Assessing the soil color by traditional method and a smartphone: a comparison

Based on the hypothesis that there is a high agreement between pedologists and a smartphone application in the assessment of soil color; the objective was to compare the perceptions of pedologists and an application in obtaining the color of an Argissolo [Lixisol] (A, E and B horizons). Ten aggregates of each horizon were collected. In a single day, under the same lighting conditions, three pedologists described the color components (hue, value, and chroma) of each aggregate (dry and moist soil) using the Munsell soil color chart. Each one of the ten aggregates, from each horizon, was photographed (dry and moist soil sequence) using the camera of a Motorola Moto G4 Plus smartphone. The distance of the camera to the aggregates was 25 ± 5 cm. Also, each aggregate was placed on a white sheet of A4 size paper (background). The application used was Soil Analysis Pro. The percentage of agreement between pedologists and application was obtained concerning hue, value, and chroma. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, in a completely randomized design, with ten replicates. Action Stat® software was used for statistical analysis. It was concluded that the agreement between pedologists and the smartphone application was medium for hue and chroma and low for value. For the dry soil condition, there is a high agreement between pedologists and the smartphone application, especially in the perception of hue and chroma. Thus, the smartphone application has the potential to be used in routine descriptions of soil color.

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The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent97401-4 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 97 (4) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roy L. Edwards ◽

Henry T. Epp

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Free Choice ◽

Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Moist Sand ◽

Subsurface Soil ◽

Water Ph ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Oviposition Sites ◽

Different Soils

Abstract Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites. When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods deposited.

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Soil solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants controls clubroot of cauliflowers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9910843 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 843 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

IJ Porter ◽

PR Merriman ◽

PJ Keane

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Water Content ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Combined Treatments ◽

Disease Rating ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Type Water ◽

Soil Fumigants

The effect of solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants on the severity of clubroot and yield of cauliflowers was determined at 2 locations in southern Victoria. The effectiveness of treatments was shown to be dependent on location; on the type, water content and temperature of soil; and on the population density of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Yields were reduced depending upon the disease severity, usually within 60 days after transplanting. Propagules of P. brassicae could survive for more than 28 days in ovens at 45�C when in dry soil but died within 14 days at 40�C in moist soil. At Werribee in 1985 on a red brown earth, solarisation combined with dazomet (100 kg dazomet/ha) gave significantly better control than either treatment alone. This treatment reduced P. brassicae in the 0-10 cm layer, reduced the disease rating from 2.7 to 0.9 (0-3), and increased yield from 2.4 to 47 t/ha compared with controls. In 1986, solarisation combined with 98% methyl bromide-2% chloropicrin (100 and 250 kg/ha) reduced the population density of P. brassicae in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers of soil, reduced the disease rating from 3 to 1.8, and increased yield from 0 to 22 t/ha. These treatments were more effective than solarisation and dazomet used alone or in combination. At Keysborough in 1985 on a grey sand, separate treatments of solarisation or dazomet (100 and 250 kg dazometha) were as effective as combined treatments and significantly reduced disease and increased yields compared to controls. Solarisation combined with either fumigant significantly reduced the distribution and total number of weeds at all sites and was generally more effective than separate treatments.

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Effect of Fertilizer Management on NPKS Leaching Loss from Sandy Loam Soil under Alternate Wetting and Drying Condition

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v20i1.30630 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 59-64

Author(s):

MN Islam ◽

MM Rahman ◽

MJA Mian ◽

MH Ali

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Fertilizer Management ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Leaching Loss ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Dry Soil

Leaching loss of nutrients hampers plant growth and contributes to environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted at the net house of Soil Science Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during January to May 2009 to find out the leaching loss of N, P, K and S from sandy loam soil. Each pot received 6.67 kg dry soil with an opening at the bottom for collecting leachates. Six treatments were used: T0 = control, T1 = NPKS (120, 25, 60 and 20 kg ha-1), T2 = NPKS (180, 37, 90 and 30 kg ha-1), T3 = NPKS (90, 5, 28 and 17 kg ha-1) + cowdung (2.5 t ha-1), T4 = NPKS (109, 25, 60 and 20 kg ha-1, N as USG) and T5 = as T1 but N applied as foliar spray. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Leachates were collected at 15 days interval for determination of NPKS. The total leaching loss of N, P, K and S due to different treatments ranged from 16.00 to 90.21, 0.07 to 0.29, 9.60 to 11.20 and 3.75 to 17.81 kg ha-1, respectively. Application of chemical fertilizer at higher rates resulted in greater loss of nutrients. Integrated fertilizer management with cowdung (T3) minimized such losses. Use of USG also reduced leaching loss of N, P, K and S. The application of cowdung and USG with recommended balanced fertilizer might be useful for minimizing N, P, K and S loss from wetland rice field.Bangladesh Rice j. 2016, 20(1): 59-64

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Pertumbuhan Semai Sengon (Paraserianthes Falcataria (L.) Nielsen) Pada Media Tanah Bekas Tambang Kapur Dengan Penambahan Pupuk Kompos Dan NPK

