scholarly journals ÍNDICE DE DESIGUALDAD Y CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO EN AMÉRICA LATINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (314) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Germán Alarco Tosoni ◽  
César Castillo García
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
America Latina

<p>Construimos un índice de desigualdad considerando la distribución de la riqueza, la distribución factorial y la distribución personal del ingreso. Con este indicador de dos o tres componentes estimamos y analizamos los resultados para las diferentes economías de América Latina y la región en su conjunto entre 1980 y 2016. Asimismo, determinamos la dispersión entre los diferentes componentes del indicador. Por último, evaluamos la vinculación entre el crecimiento económico y el indicador de desigualdad mediante un análisis econométrico por economía con base en mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) y en un panel dinámico para toda la región utilizando el método de Arellano Bond. Los coeficientes para toda la región tienen signo negativo reflejando que a mayor desigualdad la variación porcentual del producto interno bruto (PIB) es menor o a menor desigualdad el producto aumenta.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">INEQUALITY INDEX AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong></strong></p>The paper presents an inequality composite index of three components: wealth distribution, factorial income distribution and personal income distribution. This index allows us to analyze different results for the various Latin American economies and for the region as whole in the period 1980-2016. In addition, the paper assesses a dispersion analysis for each of the index components. Finally, we evaluate the effects of the inequality index on economic growth for each Latin American economy by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and dynamic panel data models. The negative coefficient for the entire region shows that the greater (lower) social inequality, the lower (greater) the percentage variation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

scholarly journals CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO Y DESIGUALDAD EN ASIA, EUROPA Y AMÉRICA LATINA, 1990-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (315) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Verónica Cerezo García ◽  
Heri Oscar Landa Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sample Set

<p>El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto de la liberalización comercial sobre la productividad, la distribución del ingreso y el crecimiento económico, además de examinar la capacidad de absorción que este proceso ha concedido a los países ante choques externos, como el Covid-19. Empíricamente, tomamos pie en la taxonomía de crecimiento y desigualdad de Fajnzylber (1990) y en un modelo panel para evaluar esta relación en Asia, América Latina y Europa durante el periodo 1990-2019. Los principales resultados muestran: 1) co-movimiento entre crecimiento y equidad en Asia, mientras que en América Latina hay rezagos significativos, y 2) la productividad y la competitividad no precio constituyen el factor dinamizante en Asia y Europa.</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INEQUALITY IN ASIA, EUROPE, AND LATIN AMERICA, 1990-2019</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The paper’s aim is to analyse the effect of trade liberalization on productivity, income distribution and economic growth. The ability of a free-market oriented economy to fence off an exogenous shock such as the Covid-19 pandemic is also dealt with. Following Fajnzylber’s (1990) taxonomy of growth and inequality, we assess the relationship between trade liberalisation, growth and income distribution for a sample set of Asian, Latin American, and European countries over the period 1990-2019. Our main empirical results show that there exist: 1) a co-movement between growth and equality in Asia, but significant lags in both respects prevail in Latin America; 2) productivity and non-price competitiveness are the dynamizing factors in both Asia and Europe</p>

scholarly journals Governance and economic welfare: A BRICS panel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2, special issue) ◽  
pp. 290-299
Author(s):  
Adrino Mazenda ◽  
Priviledge Cheteni
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Brics Countries

An effective governance structure is central to growth, sustainable development and equal income distribution (economic welfare) (Glass & Newig, 2020). Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) countries differ in governance structure with varying outcomes on economic welfare. This article explores the extent to which governance impacts economic welfare in BRICS countries viewed as an emerging powerhouse, with significant growth prospects — yet distinct in their governance systems, and income variability amongst its population. The article utilised panel static models (pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed effects (FEs) estimator) from 1996 to 2019 to investigate the effects of governance proxied by the World Bank World Governance Indicators (WGI) on economic welfare (proxied from two channels): quantitative (output stock/economic growth) and qualitative (reduced income inequality). The two channels combine the ordinary measure of welfare: gross domestic product (GDP), a proxy for economic growth, household and income distribution, and a proxy for income inequality drawing (Heys, 2019). The findings revealed that governance produced varying results on the economic welfare in BRICS. Democratic countries which practise good governance principles (South Africa and Brazil) had a negative economic welfare effect from both channels compared to one-party states, such as China and Russia. Therefore, the findings invalidate the null hypothesis that good governance is a catalyst for economic welfare. Sound policies, especially on structural change and equitable income distribution are necessary to enhance economic welfare in BRICS countries. The article is relevant and discloses iterations of the distinction between good governance and sound policy implications on developing nations’ economic welfare.

