scholarly journals Management of pain using transdermal patches

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leya Meriam Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Transdermal Patches ◽  
Adhesive Patch ◽  
Antianginal Drugs

Transdermal delivery is a non-invasive route of   drug administration through the skin surface that can deliver the drug at a predetermined rate across the dermis to achieve a local or systemic effect. It  is  potentially used as an alternative to oral route of drugs and hypodermic injections. Analgesics are mostly used for various diseases as most of them are associated with severe or mild pain .The use of analgesics as a pain relief patch is now being used commonly. A transdermal analgesic or pain relief patch is a medicated adhesive patch used to relieve minor to severe pain. Currently, the patches are available for many Opioids , Non opioids analgesics. Local anesthetics  and antianginal drugs. The drugs include Fentanyl, Buprenorphine ketoprofen, diclofenacepolamine , piroxicam , Capsaicin ,Nitroglycerine  and Lignocaine . They are available as both matrix and reservoir patches. This review explores the various drugs used to manage pain and their route of administration in terms of frequency, complications and effects   

scholarly journals The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases—A Literature Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Beata Szulc-Musioł ◽  
Beata Sarecka-Hujar
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Skin Abnormalities ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Poor Stability

In recent years, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols play an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, as well as vascular or skin diseases. Particularly, resveratrol, as a multi-potent agent, may prevent or mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. As the largest organ of the human body, skin is an extremely desirable target for the possible delivery of active substances. The transdermal route of administration of active compounds shows many advantages, including avoidance of gastrointestinal irritation and the first-pass effect. Moreover, it is non-invasive and can be self-administered. However, this delivery is limited, mainly due to the need to overpassing the stratum corneum, the possible decomposition of the substances in contact with the skin surface or in the deeper layers thereof. In addition, using resveratrol for topical and transdermal delivery faces the problems of its low solubility and poor stability. To overcome this, novel systems of delivery are being developed for the effective transport of resveratrol across the skin. Carriers in the micro and nano size were demonstrated to be more efficient for safe and faster topical and transdermal delivery of active substances. The present review aimed to discuss the role of resveratrol in the treatment of skin abnormalities with a special emphasis on technologies enhancing transdermal delivery of resveratrol.

Lipid Vesicles and Nanoparticles for Non-invasive Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 2149-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Shabbir ◽  
Uzair Nagra ◽  
Muhammad Zaman ◽  
Asif Mahmood ◽  
Kashif Barkat
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Noninvasive Methods ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Lipid Exchange ◽  
Active Moiety ◽  
Interaction Modifications ◽  
Made In

The delivery of drugs, via different layers of skin, is challenging because it acts as a natural barrier and exerts hindrance against molecules to permeate into or through it. To overcome such obstacles, different noninvasive methods, like vehicle-drug interaction, modifications of the horny layer and nanoparticles have been suggested. The aim of the present review is to highlight some of the non-invasive methods for topical, diadermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. Special emphasis has been made on the information available in numerous research articles that put efforts in overcoming obstacles associated with barrier functions imposed by various layers of skin. Advances have been made in improving patient compliance that tends to avoid hitches involved in oral administration. Of particular interest is the use of lipid-based vesicles and nanoparticles for dermatological applications. These particulate systems can effectively interact and penetrate into the stratum corneum via lipid exchange and get distributed in epidermis and dermis. They also have the tendency to exert a systemic effect by facilitating the absorption of an active moiety into general circulation.

scholarly journals Assessing Pain in a Noninvasive Manner by Measuring Changes in the Microcirculation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Shainshein ◽  
Louis Shenkman ◽  
Ahmed Khashan ◽  
Meir Bennun ◽  
Ilya Fine
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Chronic Back Pain ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Epidural Injection ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACTThe quantitative determination of the level of pain is one of the most challenging clinical problems. This article proposes a method for quantitative assessment of both acute and chronic levels of pain, based on the analysis of hemodynamic patterns measured using a non-invasive sensor. Hemodynamic characteristics were taken from the finger using a sensor measuring the dynamic scattering of light from the skin surface. Changes in hemodynamic parameters in patients with chronic pain were studied. One group of patients with chronic back pain required epidural injection for pain relief. The second group of patients had a Spinal Cord Stimulator implant which was switched off one hour before arriving at the clinic. Optical signals were collected before and after pain relief, either by epidural injection or by turning on the stimulator. Both groups reported their pain level using a standard numerical rating scale. Processing of the results showed that the changes in measured hemodynamic parameters corresponded in most cases to the changes in pain reported by patients following medical intervention. The results suggest that this new non-invasive measurement of pain can be used both for physiological studies and for monitoring various categories of patients suffering from pain.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness about Transdermal Drug Patches among Dental Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
A. Trishala ◽  
Dhanraj Ganapathy ◽  
M. P. Santhosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Clinical Exposure ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Online Software

