Effect of Spraying Glyphosate Herbicide on Solanum elaeagnifolium in Uncultivated Fields and on Physicochemical and Biological Soil Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-308
Author(s):  
Faten Bakkour ◽  
◽  
Anwar Meamar ◽  
Zakaria El- Naser ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Bakkour, F., A. El-Meamar and Z. El-Naser. 2021. Effect of Spraying Glyphosate Herbicide on Solanum elaeagnifolium in Uncultivated Fields and on Physicochemical and Biological Soil Characteristics. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 296-308. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.296308 Glyphosate herbicide is used in uncultivated fields infested with Solanum elaeagnifolium plants several times a year in all Syrian governorates by the Ministry of Agriculture. This research aimed to study the effect of repeated spraying of glyphosate in uncultivated fields in five different locations in the Syrian governorates, Deir Ezzor (Tebni), Aleppo (Dakwani), Hama (Bostan AL-Omahat), Homs (ALZahoria) and Rural Damascus (Bohter) during the period 2017-2020, on the physiochemical and biological characteristics of the treated soils. Herbicide residues were measured in the leaves of the treated Solanum elaeagnifolium plants and in the soils surrounding the roots of the Solanum elaeagnifolium plants. It was found that the repetition of the pesticide spray 3 and 6 times during the study period did not alter the physical composition, salinity, pH and calcium carbonate content in all study locations. Whereas, spraying glyphosate 3 and 6 times increased the percentage of organic matter and phosphorus available, with a significant difference with the control. The values of available phosphorous after 6 pesticide spray applications reached 176, 203, 196, 227 and 205 mg/kg of soil in Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Rural Damascus, respectively. In addition, repeated spraying with glyphosate of the treated soils led to increase the average general bacteria and fungi populations. These indicators were increased with the increase in the number of pesticide sprays applied. Furthermore, the pesticide residues increased in the soil and Solanum elaeagnifolium leaves with the increase in number of pesticide sprays. Pesticide residue values after 6 sprays were 1.72, 3.53, 4.89, 4.43 and 2.29 mg/kg of soil in Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Rural Damascus locations, respectively. Keywords: Glyphosate, S. elaeagnifolium, residues, microorganisms, soil.

scholarly journals 178 Differences in Grape Phylloxera-related Grapevine Root Damage in Organically and Conventionally Managed Vineyards in California

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 472F-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Lotter ◽  
J. Granett ◽  
A.D. Omer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Organically Managed

Secondary infection of roots by fungal pathogens is a primary cause of vine damage in phylloxera-infested grapevines. In summer and fall surveys in 1997 and 1998, grapevine root samples were taken from organically managed vineyards (OMVs) and from conventionally managed vineyards (CMVs), all of which were phylloxera-infested. In both years, root samples from OMVs showed significantly less fungal pathogen-caused root necrosis than samples from CMVs, averaging 9% in OMVs and 31% in CMVs. There was no significant difference in phylloxera populations per 100 g of root between OMVs and CMVs, although there was a trend toward higher populations in CMVs. Soil characteristics, percent organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate, and percent sand/silt/clay were not significantly different between the two regimes. Cultures of necrotic root tissue showed significantly higher levels of the benefical fungus Trichoderma in OMVs in 1997 but not in 1998, and there were significantly higher levels of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon spp. in CMVs in 1998 but not in 1997. Implications for further research and viticulture are discussed.

