scholarly journals A New Goodness of Fit Measure Based on Income Inequality Curves

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-17
Author(s):  
Shahryar Mirzaei ◽  
S. M. A. Jahanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Real Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inequality Measurement ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Income Data

This paper uses inequality-measurement techniques to assess goodness of fit in income distribution models. It exposes the shortcomings of the use of conventional goodness of fit criteria in face of the big income data and proposes a new set of metrics, based on income inequality curves. In this note, we mentioned that the distance between theoretical and empirical inequality curves can be considered as a goodness of fit criterion. We demonstrate certain advantages of this measure over the other general goodness of fit criteria. Unlike other goodness of fit measures, this criterion is bounded. It is 0 in minimum difference and 1 in maximum distance. Furthermore, there is a consistency between this new goodness of fit measure and the other conventional criteria. A simulation study based on fitted distribution to real income data is performed in order to investigate some statistical properties of the new goodness of fit measure. An empirical study and comparisons are also provided.

Global Trends in Income Inequality: Theory Versus Reality

2017 ◽  
pp. 143-168
Author(s):  
Venkat Venkatasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Inequality Theory ◽  
Theory Versus ◽  
Income Data ◽  
The U.S

We compare the predictions of our theory with empirical income data from a dozen different countries. We define a new measure of inequality, called the non-ideal inequality coefficient. We show that Norway is close to ideal inequality for the bottom 99% of the population while the U.S. is the most non-ideal at the other extreme. The other countries are in between these two. We find it remarkable that the Scandinavian societies have discovered the near-ideal share by themselves in practice without any prior knowledge of even its existence.

scholarly journals Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ileGelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Literatür İncelemesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-64
Author(s):  
Yeter Kaplan ◽  
Munise Tuba Aktaş
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

In the literature, it is possible to come across studies examining the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income inequality. In this study, a literature review has been conducted in order to better consideration the effect of FDI on income inequality. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to reveal the effect of FDI on income inequality within the framework of theoretical approaches based on empirical study findings. In addition, the study aims to contribute to the debates on the effects of foreign direct investment on income inequality. The findings of the studies on the relationship between FDI and income inequality shows differences. In some of the studies examined, there are findings supporting that FDI increases income and wage inequality. On the other hand, some other studies have found evidences that FDI reduces income inequality. Otherwise, there are also studies showing that FDI does not have a significant effect on income inequality.

The Influence of the Established Links between University Courses on the Quality of Teaching

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Jiří Rybička ◽  
Petra Čačková
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
University Courses ◽  
Quality Of Teaching ◽  
Education Courses ◽  
Initial Knowledge

One of the tools to determine the recommended order of the courses to be taught is to set the prerequisites, that is, the conditions that have to be fulfilled before commencing the study of the course. The recommended sequence of courses is to follow logical links between their logical units, as the basic aim is to provide students with a coherent system according to the Comenius' principle of continuity. Declared continuity may, on the other hand, create organizational complications when passing through the study, as failure to complete one course may result in a whole sequence of forced deviations from the recommended curriculum and ultimately in the extension of the study period. This empirical study deals with the quantitative evaluation of the influence of the level of initial knowledge given by the previous study on the overall results in a certain follow-up course. In this evaluation, data were obtained that may slightly change the approach to determining prerequisites for higher education courses.

Agricultural Trade and Ultra-Poor in Pakistan: An Application of CGE Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962110106
Author(s):  
Saud Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Aamir Khan ◽  
Usman Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Potential Impact

In the modern integrated world, the synthesis of countries for trade is often viewed as a crucial source of income and growth disparities across nations. Well-known channels of economic theory can trace the growth effects of trade. However, there is a substantial conflict among empirical studies regarding gains from agricultural trade. Therefore, this study examines the economy-wide impact of agriculture trade liberalization/protection on agriculture production, agriculture trade, income redistribution and public welfare. An extension of the GTAP model known as MyGTAP is employed and the world economy is disaggregated into 20 regions and 11 sectors with Pakistan as a home country. Further, results explore greater gains from an increased level of liberalization towards the agriculture sector in terms of agriculture production, real factors’ wage, terms of trade and household welfare. Rural households enjoy relatively higher real income and income inequality declines in Pakistan in the case of liberalization and protection. However, comparatively protectionism reduces inequality by the lower extent, and said study also points out that neither change in real gross domestic product nor public welfare turns out to be a good indicator of assessing potential impact of trade policies on income inequality.

scholarly journals Tax Progressivity of Personal Wages and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papanikolaou
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Kakwani Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011.

scholarly journals On the Accuracy of the Sine Power Lomax Model for Data Fitting

Modelling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-104
Author(s):  
Vasili B. V. Nagarjuna ◽  
R. Vishnu Vardhan ◽  
Christophe Chesneau
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Data Fitting ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Survival Distribution ◽  
Lomax Distribution ◽  
Model Based

Every day, new data must be analysed as well as possible in all areas of applied science, which requires the development of attractive statistical models, that is to say adapted to the context, easy to use and efficient. In this article, we innovate in this direction by proposing a new statistical model based on the functionalities of the sinusoidal transformation and power Lomax distribution. We thus introduce a new three-parameter survival distribution called sine power Lomax distribution. In a first approach, we present it theoretically and provide some of its significant properties. Then the practicality, utility and flexibility of the sine power Lomax model are demonstrated through a comprehensive simulation study, and the analysis of nine real datasets mainly from medicine and engineering. Based on relevant goodness of fit criteria, it is shown that the sine power Lomax model has a better fit to some of the existing Lomax-like distributions.