Transdermal delivery is a non-invasive route of drug administration through the skin surface that can deliver the drug at a predetermined rate across the dermis to achieve a local or systemic effect. It is potentially used as an alternative to oral routes of drugs and hypodermic injections. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of transdermal drug patches among dental students. A structured self-assessed online questionnaire having 15 questions on transdermal drug patches was prepared and distributed to the dental students who have clinical exposure including 3rd BDS, final BDS, interns, and postgraduates of all specialties. It was circulated using online software, survey planet, and the response was collected through it. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Considering the responses, it can be interpreted that the knowledge regarding transdermal drug patches is above average among dental students. Also, postgraduate students were more knowledgeable than undergraduate students. Interns showed more awareness than a third-year or final year undergraduate students. Educational workshops, conferences, and CDE’s are essential for both undergraduates and postgraduates to improve their knowledge regarding various transdermal drug patches and their adverse reactions.

Transcending the Cutaneous Barrier Through Nanocarrier Exploration for Passive Delivery of Anti-hypertensive Drugs: A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Puneet Utreja
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Transdermal Route

Background: Hypertension comes under the category of chronic disease, which requires long term treatment. Hypertension is usually treated by oral administration of various therapeutic agents. There are several limitations of the oral route, making pharmaceutical scientists to discover an alternative route for drug delivery. Methods: The transdermal route may be a better alternative as it shows various advantages like lack of first-pass effect and high patient compliance. The skin may act as a primary barrier for the transdermal delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs; therefore, new approaches are required to cross this barrier. Nanocarrier systems come under these new approaches to cross the skin barrier. Various nanocarrier systems explored for transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs are liposomes, elastic liposomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions/microemulsions, and carbon nanotubes. Results: This review summarizes the potential of advanced nanocarrier systems for effective management of hypertension following the transdermal route. The entire literature search regarding the utility of nanocarrier systems in transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs was done by using Pubmed and Google Scholar. Conclusion: Nanocarrier systems are capable of reducing various drawbacks of conventional formulations of antihypertensive drugs like excessive first-pass effects, high dosing frequency, and toxicity promoting high patient compliance. However, the clinical efficacy determination of such nanocarrier systems is still a challenge and it will govern their presence in the global pharmaceutical market.

An Audit of Pain Control Pathways following Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espeed Khoshbin ◽  
Ali N. Al-Jilaihawi ◽  
Nicholas B. Scott ◽  
Dhruva Prakash ◽  
Alan J. B. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Thoracoscopic Surgery ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Audit Commission ◽  
Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery ◽  
Daily Pain

Objective To compare different modes of pain management following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) to our national standard. Methods This is an audit based on patient's experiences. One hundred consecutive patients who underwent VATS with or without pleurodesis were managed by one of the following pain relief pathways: (A) thoracic paravertebral block + morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), (B) percutaneous thoracic paravertebral catheter +/– morphine PCA, (C) thoracic epidural +/– morphine PCA, (D) morphine PCA alone, and (E) intravenous or subcutaneous morphine as required. Pain score was documented up to four times per day for each patient. The incidence of severe pain was defined as visual analog scale ≥7. The results were compared with the standard set by the audit commission for postoperative pain relief in the UK. The mean daily pain scores were calculated retrospectively for all patients. Results There were no statistically significant differences in mean daily pain scores irrespective of having a pleurodesis. The percentage of patients experiencing severe pain was 34% [mean visual analog scale = 8 (standard deviation = 1.0)]. This was almost seven times the standard. Among these pathways, B had the least percentage incidence of severe pain (16.7%) followed by A (25.0%) D (33.3%), C (35.7%), and E (52.4%). Conclusions We are not compliant with the standards set by the audit commission. Pain management in theater recovery needs to be targeted. In the light of these results, we recommend the use of percutaneous thoracic paravertebral catheter +/– morphine PCA for postoperative VATS pain relief.