Journal of Tropical Silviculture ◽

10.29244/j-siltrop.10.1.51-57 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Basuki Wasis ◽

Siti Halimatus Sa'idah

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Major Effect ◽

Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽

Soil Medium ◽

Mining Sites ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Npk Fertilizer

Limestone mining activities are damaging soil and enviroment. Revegetation becomes an obligation on every mining sites. Paraserianthes falcataria is one of many species that suitable to be planted in revegetation site. Adding compost and NPK fertilizer can improve soil’s condition. This research objective is to analyze the effect of compost and NPK fertilizer on Paraserianthes falcataria seedlings growth and the exact appropriate dosage for limestone mining’s soil condition improvement. The design used in this research is completely randomized design with two factors. The result shows that addtion of compost on tailing media doesn’t give major effect or statistically not significant on seedling growth of height, diameter, the amount of root nodules, and shoot-root ratio, but statistically significant on wet and dry weight of the seedlings. NPK fertilizer addition on tailing media is statistically significant on the seedling growth of diameter, wet weight, and shoot-root ratio, but not significant different on height, dry weight, and the amount of root nodules. Interaction between compost and NPK fertilizer on media gives effect only at 95% of confidence level. K1N5 sample (with 100 gram composts and 5 gram of NPK fertilizer) gives the best respond on seedling’s growth. Very high levels of Ca in the soil medium will be toxic to the Paraserianthes Falcataria plant.Keywords: Compost, limestone mining, NPK fertilizer, Paraserianthes falcataria

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Soil Resistivity Measurements to Predict Moisture Content and Density in Loose and Dense Soil

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.911 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 353-356 ◽

pp. 911-917 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohd Hazreek Zainal Abidin ◽

Fauziah Ahmad ◽

Devapriya Chitral Wijeyesekera ◽

Rosli Saad ◽

Mohamad Faizal Tajul Baharuddin

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Water Usage ◽

Soil Resistivity ◽

Geotechnical Parameters ◽

Clayey Silt ◽

Wide Range ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Resistivity Meter ◽

Soil Electrical Resistivity

In the past, most of the soil electrical resistivity charts were developed based on stand-alone geomaterial classification with minimal contribution to its relationship to some of geotechnical parameters. Furthermore, the values cited a very wide range of resistivity with sometimes overlapping values and having little significance to specific soil condition. As a result, it created some ambiguities during the interpretation of observations which were traditionally based on qualitative anomaly judgments of experts and experienced people. Hence, this study presents soil resistivity values based on laboratory experiment with a view to predict the soil moisture content and density in loose and dense soils. This study used a soil box and a resistivity meter to test a clayey silt soil, increasing its water usage from 1-3% based on 1500 gram of dry soil. All the moisture contents and density data were observed concurrently with 25 electrical soil resistance observations being made on the soil. All testing and formula used were in accordance with that specified in BS1377 (1990). It was apparent that the soil resistivity value was different under loose (L) and compact (C) condition with moisture content (w) and density (ρbulk) correlations being established as follows; ρbulk(C) = 2.5991ρ-0.037, ρbulk (L) = -0.111 ln (ρ) + 1.7605, w(L) = 109.98ρ-0.268, and w(C) = 121.88ρ-0.363 with determination coefficients, R2 that ranged between 0.69 0.89. This research therefore contributes a means of predicting these geotechnical parameters by related persons such as geophysicist, engineers and geologist who use these resistivity techniques in ground exploration.

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Study on Soil Properties towards Formation of High Quality Agarwood Resin in Aquilaria crassna

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1025 ◽

pp. 110-115

Author(s):

Mohd Syafik Mohamad Hamdan ◽

Mohd Azrul Hisham Ismail ◽

Siti Hajar Noor Shaarani ◽

Saiful Nizam bin Tajuddin

Keyword(s):

Soil Analysis ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Market Demand ◽

High Quality ◽

Induction Technique ◽

Chemical Profiles ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Agarwood Resin ◽

Aquilaria Crassna

Agarwood has been used for its fragrance and medicinal properties in Asian culture for centuries. In recent years, agarwood gains its popularity in the west due to its usage in perfume formulation. Unfortunately its supply not meets the augmentation market demand. This is mostly because of depleting nature agarwood reservoir and lack of induction technique that can produce agarwood consistently in the plantation. In this study, we look into a case where artificial inducing technique successfully produced high quality agarwood. To assure its quality, agarwood chip was analysed by Gas Chromatography for its chemical profiles. Discovered compounds were identified as sesquiterpene group which also had been characterized as major agarwood compound listed on previous studies. Few compounds that are detected such as δ-cadinene (0.20%), jinkoh-eremol (22.09%), epi-α-cadinol (4.74%), agarospirol (3.75%) and others. Soil condition that contributes into this agarwood formation; soil analysis on physical properties, chemical properties and nutrients content of the soil have been analyzed. Based on the findings, soil condition is an important factor to successfully induced high quality agarwood.

