained preservatives had fungi, a fact suggesting that preservatives reduce the incidence of fungi in cosmetics. Results of this survey indicate potential microbiological problems concerning the safety of shareduse cosmetics.

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First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2 on Tomato in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.967b ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (10) ◽

pp. 967-967 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. M. Stravato ◽

R. Buonaurio ◽

C. Cappelli

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

First Report ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Race 1 ◽

Race 2 ◽

I Gene

During the summer of 1997, symptoms of Fusarium wilt were observed on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cvs. Monica F1 and PS 110, which bear the I gene for resistance to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans., in two commercial production greenhouses in Latium (Fondi) and one greenhouse in Sardinia (Oristano). Infected plants showed yellowing, stunting, vascular discoloration, and premature death. A fungus from tomato stems with discolored vascular tissue was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and, based on morphological features, was identified as F. oxysporum. To verify the pathogenicity of four fungal isolates, cv. Bonny Best tomato plants, which do not carry genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, were inoculated by dipping roots of 2-week-old seedlings in a suspension of 105 microconidia per ml for 30 s. Inocula were obtained from 1-week-old fungal cultures grown on PDA. Roots of control plants were dipped in water. Seedlings were transplanted to pots containing peat and river sand (1:1, vol/vol) and placed in a greenhouse at 20 to 25°C. One month after inoculation, all fungal isolates provoked wilting of inoculated plants. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The morphological features of the fungus reisolated from diseased plants were similar to those of the original isolates. Based on the pathogenicity test, we concluded that the fungal isolates belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. To determine the races of the fungal isolates, differential tomato lines VFN8 (I gene for resistance to race 1), Florida MH-1 (I and I2 genes for resistance to races 1 and 2), and I3R (I, I2, and I3 genes for resistance to races 1, 2, and 3) were inoculated with the four fungal isolates, using the same procedure described for the pathogenicity test. Because disease symptoms were detected on VFN8 but not on Florida MH-1 and I3R, we deduced that the fungal isolates belong to F. oxysporum race 2. This is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 in Italy. Previous research indicated that race 1 is present in Italy (1). Currently, many commercially acceptable cultivars resistant to races 1 and 2 are available to Italian greenhouse growers. Reference: (1) M. Cirulli. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 4:63, 1965.

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Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Stem End Rots of Avocado Fruits in Kenya

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/4063697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

E. K. Wanjiku ◽

J. W. Waceke ◽

B. W. Wanjala ◽

J. N. Mbaka

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Significant Contribution ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Postharvest Loss ◽

Major Pathogens

Losses associated with stem end rot (SER) of avocado fruits have been reported in all avocado growing regions of the world. In Kenya, mature avocado fruits present SER symptoms during storage and marketing, but the disease causal agent(s) has not been established. This study aimed to identify the fungal pathogen(s) associated with avocado SER in Kenya and evaluate its pathogenicity. Fungal isolates were collected from symptomatic avocado fruits from randomly selected orchards and major markets within Murang'a County, a major avocado growing region in Kenya, between September 2017 and March 2018. A total of 207 and 125 fungal isolates, recovered from orchards and major markets, respectively, were identified morphologically and further confirmed by molecular techniques. The identified isolates were Lasiodiplodia theobromae (39.8%), Neofusicoccum parvum (24.4%), Nectria pseudotrichia (18.4%), Fusarium solani (7.2%), F. oxysporum (5.1%), F. equiseti (3.9%), and Geotricum candidum (1.2%). Geotricum candidum was exclusively recovered from fruits from the market. In the pathogenicity test, L. theobromae, N. parvum, and N. pseudotrichia caused the most severe SER symptoms. Consequently, they were considered to be the major pathogens of SER of avocado fruits in Kenya. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SER pathogen of avocado fruits in Kenya. Given the significant contribution of avocado fruits to household income and foreign exchange in Kenya, this information is significant to further develop management strategies of postharvest loss of avocado fruits in Kenya.

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Identification and Pathogenicity of Organisms Associated with Anthracnose Disease of Mango in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Asian Plant Research Journal ◽

10.9734/aprj/2020/v4i130079 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 43-50

Author(s):

Aishatu Haruna ◽

Fadimatu A. Jika ◽

Mahmud Y. Jada ◽

Gali A. Ishaku

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Rhizopus Oryzae ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Anthracnose Disease ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Fungal Organisms ◽

Symptomatic Plant

Some mango fruits marketed in Yola and environs show some anthracnose diseases symptoms. Aims: Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify fungal organisms associated with Anthracnose disease of mango in Yola, Adamawa state, Northeastern Nigeria and to test their pathogenicity. Study Design: Laboratory based controlled experiment. Methodology: Naturally anthracnose infected mango fruits and leaves were purposely sampled from different home gardens, farms, and markets in Yola. The symptomatic plant parts were immediately taken to the laboratory for direct isolation, characterization, identification and pathogenicity testing of fungal isolates. Results: A total of 19 fungal colonies were obtained from the anthracnose infected mango fruits and leaves. Based on similarity of morphological features (colony colour, texture presence of septate mycelia or not, spore shape and number of septa), fungal colonies were grouped into 3 species and were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae. C. gloeosporioides had the highest percentage (66.7%) (77.8%) frequency of occurrence in infected fruits and leaves respectively, compared to A. niger which recorded 11.1% and 20.0% and R. oryzae with 22.2% and 10%. Pathogenicity test revealed only C. gloeosporioides was found pathogenic while the remaining two; A. niger and R. oryzae were non-pathogenic. Conclusion: Findings of this study has indicated that C. gloeosporioides is the etiological agent of anthracnose of mango in the area.

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Field Survey and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Pathogens of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Fruit Rot in Hawaii

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.5.730 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 730-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lisa Keith ◽

Tracie Matsumoto ◽

Kate Nishijima ◽

Marisa Wall ◽

Mike Nagao

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Postharvest Quality ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Nephelium Lappaceum

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) is a tropical fruit in Hawaii that has increased in value in the niche market of exotic fruits. The primary limitation to preharvest and postharvest quality is the occurrence of fungal diseases of the fruit. A survey of rambutan disease was conducted at orchards 9.7 km south and 29.0 km north of Hilo, HI, to determine the main fungal pathogens affecting preharvest fruit quality. Pericarp of rambutan fruit revealed brown to black lesions that progressed to blackening and drying of the fruit with some fruits becoming totally mummified. Four fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic fruit included Lasmenia, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum spp. Over the 2-year sampling period, disease incidence from more than 300 fruits sampled was 84.6%. Nine rambutan cultivars were evaluated for disease incidence under field conditions. Disease incidence was greater than 90% for ‘Sitangku’ and ‘R167’ but less than 60% for ‘Chompoo’. Twelve fungal isolates from infected fruit were selected for further characterization (six Lasmenia isolates and two isolates each of Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum). Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. The optimum growth temperature for all fungal isolates ranged between 22 and 28 °C. Molecular methods were used to confirm the identity of the fungi. The fungal isolates were evaluated for in vitro baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth for fungicides registered for use in Hawaii (Abound® and Trilogy®). Abound® was more effective at inhibiting fungal growth than was Trilogy®; however, efficacy appeared to be influenced by fungal genera. Inhibition of fungal growth by Abound® ranged from a 76% reduction for Lasmenia to a 23% reduction for Phomopsis isolates.

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