A source of error in the estimation of the organic matter content of samples containing calcium carbonate

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
The Difference

The conventional method for the determination of the organic matter content of diets and faeces is by ashing the sample at 550 °C (A.O.A.C, 1965)Organic matter (O.M.) = dry matter (D.M.)–ash.If the sample contains calcium carbonate, then some of this carbonate will be converted to oxide (Vogel, 1951) and the weight of carbon dioxide evolved will be calculated as organic matter. The amount of carbonate converted will be dependent upon the temperature at which the sample is ashed and the duration of the ashing process. We have found (Ørskov, Hovell & Allen, 1966; Hovell & Greenhalgh, 1972) that when calcium salts of volatile fatty acids are included in diets given to sheep, most of the calcium is excreted in the faeces as carbonate, and since apparent digestibility is the difference between the amounts of nutrient ingested and excreted, the estimation of the apparent digestibility of organic matter will be in error if no correction is made for the high calcium carbonate content of the faeces. For example, a diet which contained 9·2% of calcium acetate had a true organic matterapparent digestibility of 86·8%. Had no correction been made this would have been estimated as 84·9%.

Fractions of soil boron: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PADBHUSHAN ◽  
D. KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Chemical Forms

SUMMARYKnowledge of different fractions and availability of boron (B) is essential while studying the response of crops to B. Fractionation provides information about the chemistry of B and quantifies its bioavailability. Such information is potentially valuable for predicting bioavailability, B leaching, dynamics, transformation between chemical forms in soils and environmental impacts. Total B (T-B) is quantified into five fractions: readily soluble (Rs-B), specifically adsorbed (Spa-B), oxide bound (Ox-B), organically bound (Org-B) and residual B (Res-B). Of these, Rs-B is the fraction present in soil solution and adsorbed weakly by soil particles, and is most readily available for plant uptake. It accounts for 1–2% of T-B. The second most plant available form is Spa-B; it may be adsorbed onto clay surfaces or associated with organic matter (OM) in soil. The remaining fractions, Ox-B, Org-B and Res-B, are unavailable for plant uptake. The major portion (generally 87·4–99·7%) of T-B is composed of Res-B. Overall, the relative proportion of B in various fractions is in the order of Res B > Org-B > Spa-B > Rs-B > Ox-B. Several factors such as soil pH, soil OM, clay minerals, iron and aluminium oxides and calcium carbonate content may change the relative proportion of B in various fractions and the transformations among different soil B fractions. Some of the B fractions are correlated with others and exhibit responses in terms of plant growth. Non-specifically adsorbed (Nsa-B) and Spa-B are positively and significantly correlated to some sub-fractions of Ox-B, such as B occluded in manganese oxyhydroxides (Moh-B). The most readily available forms of B for plants are Nsa-B, Spa-B and Moh-B.

scholarly journals Determination of the Atterberg Limits of Eemian Gyttja on Samples with Different Composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Goławska ◽  
Zbigniew Lechowicz ◽  
Władysław Matusiewicz ◽  
Maria Jolanta Sulewska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Content

AbstractThe paper presents the results of laboratory tests of plastic limit wP and liquid limit wL of Eemian gyttja characterized by different organic matter content Iom and calcium carbonate content CaCO3. Comparison of the liquid limit wL determined with the use of the Casagrande apparatus wLC and a cone penetrometer with cones having apex angles of 60° wL60 and 30° wL30 is shown. Based on statistical analysis of the test results, single- and two-factor empirical relationships for evaluating the plastic limit wP and liquid limit wL of Eemian gyttja depending on the organic matter content Iom and/or calcium carbonate content CaCO3 are presented in this study.

scholarly journals Effect of [N-(Phosphonomethl)-glycine] (Glyphosate) Herbicide on Soil Microbial Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Halima Isa ◽  
Mohammed Bashir ◽  
Maryam Ibraheem ◽  
Aisha Mahmud Marafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Capital City ◽  
P Value ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Soil Microbial Population

