scholarly journals Starch Catabolism Revealed during Secondary Metabolite Released Under Vascular Streak Dieback Infections in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teguh Iman Santoso ◽  
M. Miftahudin ◽  
Yohana C Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Suryo Wiyono ◽  
Fakhrusy Zakariyya
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistant Clone ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Susceptible Clone ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

This study aimed to study the profile of starch content in cocoa leaf and phytoalexin production based on GC-MS analysis at several stages of VSD pathogen infection. Research was conducted on January – October 2015 at Kaliwining Experimental Field, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java. The research was designed based on a Completely Randomized Block Design with two factors with three replications. The first factor was clone, i.e. the resistant clone (Scavina 6) and susceptible (TSH 858) to VSD infection. The second factor was the level of O. theobromae infection, i.e. pre-infection, early infection, and late infection. Starch catabolism revealed during Vascular Streak Dieback infections in Cacao. Starch content in Sca 6 (resistant clone) in late infection decreased 24,33 % than healthy condition (no infection), however, starch content in TSH 858 (succeptible clone) in late infection decreased only 9,63 % than healthy condition (no infection). This indicated that starch catabolism rate on resistant clone was higher than susceptible clone. Some secondary metabolites releases under Vascular Streak Dieback i.e. I-limonene, eugenol and coumaran. Scavina 6 (resistant clone) had higher concentration of eugenol and coumaran than TSH 858 (susceptible clone). I-limonene compound, TSH 858 (Susceptible clone) had higher concentration than Scavina 6. I-Limonene concentration increased in lined with the severity of pathogen infection. There were an negative correlation between starch content with contentration of I-limonene (R= - 0,74), concentration of Eugenol (R= - 0,44), and contentration of Coumaran.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kompos dan Mikoriza Terhadap Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao ( Theobroma cacao. L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Vina Utami ◽  
Ilyas Ilyas ◽  
Munawar Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Glomus Sp

Abstrak. Pemberian kompos dan mikoriza merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit kakao dan dapat memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial yang terdiri atas dua faktor ( kompos dan  jenis mikoriza) dengan pola 3 x 3 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor tunggal kompos berpengaruh nyata terhadap N-total dan tinggi tanaman namun tidak nyata terhadap pH, C- organik, P- tersedia, Kdd, KTK, diameter batang dan luas daun. Perlakuan mikoriza secara tunggal  serta kombinasi antara kompos dan mikoriza tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap sifat kimia tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu 30 g kompos dan 10 g jenis mikoriza Glomus sp + Giga spora. The Effect of  Compost and Mycorrhizal on Changes in  Soil Chemical Properties and Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)Abstract. Provision of compost and mycorrhizae is one alternative to increase the growth of cacao seedlings and can improve soil chemical properties. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors (compost and mycorrhizal type) with a 3 x 3 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the single compost factor had a significant effect on total N and plant height but was not significant for pH, organic matter, P-available, Kdd, CEC, stem diameter and leaf area. Single mycorrhizal treatment and the combination of compost and mycorrhizae did not significantly affect soil chemistry and plant growth. The best treatments were 30 g of compost and 10 g of mycorrhizal Glomus sp + Giga spore

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada Berbagai Jenis Klon dan Jenis Pupuk Kandang

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Leni Sri Widyastuti ◽  
Yonathan Parapasan ◽  
Made Same
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Several factors that affect production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of which is the quality of seedlings. The quality of seedlings is affected by the type of clones and the composition of the planting media. This study aims to obtain the influence of clone types and types of manure, as well as the interaction between clone types and types of manure on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The study was conducted in the field of practices and Laboratory of the State Polytechnic of Lampung, in January to June 2017. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial pattern consisting of two factors. The first factor is the type of clone consisting of three levels, namely K1 = TSH clone 858, K2 = ICS 60, and K3 = TSH 908. The second factor consists of four levels namely P0 = Control, P1 = Chicken Manure, P2 = Cow Manure , and P3 = Goat Manure. The results showed that the use of TSH 858, ICS 60, and TSH 908 clones had the same effect on all observed variables. However, the use of manure has a significant effect on each variable, but the amount of leaf chlorophyll is relatively the same between clone types and types of manure, there are interactions between clone types and types of manure.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Konsentrasi Liquor Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Karakteristik Krim Berbahan Aktif Ekstrak Kunyit dan Daun Asam

