scholarly journals Listening to Local and Foreign Sex Buyers of Men and Women in Cambodia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-79
Author(s):  
Samantha Sommer Miller ◽  
Glenn Miles ◽  
James Havey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Bisexual Males ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sexual Services

Research on prostitution and trafficking has largely focused on the exploitation of girls and young women. This research comes out of the “Listening to the Demand” two-part study by an independent research team on the sex industry in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. “Listening to the Demand” is a series of research exploring often over-looked populations in the anti-trafficking conversation, including men and transgender people. The first of the studies was completed in 2013 and focuses on men who purchased sex with female sex workers. Interviews of 50 Cambodian and 50 foreign heterosexual and bisexual males explored the respondents’ views and use of prostituted women in Southeast Asia’s sex industry. The second part of the research was completed in 2014 and focuses on men who purchase sex with men. In this second part of the project, 51 Cambodian and 23 foreign men who have sex with men were interviewed about their views of prostitution, the individual sex worker, and their experiences of Cambodia’s sex industry. Due to its comparative nature, the research seeks to deliver information on the differences in culture between the foreign and Cambodian men who seek to pay for sexual services. Results point to the need for proper sex and gender education as well as different approaches when planning projects to reach out to men purchasing sex. In gaining a deeper knowledge of the beliefs and behaviours among the demand population, the findings suggest more holistic approaches are needed to combat the exploitation of sexual services in Cambodia.


scholarly journals ‘'Sex Changes'? Paradigm Shifts in ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ following the Gender Recognition Act?’

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Whittle ◽  
Lewis Turner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Change ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Variance ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Legal Understanding

Gender transformations are normatively understood as somatic, based on surgical reassignment, where the sexed body is aligned with the gender identity of the individual through genital surgery – hence the common lexicon ‘sex change surgery’. We suggest that the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 challenges what constitutes a ‘sex change’ through the Act's definitions and also the conditions within which legal ‘recognition’ is permitted. The sex/gender distinction, (where sex normatively refers to the sexed body, and gender, to social identity) is demobilised both literally and legally. This paper discusses the history of medico-socio-legal definitions of sex have been developed through decision making processes when courts have been faced with people with gender variance and, in particular, the implications of the Gender Recognition Act for our contemporary legal understanding of sex. We ask, and attempt to answer, has ‘sex’ changed?

Self-Management of Cardiac Pain in Women: A Meta-Summary of the Qualitative Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Kristin Bjørnnes ◽  
Monica Parry ◽  
Marit Leegaard ◽  
Ana Patricia Ayala ◽  
Erica Lenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cardiac Pain ◽  
Qualitative Literature

Symptom recognition and self-management is instrumental in reducing the number of deaths related to coronary artery disease (CAD) in women. The purpose of this study was to synthesize qualitative research evidence on the self-management of cardiac pain and associated symptoms in women. Seven databases were systematically searched, and the concepts of the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory were used as the framework for data extraction and analysis. Search strategies yielded 22,402 citations, from which 35 qualitative studies were included in a final meta-summary, comprising data from 769 participants, including 437 (57%) women. The available literature focused cardiac pain self-management from a binary sex and gender perspective. Ethnicity was indicated in 19 (54%) studies. Results support individualized intervention strategies that promote goal setting and action planning, management of physical and emotional responses, and social facilitation provided through social support.

scholarly journals Transformational sexualities: Motivations of women who pay for sexual services

Sexualities ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 136346072090464
Author(s):  
Sarah Kingston ◽  
Natalie Hammond ◽  
Scarlett Redman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Sexual Agency ◽  
Women Clients ◽  
Female Sex Worker ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Male Client ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Sexual Services

Previous research on client motivations to purchase sexual services in the UK has predominantly focused on the experiences of men. Women who buy sex have largely been overlooked as it is commonly assumed that women provide, rather than purchase, sexual services. In addressing this empirical absence, this article examines data gained from 49 interviews with women clients and sex workers. It examines the reasons why women decide to purchase sexual services in the UK. We argue that the increasing importance of contemporary capitalism and consumerism has shaped women's engagement in the sex industry as clients. We show how women's sexual agency and assertiveness as clients, inverts the female sex worker/male client binary assumed to characterize commercial sex and illustrates the overlap and convergence of male and female sexuality. Our research thus contributes to an understanding of female sexuality more broadly, as exemplifying the hallmarks of ‘transformational sexualities’ in cosmopolitanism (Plummer, 2015).

Couple Therapy with Same-Sex and Gender-Variant (LGBT) Couples

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valory Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender

Same-sex and gender-variant couples are similar to heterosexual/gender-traditional couples in many ways. However, lesbian, gay, and bisexual couples and couples with one or both transgender partners (LGBT couples) exist in a stigmatizing environment that provides no social structures for them. As a result, these couples face three types of challenges: minority stress, lack of social support, and role and relational ambiguity. The author reviews research on these three challenges and offers specific techniques to address them. A conceptual model creates a bridge between sociocultural challenges and the psychological-relational consequences, affording therapists an understanding of how to plan and implement effective interventions. In addition, seven basic premises provide parameters for work with LGBT couples.