scholarly journals Inclusive Growth: Comprehensive Dimension of Income Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-317
Author(s):  
Che Sulaiman Nor Fatimah ◽  
Mohd Fahmee Ab-Hamid ◽  
Abdul Rahim Ridzuan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Government

The article aims to solve the problem of unequal income distribution in Malaysia. Income inequality did not change significantly since 1990. Inclusive growth is an alternative way that can help the government overcome the unequal distribution of income. However, there are no measurements or detailed studies conducted in Malaysia. Moreover, the country’s distribution policy for the 2016–2030 period focuses on inclusive economic growth. Based on the above gaps, we constructed the Malaysia Inclusive Index and estimated the income distribution using this new composite index. To construct the index, we applied the Z-score method. We obtained data for this study from the World Development Indicator, Economic Planning Unit, Department of Statistics, Malaysia and annual reports from various ministries. The main research findings show yearon-year growth from 1990 to 2016, indicating that economic growth in Malaysia is increasingly inclusive. Therefore, to achieve inclusive and equitable economic growth in distribution, the government is advised to consider not only fiscal aspects, but also holistic components comprised of education, health, housing and employment of the B40 group (lower class). Simultaneously, the M40 group (middle class) should not be left out. Income distribution factors and the Malaysia Inclusive Index (MII) determinants such as investment, inflation, education and national income should be considered when developing national distribution policies, as these factors are crucial for inclusive growth in Malaysia

scholarly journals GASTO PÚBLICO Y CRECIMIENTO EN AMÉRICA LATINA: LA LEY DE WAGNER Y LA HIPÓTESIS DE KEYNES

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (316) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ramírez Cedillo ◽  
Francisco López Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin American Countries

<p>Se analiza la relación del crecimiento económico con el gasto público de 16 países latinoamericanos de 1990 a 2017. Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura sobre el tema enfocándose en la región. Los resultados de un modelo para paneles cointegrados respaldan la ley de Wagner en el largo plazo y brindan evidencia parcial a favor de las hipótesis de Keynes en el corto plazo.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">PUBLIC SPENDING AND GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA:</p><p align="center">WAGNER´S LAW AND KEYNES’S HYPOTHESIS<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The relationship between economic growth and public spending in 16 Latin American countries from 1990 to 2017 is analyzed. This paper contributes to the literature on the subject focusing on the region. The results from a model of cointegrated panels support Wagner’s Law in the long term and provides partial evidence in favor of the Keynesian hypotheses in the short term.</p>

scholarly journals Earnings Mobility, Inequality,and Economic Growth in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela

2018 ◽  
pp. 289-316
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Earnings Mobility ◽  
Negative Growth

This chapter examines changes in individual earnings during positive and negative growth periods in three Latin American economies: Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela. We ask two major questions. First, do panel income changes favor the income recipients who started at the top of the income distribution (“divergent mobility”) or those who started at the bottom (“convergent mobility”)? And second, are the groups that are found to gain the most when the economy is growing those that are found to lose the most when the economy is contracting (“symmetry of mobility”) or is the pattern asymmetric in the sense that the same groups do best both in times of economic growth and in times of economic decline? We find support for the divergent mobility hypothesis only in scattered years in the cases of Mexico and Venezuela and no support at all in the case of Argentina. Rather, earnings mobility is most frequently convergent or neutral in all three countries. As for the symmetry of mobility hypothesis, we find that it is rejected in nearly all cases; rather, those groups that gain the most when the economy is growing are also the ones that gain the most or lose the least when the economy is contracting. Furthermore, we discuss how the absence of divergence reconciles with rising inequality in the countries under study.