scholarly journals Low-Intensity Electromagnetic Millimeter Waves for Pain Therapy

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taras I. Usichenko ◽  
Hardy Edinger ◽  
Vasyl V. Gizhko ◽  
Christian Lehmann ◽  
Michael Wendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Review Criteria

Millimeter wave therapy (MWT), a non-invasive complementary therapeutic technique is claimed to possess analgesic properties. We reviewed the clinical studies describing the pain-relief effect of MWT. Medline-based search according to review criteria and evaluation of methodological quality of the retrieved studies was performed. Of 13 studies, 9 of them were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), only three studies yielded more than 3 points on the Oxford scale of methodological quality of RCTs. MWT was reported to be effective in the treatment of headache, arthritic, neuropathic and acute postoperative pain. The rapid onset of pain relief during MWT lasting hours to days after, remote to the site of exposure (acupuncture points), was the most characteristic feature in MWT application for pain relief. The most commonly used parameters of MWT were the MW frequencies between 30 and 70 GHz and power density up to 10 mW cm−2. The promising results from pilot case series studies and small-size RCTs for analgesic/hypoalgesic effects of MWT should be verified in large-scale RCTs on the effectiveness of this treatment method.

scholarly journals Expression of drug transporters in the human skin: comparison in different species and models and its implication for drug development

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Osman-Ponchet ◽  
Alexandre Gaborit ◽  
Jean-Michel Linget ◽  
Claire E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Drug Absorption ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Drug Transporters ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Novel Targets

<p class="ADMETabstracttext">It is clear that many drug transporters (both ABCs and SLCs) are present in the human skin. Different in vitro skin models can be used to investigate the role of drug transporters in the skin despite quantitative differences in expression profile across species. P-gp was shown to have an important influence on transdermal drug absorption in the skin and to function in “absorptive” transport, carrying substrate drugs from the skin surface to the dermis. This observation might be used to modulate drug distribution inside the skin. If drugs can be retained in the epidermis compartment by inhibition of the transporters, such property of the drug would be beneficial for treatment of dermatological diseases. Therefore, it might be feasible to control transdermal delivery of drugs to specific locations in the skin, by modulating the function of the transporters in the skin. We are at the dawn of an exciting period where drug transporters might be novel targets for improvement of drug delivery to the skin and for pharmacological intervention.</p>

scholarly journals Patient-controlled epidural analgesia for labor – a step forward in Ukrainian obstetrics

Pain medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Yevhenii Grizhimalsky ◽  
Andrii Harha
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Labour Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

Labour pain is recognized by some women as the most severe pain that they have ever felt in their life. Epidural analgesia is an effective method of pain relief in labour and is considered as the gold standard of analgesia for delivery. Traditionally, epidural analgesia in Ukraine is performed without the ability for the patient to control the process of anesthesia. The authors became interested in the delivery of local anesthetics by patient­controlled epidural analgesia instead of the traditional physician methods. In randomized controlled studies there is an evidence that the PCEA method tends to improve the quality of pain relief and increase the patient satisfaction.

Celiac Plexus Blockade for a 3-Year-Old Boy With Hepatoblastoma and Refractory Pain

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-781
Author(s):  
CHARLES B. BERDE ◽  
NAVIL F. SETHNA ◽  
CYNTHIA H. KAHN ◽  
DAVID E. FISHER ◽  
HOLCOMBE E. GRIER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Pancreatic Carcinoma ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Celiac Artery ◽  
Celiac Plexus ◽  
Posterolateral Approach ◽  
Refractory Pain ◽  
Visceral Malignancy

In the management of pain due to visceral malignancy (especially pancreatic carcinoma) in adults, neurolytic celiac plexus blockade has emerged as an effective pain management procedure1,2; in the management of severe pain due to pancreatic carcinoma, it is regarded by many as the technique of choice.3 In this procedure, a nerve-destructive agent such as ethanol or phenol is injected percutaneously, usually from a posterolateral approach, immediately around the aorta and vena cava at the level of origin of the celiac artery. When performed for pancreatic cancer pain, celiac blockade provides good or excellent pain relief in 85% to 97% of cases, generally for 6 months to 2 years.

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