Understanding lesbian, gay, and bisexual worker stigmatization: a review of the literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 359-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor G. Gates ◽  
Pamela A. Viggiani
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexual Orientation Identity ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender

Purpose – Stigmatization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people at work is an enduring social problem, yet little is known about how those experiences differ. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the above issue. Design/methodology/approach – Using a framework of modified labeling, this conceptual paper addresses that gap by reviewing the literature on differences in LGB worker stigmatization by type of sexual orientation identity, outness, sex and gender identity, and education and social class. Findings – Findings in the literature were that LGB workers are labeled as outsiders, and treated differently in many workplaces. However, there are other distinctions, based upon type of sexual orientation identity (i.e. whether someone is lesbian, gay, or bisexual), sex and gender identity, outness at work, and education and social classes. Originality/value – Moreover, the paper proposes additional aspects of LGB worker stigmatization needing further empirical study.

scholarly journals Of Masks and Men? Gender, Sex, and Protective Measures during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052-1062
Author(s):  
Dan Cassino ◽  
Yasemin Besen-Cassino
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Masculine Gender

AbstractSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, men have been consistently less likely to report wearing a protective face mask. There are several possible reasons for this difference, including partisanship and gender identity. Using a national live-caller telephone survey that measures gender identity, we show that men's gender identities are strongly related to their views of mask wearing, especially when gender identity is highly salient to the individual. The effects of this interaction of sex and gender are shown to be separate from the effects of partisanship. While partisanship is a significant driver of attitudes about face masks, within partisan groups, men who report “completely” masculine gender identities are very different from their fellow partisans.

scholarly journals Representation of gender in migrant health studies – a systematic review of the social epidemiological literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Wandschneider ◽  
Stephanie Batram-Zantvoort ◽  
Oliver Razum ◽  
Céline Miani
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Gender as a social construct contributes to determine who migrates and which migration-related risks and opportunities emerge in all phases of the migration trajectory. Simultaneously, migration influences the individual as well as societal definition and perception of gender roles. An explicit gender perspective in migration-related epidemiological research can contribute to adequately analyse and interpret the health of migrants. This systematic review gives a comprehensive overview on how gender has been conceptualised, operationalised and measured in social epidemiologic studies aiming to assess the influence of gender on health among migrants. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, EconLit and PsycINFO and conducted backward reference searching. Reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and conducted the quality assessment. Eligible studies actively aimed to understand, identify or explain the influence of gender on migrants’ health, whereby the role of gender can encompass a variety of mechanisms, processes or states of differentiation, discrimination and/or inequality. Results Almost all of the 43 studies were cross-sectional and focussed on health outcomes in the post-migration phase. The most common theme of research was the health of male migrants in the US, and in particular of men who have sex with men (MSM). All studies treated gender as a binary variable (men vs. women), without discussing additional types of gender identities. A minority of studies differentiated clearly between sex and gender. Gender was mostly operationalised through attitudes toward gender roles and gender-based discrimination, experienced at the individual level. Community and societal level gender measures capturing structural gender determinants were underrepresented. Conclusions The intersections of migration and gender suggested synergistic effects on health that only become visible when considering those two social determinants together. Future research needs to embrace a multilevel and non-binary understanding of gender and reflect on the influence of gender in the different phases of the migration journey. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019124698.

scholarly journals A different kind of risky business: Men who manage men in the sex industry

Sexualities ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136346072110263
Author(s):  
Tuulia Law
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Male Sex Workers ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Male Sex Work ◽  
Managerial Strategies ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Management

Drawing from qualitative interview data, this article examines men who manage men in the sex industry. A gendered lens reveals that male sex work management engages with sexual and gender scripts in ways that are quite distinct from female sex work. These third parties assume that male sex workers can defend their own security but notably also worry about male workers victimizing them, even as they opportunistically deploy hegemonic masculinity in their business and security practices. The article highlights and reflects on how these framings shape managerial strategies, perceptions of risk and the law, and experiences of stigma.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Lagos ◽  
D'Lane Compton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bisexual People

Abstract In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who were surveyed identified as transgender, identified with a gender that does not conventionally correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or identified the sex they were assigned at birth inconsistently with the interviewer's assessment of respondent sex. These results corroborate previous estimates of the transgender population size in the United States. Furthermore, the implementation of these new questions mirrors the successful inclusion of other small populations represented in the GSS, such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Data on transgender and gender-nonconforming populations can be pooled together over time to assess these populations' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social inequality patterns. We identified inconsistencies between interviewer-coded sex, self-reported sex, and gender identity. As with the coding of race in the GSS, interviewer-coded assessments can mismatch respondents' self-reported identification. Our findings underscore the importance of continuing to ask respondents to self-report gender identity separately from sex assigned at birth in the GSS and other surveys.

scholarly journals Production of Gender: A Study on Performativity in Female-To-Male Transsexuals

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Tanu Priya ◽  
Dhishna Panniko
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Autobiographical Narratives ◽  
Presentation Of Self ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

Gender identity is critical to every individual; it is self-defined and yet affected by culture and society at large. Gender identities are formed through public and private spaces. Of the two traditions of thinking (essentialist and constructionist) about sex and gender, constructionist formulations are based on performance theory. It believes that sex and gender are viewed as not residing in the individual but are found in “those interactions that are socially constructed as gendered as opposed to essentialist tradition. Within performative theory, gender is a process rather than something naturally possessed. This study explores the process of formation of gender or social role in female-to-male (FTM) transsexual.  It will do so by exploring the factors that add to the formation of a gender role as seen through sartorial style, mannerisms, body language, and other aspects that influence one’s presentation of self. It includes the process of construction of FTM transsexual’s corporeality through performative attributes in order to approximate masculinity and come in accord with the social role of a man. The themes that are discussed in the analysis emerged after a careful reading of FTM autobiographical narratives. The instances are extracted from FTM autobiographical narratives; Becoming a Visible Man, The Testosterone Files, Both Sides now and the publication of these narratives range from 2005-2006.

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