International Context, Income Distribution and State Power in Late Industrialization: Turkey and South Korea in Comparative Perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 25-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziya Öniş
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Latin American ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Over Time

The “East Asian miracle”, involving the phenomenal growth experience of countries such as South Korea and Taiwan, has attracted enormous intellectual attention in recent years. What has been striking in the development experience of countries like South Korea and Taiwan is not only their ability to achieve extremely high rates of economic growth, an average of nine to percent per annum sustained over the course of three decades, but also their capacity to combine these high rates of economic growth with equally striking performances in relation to other major indicators of development. These, in turn, include a relatively egalitarian pattern of income distribution, eradication of absolute poverty on a broad scale, significant employment creation as well as the virtual absence of macroeconomic crises. The Turkish experience also constitutes an interesting case of late industrialization from a comparative perspective. It is clearly a case of moderate success judged by the East Asian standards of economic growth. Furthermore, Turkey has displayed patterns of income inequality and macroeconomic instability that are, in many ways, closer to “Latin American” standards. Yet, from a different perspective, when we exclude the East Asian superperformers from our sample, Turkey’s growth performance, an average of five to six percent per annum over time, compares favorably with other late industrializers. Indeed, what makes Turkey particularly interesting and somewhat unique from a comparative perspective is that these reasonably high rates of economic growth and the creation of a substantial industrial base over time have been accomplished within the framework of broadly democratic institutions during the post-war period.

Migration vs. development? The case of poverty and inequality in Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Escobar Latapi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
And Migration

Although the migration – development nexus is widely recognized as a complex one, it is generally thought that there is a relationship between poverty and emigration, and that remittances lessen inequality. On the basis of Latin American and Mexican data, this chapter intends to show that for Mexico, the exchange of migrants for remittances is among the lowest in Latin America, that extreme poor Mexicans don't migrate although the moderately poor do, that remittances have a small, non-significant impact on the most widely used inequality index of all households and a very large one on the inequality index of remittance-receiving households, and finally that, to Mexican households, the opportunity cost of international migration is higher than remittance income. In summary, there is a relationship between poverty and migration (and vice versa), but this relationship is far from linear, and in some respects may be a perverse one for Mexico and for Mexican households.

A Filosofia da libertação: gênese e pretensão crítica do pensamento

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-31
Author(s):  
Arivaldo Sezyshta
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Main Category ◽  
Enrique Dussel ◽  
Philosophy Of Liberation ◽  
America Latina