Aims: To determine the effect of [N-(phosphonomethl)-glycine] (glyphosate) herbicide on soil bacterial and fungal population. Study Design:The effect glyphosate herbicide on soil microorganisms population on 2 different farm land was determined by Isolation of bacteria and fungi from untreated and Glyphosate herbicide treated soils using Nutrient agar and Potatoes dextrose agar (PDA) for the bacteria and fungi respectively. The number of bacteria and fungi present in both treated and untreated soil was then enumerated and the isolates determined. Place and Duration of Study: The study is a cross sectional research and was conducted on two Farm lands located at Yola capital city of Adamawa state Nigeria wheresoil samples were collected and Microbiology laboratory of Modibbo Adama University Yola were the sample was processed and analyzed. The study was conducted from February to May of 2021. Methodology: Bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil samples before and after treatment of the soils with N-(phosphonomethl)-glycine(Glyphosate) herbicide at different concentration, the bacteria and fungi populations isolated both before and after the treatment were compared. Results: The study showed that Glyphosate herbicide caused reduction in the bacterial and fungal count from 3 days of treatment up to 15 days. The bacterial count reduced from 6.1x108cfu/g in the untreated soil to 1.6x108cfu/g on the treatment. Also the fungal count reduced from 1.0x108cfu/g in the untreated soil to 5.0x107cfu/g after 15days of soil treatment. Both the bacterial and fungal count continues to show a gradual decrease up to 15 days in the treated soil. However, several bacteria and fungi were isolated with Bacillus spp. and Micrococcus spp. having the bacteria with highest occurrence with 42(19.91%) and Aspergillusspp. as the fungi with the highest occurrence with 12(42.85%). Statistical analysis of the data obtained indicated that At 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference in the population of bacteria and fungi before and after the soil treatment P-value(T˃t)=.001 Conclusion: The study revealed that Glyphosate herbicide has a negative effect on soil bacteria and fungi population.

scholarly journals Carbonate Beach Sand of Abaiang Atoll, Kiribati: Geochemistry, Biogenic Sources, and Properties

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Joanna C. Ellison ◽  
Paul Han ◽  
Trevor W. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Beach Sediment ◽  
Longshore Drift ◽  
Sand Supply ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Near Shore

Sandy beaches are critical resources for low-lying Pacific atoll communities, providing protection during storms, and land area for many coastal villages. Information on the nature of atoll beach sediment, its geochemistry and composition, can help to establish priorities to effectively protect the sources of Pacific island beach sediment. To understand sand sources, this study evaluated its physical characteristics including grain-size, geochemistry and composition, from windward and leeward beach profiles around Abaiang Atoll, Kiribati. Beach sand was >99% carbonate, averaging 37% coral fragments, 30% mollusc shells, 12% foraminifera, and 20% calcareous algae. Significant differences were found between reef and lagoonal sites in proportions of coral and mollusc fragments and foraminifera tests, with lagoon beaches having higher mollusc and coral proportions and lower foraminifera relative to reef beaches. This is attributed to high foraminiferal productivity offshore of reef beaches, and taphonomic durability of coral fragments in longshore drift into the lagoon. Mean sediment diameter increased from the upper to lower beaches at all sites, but fine sediment was lacking, attributed to its dissolution by rainfall and groundwater outflow. Geochemical analysis showed a mean of 84% Ca-Mg carbonates, of which 80% was calcium carbonate. There was no significant difference in the mean calcium percentage or calcium carbonate composition of the sediment between lagoon and reef beach sediment sources. Magnesium and magnesium carbonate content were significantly higher at reef sites relative to lagoon sites, attributed to higher proportions of foraminifera. Sediment-producing near shore habitats are critical to village protection through provision of beach sand, and this study shows the need to better conserve and manage coral reefs and habitats such as lagoon seagrass beds, to ensure continued atoll beach sand supply.