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Monica Rusiyantoro ◽  
Sri Mulyani ◽  
I Wayan Arnata
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Separation Ratio ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The concentrations of cocoa liquor is an alternative to increase phenolic compounds and at the same time as a natural coloring agent in creams. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of the cocoa liquor on the characteristics of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves and to determine the cocoa liquor concentration to produce the best characteristics of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves. This study used a randomized block design with 6 levels of cocoa liquor concentration of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. The variables observed were homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, separation ratio, adhesion, L*, a*, b* color test, and total phenol of the cream. The results showed that the treatment of cocoa liquor concentration had a very significant effect on pH, viscosity, adhesion, dispersion, L*, a*, b* color tes, total phenol test, and organoleptic color test. Meanwhile, the treatment of cocoa liquor concentration had a significant effect on the separation ratio of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaf. The results of this study indicate that the concentration of cocoa liquor as much as 4% produces a cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves with the best characteristics that are homogeneous with pH 6.13, viscosity 15333cp and, adhesion 2.39sec, spreadability 7.18cm, separation ratio 0.95, color test values L * 15.39, the values of a * 11.55, the values of b * 13.92, with the organoleptic test for color preferences 5.1. Keywords: Liquor cacao, turmeric, tamarind leave, cream characteristics

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Ekstrak Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
I Wayan Gde Angga Prasetya ◽  
G.P. Ganda Putra ◽  
Luh Putu Wrasiati
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Variant Analysis ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa bean husk is a waste of cocoa processing that is large enough and has not been used optimally. Cocoa bean husk waste can be used more optimally by extracting polyphenol compound and used as natural antioxidant. This research aims to determine the effect of the type of solvent and maceration time of cocoa bean husk extract as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best type of solvent and maceration time to produce cocoa bean husk extract as a source of antioxidants. This experiment uses a randomized block design with two factors. The first factor is the type of solvent consisting of methanol 95 percent, ethanol 96 percent and acetone 90 percent. The second factor is the maceration time consisting of 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data is analyzed by variant analysis and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the type of solvent and maceration time is a very significant effect on yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity. The interaction between treatment is a very significant effect on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but did not significantly affect the yield of cocoa bean husk extract. The best treatment to produce cocoa bean husk extract as a source of antioxidants is using ethanol solvent and maceration time for 48 hours with a yield characteristic 11.72±0.45 percent, a total phenolic at 80.76±1.12 mg of GAE/g and Antioxidant capacity 49.55±1.13 mg GAEAC/g. Keywords : cocoa bean husk, extraction, solvent, antioxidants.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Green Tonic dan Pupuk NPK Mutiara Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Tanaman Kakao Forestero (Theobroma cacao L)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ivan Wahyudi ◽  
Mahdalena Mahdalena ◽  
Hamidah Hamidah
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The Effect of Green Tonic Fertilizer and Pearl NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Forestero Cocoa Plant Seeds (Theobroma cacao L) The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Green Tonic, NPK Mutiara and the extraction of Green Tonic and NPK Mutiara on cocoa seedling growth. This research was carried out at Gunung Panjang Samarinda Seberang East Borneo. with a time of ± 3 months, starting from April to July 2016. The design of the study used factorial randomized block design (RCBD) 4 x 4 with a number of replications 3 times, with factorial analysis. The treatment consists of 2 factors. The first factor is the administration of POC Green Tonic consisting of 4 levels, namely: p0: Without treatment, p1: 2 ml / 1 Liter of Green Tonic Concentration, p2: 3 ml / 1 Liter of Water Tonic Concentration, p3: 4 ml Green Tonic Concentration / 1 Liter of Water, The second factor was the administration of NPK Mutiara consisting of 4 levels, namely: v0: Without treatment, v1: Giving NPK Mutiara Fertilizer 50 grams / polybag, v2: Giving NPK Mutiara Fertilizer 100 grams / polybag, v3: Giving NPK Fertilizer Pearl 150 grams / polybag. From the analysis of variance showed that the effect of giving green tonic liquid organic fertilizer (P) was the best on the parameters of stem diameter of 30 DAP and 60 DAP of cocoa plants achieved by the treatment of p3 (4 ml / 1 Liter of Water Green Tonic Concentration), NPK Mutiara fertilizer (V) the best in the parameters of plant height 30 DAP, 60 DAP and 90 DAP, stem diameter 30 DAP and 90 DAP, number of leaf 60 DAP, leaf area 30 DAP cocoa plants achieved by v3 (Giving NPK Pearl Fertilizer 150 gram / polybag) while for stem diameter 60 DAP, number of leaves 30 DAP achieved by v1 (Giving NPK Mutiara Fertilizer 50 g / polybag), for the number of leaves 90 DAP, the area of Leaves 60 DAP and 90 DAP achieved by v2 (Giving NPK Pearl Fertilizer 100 g / polybag), The best interaction of POC green tonic and NPK pearl (PV) fertilizer on stem diameter parameters 30 DAP and 60 DAP, number of leaves of 90 DAP, leaf area of 60 DAP and 90 DAP was achieved by p3v2 (4 ml / 1 Liter Water + Green Tonic Concentration Pearl NPK fertilizer 100 grams / polybag. The difference for 30 HST leaf area is achieved by p1v3 (2 Ton / 1 Liter Water + Green Tonic Concentration + 150 gram Pearl NPK Fertilizer / polybag). 

