scholarly journals Wittgenstein and Islamic Ethics: The Interpretation of Intention

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
V. I. Vovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Fundamental Assumption ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Internal Relations

This article contains an analysis of the idea of intention in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. It evaluates capabilities of his conception in the development of Ethics in the «Islamic context». Author shows that Wittgenstein’s conception reveals a remarkable similarity to the fundamental assumption of Islamic Ethics, that is to «direct connection (bind, cohesion, connectedness) between intention and action». It is shown that an adequate understanding of this connection requires consideration of the Wittgensteinian idea of internal relations. It is proved that intention is not a manifestation of a «soul substance», «perception» or «feeling». Interpretation of «intention» provides additional refinement while defining specific intention ad hoc. In conclusion author puts forward a hypothesis asserting utility of late Wittgenstein’s conception in the development of Islamic ethical theory.

scholarly journals War and International Adjudication: Reflections on the 1899 Peace Conference

2000 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Caron
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Peace ◽  
International Court ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Hans Kelsen ◽  
International Adjudication

In fact, the first organized communities of international law . . . are organizations the function of which is to settle conflicts.Hans KelsenBut here we shall note the recurrence of a paradox . . . . Where practice is least ethical, theory becomes most Utopian.Edward Hallett CarrThe belief that a world free of war might be possible, be more than simply a dream, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In earlier times, war—like disease—was a part of life. There existed then a fatalism about war that no doubt persists in many parts of the world today. During the nineteenth century, however, parts of the world developed a confidence in progress and a hope that progress might extend to the abolition of war. Most importantly for this essay, a popular belief circulated at the e nd of the century that the establishment of a permanent international court would be an important step toward a world free of war. Ad hoc arbitration, as distinct from adjudication by such a permanent court, was not the same and, by itself, not enough. The 1899 Peace Conference was a point of inflection, a turn in the river, in the effort to move beyond ad hoc international arbitration to adjudication by a permanent international court as a means to avoid war a nd preserve international peace and security.

Learning from My Daughter

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Feder Kittay
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Ethic Of Care ◽  
Prenatal Testing ◽  
Cognitive Disability ◽  
Significant Disabilities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Guide Care

Disability offers a significant challenge to long-held philosophical views of the nature of the good life, what offers meaning in our lives, the importance of care, and the centrality of reason, as well as questions of justice, dignity, and personhood. In Learning from My Daughter, the author claims that living with a daughter who has multiple and significant disabilities, including cognitive disabilities, has been utterly transformative for thinking about her training, career and research as a philosopher. Interweaving the personal voice with the philosophical, the book argues that cognitive disability should reorient us to what truly matters; raises the question of whether normalcy is necessary for a good life; considers the ethical questions regarding prenatal testing and what it implies for understanding disability, the family, and ethically informed bioethics; and discusses the importance of care and an ethic built on an adequate understanding of care as it ought to be—not simply in how it is—practiced. The end of the book takes on the controversial case of Ashley X and the ethics of growth attenuation. In Learning from My Daughter, the disabled person takes center stage, but so does the ethic that needs to guide care. An ethic of care—if properly understood, the author claims—can be an ethical theory that is most useful for fully integrating disabled people and allowing them to live lives that are joyful and fulfilling.

scholarly journals Toward an Islamic Ethics of International Relations

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Sohail H. Hashmi
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Just War ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Hedley Bull

This study is an examination of the tole of ethical imperatives andconst&ts in the realm of international relations from the perspective ofclassical and modern Islamic theory. The study focuses upon three interrelatedquestions: (1) To what extent is an amoral conception of intemationalpolitics possible within an Islamic framework? (2) To what extentis classical and/or modem Islamic theory compatible with the contemporaryintemational system based upon the sovereign, independent nationstate?(3) What are the ramifications of Muslim accommodations with thetheory of the sovereign nation-state in the aEas of just war, nuclear deterrence,and distributive justice?The historical development of Islamic thought and contemporaryMuslim perspectives will be compared with the historical development ofWestern theories and contemporary Western perspectives on the tole ofethics in international relations. The purpose of this thesis is both toevaluate critically classical and contemporary Islamic perspectives onintemational relations and to develop systematically an Islamic ethicalframework for issues still largely neglected by modem Muslim theorists:just war, the morality of nuclear detemce, and distributive justice.Theoretical ArgumentIs ethical theory applicable in the realm of international relations? Ifso, what role does or should it play in the conduct of foreign policy?The late international relations theorist Hedley Bull suggests h ephilosophical strands in Western conceptions of intemational relations.'Each is to some extent both descriptive as well as prescriptive. Each providesdifferent answers to the questions above. (1) The Hobbesian or"realist" paradigm views international relations as a state of natm dominatedby independent, self-reliant states struggling for power and prestigein a milieu inimical to cooperation and devoid of international norms ormomlity. (2) The Grotian or "internationalist" tradition views intemationalElations as the arena of sovereign states, but acting in a milieu characterizedby pervasive interdependence in economic, military, legal, andpolitical concerns. The possibility of ethical considerations is stronger inthis environment since a rudimentary international society of commonvalues, interests, and institutions does exist. (3) The Kantian or ...

scholarly journals Ethics In Islam

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Iqbal Danish
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Ethical Standard ◽  
Keynote Address ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Lively Discussion ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Present World