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objeto apresentar a Filosofia Política Crítica da Libertação em Enrique Dussel, analisando sua gênese e evolução e mostrando a influência decisiva da filosofia da práxis de Karl Marx para esse pensamento, em especial a partir do conceito de exterioridade, entendida como sendo o âmbito onde o outro se revela, onde permanece livre em seu ser distinto. A exterioridade, precisamente, é tida pela Filosofia da Libertação como a categoria principal do legado marxiano e pressuposto teórico fundamental, que viabiliza o discurso de Dussel, sobretudo na opção radical pela vítima, marca de seu pensamento filosófico. Mediante isso, aqui se assume a tese de que há em Dussel uma parcialidade pela vítima: seu pensamento está construído, propositalmente, em favor da vítima. O esforço deste trabalho é o de mostrar que a opção pela vítima será o fio condutor de todo seu pensar, o que cobra da Filosofia da Libertação uma pretensão crítica de pensamento, fazendo com que o labor filosófico seja desafiado e provocado pela necessidade real de auxiliar a vítima, exigência do povo latino-americano em seu caminho de libertação. Em termos de resultado, para além da importância atual do pensamento marxiano para a compreensão da realidade e a crítica ao capitalismo, ressalta-se a relevância teórico-prática do pensamento dusseliano para a Filosofia Política como um todo, pelas suas contribuições no cenário contemporâneo, pela coragem em apontar em direção a outra sociedade, trans-moderna e transcapitalista, já em curso nas práticas coletivas de Bem Viver.Palavras-chaves: Filosofia. Libertação. Enrique Dussel. Bem Viver. Abstract: This article aims to present the Critical Political Philosophy of Liberation in Enrique Dussel, analysing its genesis and evolution and showing the decisive influence of Karl Marx’s philosophy to his thought. Especially from his concept of exteriority, understood as being the space where the other reveals itself, where it remains free in its distinct being. The Externality, precisely, is considered by the Philosophy of Liberation as the main category of the Marxian legacy. It is the fundamental theoretical presupposition, which makes Dussel's speech possible, mainly in the radical choice for the victim, the hallmark of his philosophical thought. Hereby the assumption is made that there is in Dussel a partiality for the victim: his thought is purposely constructed in favour of the victim. The effort of this work is to show that the option for the victim will be the guiding thread of all his thinking, which demands from the Philosophy of Liberation a critical pretension of thought. Thus, causing the philosophical work to be challenged and provoked by the real need to help the victim, the demand of the Latin American people in their way of liberation. In addition to the current importance of Marxian thought for the understanding of reality and the critique of capitalism, the theoreticalpractical relevance of Dusselian thought for Political Philosophy as a whole is emphasized by its contributions in the contemporary scenario, by the courage to point towards another society, trans-modern and transcapitalist, already under way in the collective practices of Well Living.Keywords: Philosophy. Release. Enrique Dussel. Well living. REFERÊNCIAS   ACOSTA, Alberto. O Bem Viver: uma oportunidade para imaginar outros mundos. São Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 2016.ARGOTE, Gérman Marquínez. Ensayo Preliminar y Bibliografia. In: DUSSEL, Enrique. Filosofia de la liberación latinoamericana. Bogotá: Nueva América, 1979.BOULAGA, Eboussi. La crise Du Muntu: authenticité africaine Et philosophie. Paris: Présence Africaine, 1977.CALDERA, Alejandro Serrano. Filosofia e crise: pela filosofia latinoamericana. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1984.CAIO, José Sotero. Manifesto-Declaração do Rio de Janeiro/1993. In: PIRES, Cecília Pinto (Org.) Vozes silenciadas: ensaios de ética e filosofia política. Ijuí: Editora Inijuí, 2003, p.263-271.CASALLA, Mario Carlos. Razón y liberación: notas para una filosofia latinoamericana. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1973.DUSSEL, Enrique. Filosofia da libertação - na América Latina. São Paulo: Loyola, 1977._______. Filosofia de la Liberación Latinoamericana. Bogotá: Nueva América, 1979._______. Para uma ética da libertação latino-americana III: eticidade e moralidade. São Paulo: Loyola, 1982._______. Filosofía de la producción. Bogotá: Editorial Nueva América, 1984._______. Ética comunitária. Madrid, Ediciones Paulinas, 1986._______. Introdución a la filosofía de la liberación. Bogotá: Nueva América, 1988._______. 1492 – O encobrimento do Outro: a origem do mito da modernidade. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1993. _______. Filosofia da libertação: crítica à ideologia da exclusão. São Paulo: Paulus, 1995._______. Filosofía de la Liberación. Bogotá: Editorial Nueva América, 1996._______. Ética da libertação na idade da globalização e da exclusão. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2000. _______. Hacia una filosofia política crítica. Bilbao: Desclée, 2001._______. 20 teses de política. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2007.FANÓN, Franz. Os condenados da terra. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1979.FLORES, Alberto Vivar. Antropologia da libertação latino-americana. São Paulo: Paulinas, 1991.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1974 GULDBERG, Horacio C. Filosofía de la liberación latinoamericana. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983.IFIL. Livre Filosofar: Boletim Informativo do Ifil, Ano IX, No.18, 1988.LAS CASAS, Bartolomé de. O Paraíso perdido: Brevíssima relação da destruição das Índias. Trad.: Heraldo Barbuy. 6 ed. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 1996.LATOUCHE, Serge. Pequeno tratado do decrescimento sereno. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2009.LÖWY, Michael. Ecologia e Socialismo. São Paulo: Cortez, 2005.MARTI, José. Política de  nuestra América. México: Siglo XXI, 1987.SEZYSHTA, Arivaldo José e et al. Por uma terra sem males: seminário de formação para educadores e educadoras. Recife: Dom Bosco, 2003.ZEA, Leopoldo. Dependencia y liberación en la cultura Latinoamericana. México: Joaquín Mortiz, 1974.ZIMMERMANN, Roque. América Latina o não ser: uma abordagem filosófica a partir de Enrique Dussel (1962-1976). Petrópolis: Vozes: Petrópolis, 1987.

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