scholarly journals Evangelical and Catholic Timespace in Work: An Argument against a Homeless Eschatology

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Maria Ledstam
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Business As Mission ◽  
Achievable Goal ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This article engages with how religion and economy relate to each other in faith-based businesses. It also elaborates on a recurrent idea in theological literature that reflections on different visions of time can advance theological analyses of the relationship between Christianity and capitalism. More specifically, this article brings results from an ethnographic study of two faith-based businesses into conversation with the ethicist Luke Bretherton’s presentation of different understandings of the relationship between Christianity and capitalism. Using Theodore Schatzki’s theory of timespace, the article examines how time and space are constituted in two small faith-based businesses that are part of the two networks Business as Mission (evangelical) and Economy of Communion (catholic) and how the different timespaces affect the religious-economic configurations in the two cases and with what moral implications. The overall findings suggest that the timespace in the Catholic business was characterized by struggling caused by a tension between certain ideals on how religion and economy should relate to each other on the one hand and how the practice evolved on the other hand. Furthermore, the timespace in the evangelical business was characterized by confidence, caused by the business having a rather distinct and achievable goal when it came to how they wanted to be different and how religion should relate to economy. There are, however, nuances and important resemblances between the cases that cannot be explained by the businesses’ confessional and theological affiliations. Rather, there seems to be something about the phenomenon of tension-filled and confident faith-based businesses that causes a drive in the practices towards the common good. After mapping the results of the empirical study, I discuss some contributions that I argue this study brings to Bretherton’s presentation of the relationship between Christianity and capitalism.

Distribution of leaf orientations in six conifer species

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Abies Grandis

Leaf angle distributions are important in assessing both the flexibility of a plant's response to differing daily and seasonal sun angles and also the variability in the proportion of total leaf area visible in remotely sensed images. Leaf angle distributions are presented for six conifer species, Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia. The leaf angles were calculated by measuring four foliar quantities, and then the distributions of leaf angles are cast in three forms: distributions of (i) the angle of the long axis of the leaf from the vertical for the range 0–180°; (ii) the angle of the long axis of the leaf for the range 0–90°; and (iii) the angle of the plane of the leaf for the range 0–90°. Each of these are fit to the ellipsoidal distribution to test the hypothesis that leaf angles in conifers are sufficiently random to fit the ellipsoidal distribution. The fit was generally better for planar angles and for longitudinal angles between 0° and 90° than for longitudinal angles between 0° and 180°. The fit was also better for Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, and Pinus contorta than for Abies grandis and Thuja plicata. This is probably because Abies and Thuja are more shade tolerant than the other species, and so the leaves in Abies and Thuja are preferentially oriented near the horizontal and are much less random than for the other species. Comparisons of distributions on individual twigs, whole branches, entire trees, and groups of trees were done to test the hypothesis that angle distributions will depend on scale, and these comparisons indicated that the apparent randomness and goodness-of-fit increased on passing to each larger unit (twigs up to groups of trees).Key words: conifer, leaf angles, ellipsoidal distribution.

The impact of early failures on maintenance costs: an empirical study in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo E. Peimbert-García ◽  
Jesús Isaac Vázquez-Serrano ◽  
Jorge Limón-Robles
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Current Transformers ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Failures ◽  
The Impact

PurposeLiterature shows that the economics of early failures in maintenance and electric utilities have not been deeply analyzed. This study aims to focus on quantifying the economic impact that early failures in current transformers have on total maintenance costs. The empirical study is conducted in a regional transmission division of an electric utility located in Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe utility's database was accessed to collect 219 maintenance records. Clustering techniques were used to identify early failures from a bimodal distribution of failures. Confirmatory goodness-of-fit procedures followed the analysis, and finally, direct and opportunity costs were estimated by adapting the cost-of-quality (PAF) Model.FindingsAround 11% of all maintenance activities are triggered by early failures, and they account for up to US$2.2m during the eight-year period under study, which represents 16% of total maintenance costs. Additionally, opportunity costs represent close to two-thirds of the total costs due to early failures. This was obtained after finding and validating a clear-cut border of 3.5 months between early failures and the rest.Originality/valueFailures in energy grids and power transmission can have a large economic impact on the power industry and the society in general. Thus, the maintenance function in equipment such as current transformers is a crucial entry of the budget of any electric utility. This study is one of the very few that highlights the magnitude and importance of direct and opportunity costs derived from early failures.

DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF RELATED SYNSETS IN WordNet FOR A WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION TASK

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 919-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOSTAS FRAGOS ◽  
YANIS MAISTROS
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reasonable Assumption ◽  
P Value ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sense Disambiguation

This work presents a new method for an unsupervised word sense disambiguation task using WordNet semantic relations. In this method we expand the context of a word being disambiguated with related synsets from the available WordNet relations and study within this set the distribution of the related synset that correspond to each sense of the target word. A single sample Pearson-Chi-Square goodness-of-fit hypothesis test is used to determine whether the null hypothesis of a composite normality PDF is a reasonable assumption for a set of related synsets corresponding to a sense. The calculated p-value from this test is a critical value for deciding the correct sense. The target word is assigned the sense, the related synsets of which are distributed more "abnormally" relative to the other sets of the other senses. Our algorithm is evaluated on English lexical sample data from the Senseval-2 word sense disambiguation competition. Three WordNet relations, antonymy, hyponymy and hypernymy give a distributional set of related synsets for the context that was proved quite a good word sense discriminator, achieving comparable results with the system obtained the better results among the other competing participants.

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