The seminar on "Ethics in Islam" was held in Faridabad, Haryana, onJuly 30-31 1988, sponsored by the Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhiand the Department of Philosophy at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,India. Mr. Muqimuddin, the seminar organizer, opened the proceedings byremarking at the outset that the seminar's theme was of prime importancein the context of the present world. Justifying any aspect of Islamic Ethicsis both tricky and difficult. According to him, ethics has developed in theWest in the form of philosophical theories but classical philosophers did notgive much attention to the theoretical aspects of Islamic Ethics and virtuallyno effort has been made toward the documentation of ethics in Islam.The keynote address, delivered by Dr. Mohammed Abdul Haq Ansarientitled "Islamic Ethics: Concept and Prospect," (presently a professor atImam Muhammad Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), revieweddifferent streams of writing in the spheres of Islamic philosophy, Sufism,theology, jurisprudence, politics, and economy, and highlighted the contributioneach has made to the subject. He asserted that in view of the material availablein these writings, Islamic scholars of our time can develop a veritable chronicleof Islamic Ethics in a period shorter than the Islamic econoll}ists have takento develop Islamic Economics. According to Prof. Ansari, there is a wellformulatedsystem of morality in the Qur'an, but there is no such theorizationin the field of ethics. He pointed out that there are several ethical problemswhich need our attention while proceeding towards theorization of IslamicEthics, e.g., determinism, freedom of will, distinction between good andevil, etc.The keynote address was followed by a lively discussion. Prof. FazlurRahman Ginnori was of the opinion that Islam has provided a complete codeof morality obliviating the need for theorizing about Islamic Ethics. Otherparticipants were of the opinion that in order to convince the world of thefeasibility of Islamic Ethics, especially because of its identification with mostaspects of science, there is a need for an ethical theory of Islam.Dr. Sanaullah Mir of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, reada paper on "Philosophical Justification of the Islamic Ethical Standard: theOntological and Deontological Standards." While discussing the nature of ...

Food for Thought on Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Arvedson
Keyword(s):  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Silent Aspiration ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Nutrition And Hydration ◽  
Pediatric Feeding ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
And Function

Abstract “Food for Thought” provides an opportunity for review of pertinent topics to add to updates in areas of concern for professionals involved with feeding and swallowing issues in infants and children. Given the frequency with which speech-language pathologists (SLPs) make decisions to alter feedings when young infants demonstrate silent aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), the need for increased understanding about cough and its development/maturation is a high priority. In addition, understanding of the role(s) of laryngeal chemoreflexes (LCRs), relationships (or lack of relationships) between cough and esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and chronic salivary aspiration is critical. Decision making regarding management must take into account multiple systems and their interactions in order to provide safe feeding for all children to meet nutrition and hydration needs without being at risk for pulmonary problems. The responsibility is huge and should encourage all to search the literature so that clinical practice is as evidence-based as possible; this often requires adequate understanding of developmentally appropriate neurophysiology and function.

Die COVID-19-Pandemie im akutstationären Setting aus Sicht von Führungspersonen und Hygienefachkräften in der Pflege

Pflege ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Katharina Silies ◽  
Angelika Schley ◽  
Janna Sill ◽  
Steffen Fleischer ◽  
Martin Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Qualitative Studie ◽  
Skill Mix ◽  
Task Forces

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die COVID-19-Pandemie ist eine Ausnahmesituation ohne Präzedenz und erforderte zahlreiche Ad-hoc-Anpassungen in den Strukturen und Prozessen der akutstationären Versorgung. Ziel: Ziel war es zu untersuchen, wie aus Sicht von Führungspersonen und Hygienefachkräften in der Pflege die stationäre Akutversorgung durch die Pandemiesituation beeinflusst wurde und welche Implikationen sich daraus für die Zukunft ergeben. Methoden: Qualitative Studie bestehend aus semistrukturierten Interviews mit fünf Verantwortlichen des leitenden Pflegemanagements und drei Hygienefachkräften in vier Krankenhäusern in Deutschland. Die Interviews wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Befragten beschrieben den auf die prioritäre Versorgung von COVID-19-Fällen hin umstrukturierten Klinikalltag. Herausforderungen waren Unsicherheit und Angst bei den Mitarbeiter_innen, relative Ressourcenknappheit von Material und Personal und die schnelle Umsetzung neuer Anforderungen an die Versorgungleistung. Dem wurde durch gezielte Kommunikation und Information, massive Anstrengungen zur Sicherung der Ressourcen und koordinierte Steuerung aller Prozesse durch bereichsübergreifende, interprofessionelle Task Forces begegnet. Schlussfolgerungen: Die in der COVID-19-Pandemie vorgenommenen Anpassungen zeigen Entwicklungspotenziale für die zukünftige Routineversorgung auf, z. B. könnten neue Arbeits- und Skill Mix-Modelle aufgegriffen werden. Für die Konkretisierung praktischer Implikationen sind vertiefende Analysen der Daten mit zeitlichem Abstand erforderlich.

Tests und Tools

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Non Profit

Zusammenfassung. Der FEO, der in Kooperation mit betrieblichen Praktikern entwickelt wurde, dient der Erfassung des Organisationsklimas. Er umfasst 82 Items und bildet 12 Skalen ab. Eine Stärke des FEO im Gegensatz zu ad hoc entwickelten Befragungsinstrumenten sind die Vergleichsdaten, die für Profit- und Non-Profit-Organisationen bereit gestellt werden. Kritisch diskutiert wird die theoretische Verortung, die Anwenderfreundlichkeit sowie der Nutzen der individuellen Auswertung. Die konsensuale, konvergente, diskriminante und kriterienbezogene Validierung steht aus.

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Professional Psychologists ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Latin American Countries

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.

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