The Physicochemical Properties of Soils in Tea Gardens Affected by Vermicompost and Lime Applications During Different Time Periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Shabanpour ◽  
Azadeh Sedaghat ◽  
Parvin Rousta ◽  
Reza Ebrahimi ◽  
Ahmad Shirinfekr
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The organic matter content has significantly decreased in some of the tea gardens in north of Iran, thereforeresulting in degradation of their physical and chemical properties. An experiment was conducted in two tea gardens in order to investigate the effect of lime and vermicompost on soil's physical and chemical properties. The studied tea soils were located in Gilan province (Bazkiyagorab and Azbaram) in Iran (with clay loam and sandy loam texture). Vermicompost was applied in 3 levels of 0, 2.5% and 5% and lime was applied in two levels of 0 and 0.5%. The measurements were carried out three times (after 0, 90 and 180 days). The results showed that lime and vermicompost application has significantly affected the calcium carbonate content, pH, the electrical conductivity (EC) and the soil organic matter (SOM) content in the studied soils. Lime application significantly increased the infiltration rate (P<0.01). Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in the Azbaram station soil showed that 5% vermicompost and 0.5% lime with an average of 5.49 (mm h-1) had the highest infiltration rate (IR) and had a significant difference with the other treatments. Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in Basquegorob garden showed that the treatment of 5% vermicompost with 0.5% lime, the time stage of 180 days with an average density of 1.11 (g cm-3) had the lowest bulk density (BD) and was significantly different from other levels. It seems that the simultaneous presence of lime and vermicompost and their effect on improving the soil structure and increasing porosity, leads to reduction of the soil's bulk density. The results obtained in this study have clearly indicated that the simultaneous applications of vermicompost and lime is an effective way to improve soil physical and chemical properties. However, the real potential of the amendments used in this experiment should be further assessed under field conditions using a test crop.

scholarly journals Effects of Reclaimed Water Irrigation On The Soil Characteristics And Microbial Populations of Plant Rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Liang ◽  
Xiao Jingan ◽  
Sun Liying
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Microbial Population ◽  
Reclaimed Water Irrigation

Abstract In this paper, the effects of irrigation with different water quality on the soil characteristics of 8 kinds of garden plants were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH (ranging at 7.76–8.73) had no significant difference in different soils compared with the contrast treatment. Under the reclaimed water irrigation, the content of soil total salinity, chloride ions and water soluble sodium in soil of most plants was averagely 160.3%, 83.3% and 67.5% higher than that of tap water, respectively. The influences of reclaimed water irrigation on soil nutrients were changed with the types of plants. The content of soil organic matter and the available potassium showed no significant differences in most plants. Compared with the tap water irrigation, the content of alkaline nitrogen in in 5 plants increased (averagely 25.8%) after 5-year irrigation with reclaimed water. In terms of soil microorganism, the increase of soil microbial population, including bacteria, fungus and Actinomycetes, has been promoted by different levels of reclaimed water irrigation, showing increasing trend with the increasing content of reclaimed water from 0%, 50–100%. Moreover, the number of bacteria and fugus is closely related with the content of soil organic matter, available potassium and effective phosphorus. However, the number of Actinomycetes is determined by the content of available potassium.

The Effects of a Wildfire on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties in an Eucalyptus urophylla Forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2492-2497
Author(s):  
Gan Wen Lie ◽  
Long Hua Ye ◽  
Hai Yong Bao ◽  
Hong Yue Chen ◽  
Li Xue
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Available P ◽  
Total N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Total P ◽  
Burned Forest

In this study, soil pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K, number of microorganism and enzyme activity were studied in a burnedE. urophyllaforest (the burned forest) and an unburned adjacentE. urophyllaforest (the control) in Dongyuan County, Guangdong Province, China. This study aims at investigating the effects of a single wildfire on soil properties of anE. urophyllaforest to provide basis for the recovery of soil fertility and management of burnedE. urophyllaforests. Significant differences were observed between the burned forest and the control in most of chemical properties. The wildfire significantly decreased the soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K by 32.8%, 33.6%, 36.8%, 35.2%, 25.0% and 28.5%, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed in soil pH and available P. The numbers of bacteria and fungi in burned forest were significant lower than those of the control, while there was no difference in actinomycetes between the two forests. The urease, phosphatase and catalase activities were statistically significant lower than those of the control. The results suggested that there were significant effects on theE. urophyllaforest 1 year after the wildfire and the recovery from the wildfire may take a long time.

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