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Effect of soil drought on evapotranspiration of a young spruce forest

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/11871-jfs ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 166-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. Matejka ◽

J. Rožnovský ◽

T. Hurtalová ◽

D. Janouš

Keyword(s):

Water Regime ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Global Radiation ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Soil Drought ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Dry Period ◽

Soil Desiccation ◽

Dry Soil

Daily courses of the actual transpiration of a forest stand were determined by an experimentally verified mathematical Soil – Vegetation – Atmosphere Transfer model. The results refer to the Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) monoculture situated in the highest locations of the Beskids Mts. Drought-free transpiration was estimated as a model simulation run for nonlimiting soil moisture exceeding the level of decreased availability of water. Drought-induced reduction in transpiration was quantified as a difference between actual transpiration and simulated transpiration for moist soil. The results led to conclusions that dry soil causes a significant reduction in actual evapotranspiration and its components in comparison with moist soil. Simultaneously, the effect of soil desiccation was compensated by extremely high evaporative demands of the atmosphere, so that the daily totals of evapotranspiration and its components remained sufficiently high. The high values of global radiation and saturation deficit in the air favourably influenced the water regime of the analysed forest stand in the dry period.

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CONTROL OF CUTWORMS IN ASPARAGUS FIELDS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps57-013 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 108-112

Author(s):

F. L. Banham ◽

R. H. Handford

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Euxoa Ochrogaster ◽

Dry Soil

Emulsions of dieldrin, aldrin, isodrin, toxaphene and chlordane applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of about 4 inches proved highly effective in controlling the red-back cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guen.) when tested in asparagus fields in the interior of British Columbia in the summer of 1953 and 1954. In 1953 aldrin emulsion mixed with the soil was much more effective than when it was left on the soil surface, Bran bait containing paris green, although giving fairly satisfactory control, was less effective and slower in action than the emulsions. In 1952, dieldrin, aldrin, and isodrin dusts, applied to the soil surface, were superior to and faster in action than bran baits containing aldrin or endrin; all of the 1952 treatments were apparently slower in action in dry soil than in relatively moist soil. A survey of asparagus fields treated by growers in 1953 but not in 1954 indicated that aldrin emulsion, mixed with the soil at about 4 lb. of toxicant per acre, protects asparagus for at least two years.

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Pilot Study of the EncephaLog Smartphone Application for Gait Analysis

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19235179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (23) ◽

pp. 5179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keren Tchelet ◽

Alit Stark-Inbar ◽

Ziv Yekutieli

Keyword(s):

Gait Analysis ◽

Completion Time ◽

Wearable Sensors ◽

Smartphone Application ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

High Agreement ◽

Clinical Biomarker ◽

Study Population ◽

Clinical Conditions ◽

The Cost

Gait disorders and falls are common in elders and in many clinical conditions, yet they are typically infrequently and subjectively evaluated, limiting prevention and intervention. Completion-time of the Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) test is a well-accepted clinical biomarker for rating mobility and prediction of falls risk. Using smartphones’ integral accelerometers and gyroscopes, we already demonstrated that TUG completion-time can be accurately measured via a smartphone app. Here we present an extended app, EncephaLogTM, which provides gait analysis in much more detail, offering 9 additional gait biomarkers on top of the TUG completion-time. In this pilot, four healthy adults participated in a total of 32 TUG tests; simultaneously recorded by EncephaLog and motion sensor devices used in movement labs: motion capture cameras (MCC), pressure mat; and/or wearable sensors. Results show high agreement between EncephaLog biomarkers and those measured by the other devices. These preliminary results suggest that EncephaLog can provide an accurate, yet simpler, instrumented TUG (iTUG) platform than existing alternatives, offering a solution for clinics that cannot afford the cost or space required for a dedicated motion lab and for monitoring patients at their homes. Further research on a larger study population with pathologies is required to assess full validity.

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The determination of the size distribution of soil clods and crumbs

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600047985 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 210-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E. W. Russell ◽

R. V. Tamhane

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Maximum Amount ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Personal Factor ◽

Water Stable Aggregates ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

The Individual ◽

And Training

1. It is possible to determine the size distribution of clods in the field by simple sieving of the soil without any pre-treatment provided the soil is not too wet. There is a personal factor involved in the sieving, but with care and training this will not affect comparisons of results obtained by that person. If the soil is too wet the individual clods smaller than 3 mm. stick together on the 3 mm. sieve. This sticking together is first apparent on the 3 mm. sieve but may become appreciable on the ¼ in. (6 mm.) sieve. No certain way was found for overcoming this difficulty.2. There appears to be no best method for determining the size distribution of the soil crumbs, i.e. of the water-stable aggregates in the soil. The method and the technique must be chosen so as to give the maximum amount of useful information. If an appreciable proportion of the crumbs are larger than ½ mm., a water-sieving method is practically essential.3. The method of wetting to be used can only be chosen from a consideration of what information is wanted. If possible it would be desirable for general purposes to use a very slow or a vacuum wetting technique and a very rapid wetting technique such as wetting the soil by immersion in water.4. The decision whether air-dry or field-moist soil should be used depends entirely on the information needed. For general purposes the use of air-dry soil is recommended.

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