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pupuk Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Dan Pupuk Tablet Terhadap Produksi Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Muhamad Eza Suprapto ◽  
Santi Rosniawaty ◽  
Mira Ariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Tree Number ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa is one of the estate crop whose role is quite important for the national economy, particularly as a provider of employment,  income and foreign exchange. The high export opportunities of cocoa beans has not been followed by the production of cocoa beans in Indonesian. The production of dried cacao  beans in Indonesia is still low. The low productivity of seeds generally caused by  Cherelle wilt of cacao. Wilting occurs due to inability of the cherelle to compete with the other cherelle in absorbing nutrients. Fertilization is an effort to maintain and fulfill the nutrients in the plants. This research is aimed to assess the effect of fertilization using cocoa pod husk and NPK tablets fertilization on cocoa crop yields. This experiment was conducted at PT. PP. Bajabang Indonesia, Cipeundeuy, West Bandung regency from December 2016 to March 2017. The experiment was conducted using a Simple Randomized Block Design that consists 10 treatments: control, single N, P, K fertilizer  297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree, cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer  297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree  + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree,  cocoa pod husk  9 kg/tree  +  NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/ tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/ tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree. The result of experiment showed that there was an influence of cocoa pod husk and NPK tablet fertilizer on cocoa fruit weight at 12 MSP, that is cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree  +  NPK  tablet fertilizer 20  tablets/tree.  Number of cherelle wilted  at 12 MSP with cocoa pod  husk 9 kg/tree  +  NPK  tablet fertilizer 20  tablets/tree.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Ekstrak Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Suhu dan Waktu Maserasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Meia Dewi ◽  
G.P. Ganda Putra ◽  
Luh Putu Wrasiati
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Polyphenol Compounds ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa bean husk is a waste of cocoa processing that is large enough and has not been used optimally. Cocoa bean husk can be used as a natural antioxidant by extracting the polyphenol compounds. This research aim to find out the effect of temperature and maceration time on the of cocoa bean husk extracts as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best temperature and time of maceration to produce cocoa bean husk extract as a source of antioxidants. This experiment used a factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was maceration temperature consisting of 30±2?C, 40±2?C, dan 50±2?C. The second factor was maceration time consisting of 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data was analysed by analysis of variant and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that maceration temperature had a very significant effect, while maceration time had a significant effect on yield, total phenolic, and antioxidant capacity. whereas the interaction between treatments had no significant effect on yield, total phenolic, and antioxidant capacity. The best treatment to produce cocoa bean husk extract as a source of antioxidants is to use a maceration temperature of 50±2?C and a maceration time of 48 hours with a yield characteristic of 2,77 percent, a total phenolic value of 72,35 mg GAE / g, and a capacity antioxidants amounting to 17,45 mg GAEAC / g, Keywords : cocoa bean husk, extraction, polyphenol, antioxidant.

scholarly journals Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Teguh Iman Santoso ◽  
Muhammad Miftahudin ◽  
Yohana C Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Suryo Wiyono
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Resistant Clone ◽  
Susceptible Clone ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Belum Menghasilkan pada Pemberian Pupuk NPK Phonska

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Purwati Purwati
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Difference Test ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The aim of the study was to determine the growth of immature cocoa plants in the provision of NPK phonka fertilizer. This research was conducted from February to May 2016 in North Samarinda District, East Kalimantan. The study used a randomized block design with five replications. The treatment of NPK Phonska fertilizer (N) consists of 3 levels, namely control (n0), 250 g / plant (n1), 500 g / plant (n2). Data were analyzed statistically and tested further with the smallest significant difference test (LSD) at the level of 5%. The results showed that the best growth of cocoa plants was the administration of Phonska NPK 500 g / plant.  

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN CENDAWAN MIKORIZA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KAKAO SAMBUNG PUCUK (Theobroma cacao L.) DI KABUPATEN SIKKA

AGRICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Yovita Yasintha Bolly ◽  
Yuyun Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Biological Fertilizer ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Seedlings

The use of mycorrhizal biofertilizers in shoot grafting cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) nurseries is one of the efforts made to increase cocoa growth in Sikka Regency. This study aims to determine the effect of the dose of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The study used a randomized block design (RAK) with fertilizer doses of 0 g/polybag (control), 10 g/polybag, 20 g/polybag, 30 g/polybag, 40 g/polybag 50 g/polybag. The results showed that the treatment the addition of mycorrhizae on shoot grafting cocoa seedlings had no effect on all growth variables observed at 30 days after mycorrhizal application and significantly affected all growth variables for cacao seedlings aged 60 days after mycorrhizal application. Giving mycorrhizae to shoot grafting cocoa seedlings at a dose of 50 g/polybag (M5) gave the highest yield for all growth variables of cocoa seedlings aged 60 days after mycorrhizal application, namely plant height 48.50 cm, stem diameter 1.10 cm, and number of leaves 8 ,25 strands.

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