scholarly journals Diverse Mechanisms of Allergen Specific Immunotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lacin Cevhertas ◽  
Mübeccel Akdis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is widely used to establish a tolerant immune response and it is currently the only disease modifying treatment. There are different routes to administer the allergen, including subcutaneous, sublingual, intralymphatic, epicutaneous, intradermal, and oral and local nasal allergen immunotherapy. Although the optimal administration route depends on the type of allergen, some patients remain unresponsive and so it is important to predict the outcome before and during treatment. Therefore, there is a need to identify candidate prognostic markers for allergen immunotherapy. Herein, we discuss the recent literature on the molecular mechanisms of AIT.

Planning and approach to allergen-specific immunotherapy in polyallergic patients

Immunotherapy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 577-585
Author(s):  
Nerin N Bahceciler ◽  
Ozel Yuruker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Stepwise Approach ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic-respiratory diseases. Polysensitization may increase the severity of current disease resulting in subsequent asthma development in patients with allergic rhinitis. Due to the absence of general recommendations for the practical approach to polysensitized patients, clinical management is not standardized. The correlation between sensitizations and clinical symptoms, elimination of possible pollen cross-reactivities and principles of homologous allergen groups will guide the allergists to deduce the most relevant allergens for AIT. In the highlight of the previously proposed approach strategies to polyallergic patients, hereby we propose a revised practical stepwise approach based on the current European Medicine Agency (EMA) guidelines. However, more supporting data from well-designed, controlled, future studies are needed to improve clinical management recommendations for AIT in polyallergic patients.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology-Based Vaccines for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Potentials and Challenges of Conventional and Novel Adjuvants under Research

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Litty Johnson ◽  
Albert Duschl ◽  
Martin Himly
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Adjuvant Effect ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy

The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases demands efficient therapeutic strategies for their mitigation. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causal rather than symptomatic treatment method available for allergy. Currently, AIT is being administered using immune response modifiers or adjuvants. Adjuvants aid in the induction of a vigorous and long-lasting immune response, thereby improving the efficiency of AIT. The successful development of a novel adjuvant requires a thorough understanding of the conventional and novel adjuvants under development. Thus, this review discusses the potentials and challenges of these adjuvants and their mechanism of action. Vaccine development based on nanoparticles is a promising strategy for AIT, due to their inherent physicochemical properties, along with their ease of production and ability to stimulate innate immunity. Although nanoparticles have provided promising results as an adjuvant for AIT in in vivo studies, a deeper insight into the interaction of nanoparticle–allergen complexes with the immune system is necessary. This review focuses on the methods of harnessing the adjuvant effect of nanoparticles by detailing the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response, which includes allergen uptake, processing, presentation, and induction of T cell differentiation.

scholarly journals A study of common aero-allergen in Mewar region, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Matta ◽  
Priyank Jain ◽  
M. L. Ved
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Dust Mite ◽  
The Common ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Allergen Extracts ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

Background: Aero-allergens are important causative factor in pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases (Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis). Present study aimed to identify the common aeroallergens in Mewar region, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.Methods: Intradermal allergic testing done on 1050 respiratory allergic patients in last 15 yrs (2002 to 2016) by kit containing 125 allergen extracts includes pollen, fungi, insects, dust, dander’s, fabrics, feathers and wood. In 1020 patients (after excluding 30 patients), marked positive skin reaction (3+/4+) to one or more aeroallergen noted.Results: Most common aero allergens found were pollens (62%), woods (58.5%), dander (52%), insects (45%), dust mite (44.2%) and fungi (38.4%). Among pollens most common allergens were Holoptelia integrifolia, Parthenium hysterophorn, Cynodon. Among fungi aspergillus and candida species were most common. Cockroach and fly were predominant insects.Conclusions: Role of allergen testing have important role in management of allergic respiratory diseases as allergen immunotherapy or desensitization is only disease modifying treatment.

scholarly journals CLINICAL EFFICACY OF SUBLINGUAL ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH ANTIPOLLIN MIXED WEEDS IN ADULTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
E F Glushkova ◽  
O I Sidorovich
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Asthma Control ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Respiratory Allergy ◽  
Asthma Control Questionnaire ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy

Background. To evaluate the effectiveness of one course of sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy (sASIT) in adults with allergy to wormwood and goose-foot pollen. Materials and methods. 28 adults aged between 20 and 53 years old with various forms of respiratory allergy were included in the study. All of them received sASIT with Antipollin Mixed weeds. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed using a visual analogue scale of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and Asthma Control Questionnaire. Results. As a result of sASIT a 61,6% of rhinorrhea, a 61,6% of nasal congestion , a 71,43% of nasal itching, and 82% of eyes itching reduction was shown as well as asthma control was achieved in 83,3% of patients.

scholarly journals Standardized Quantitative Evaluation of Clinical Effectiveness and Side Effect Profile of Subcutaneous and Sublingual Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Children: A 5-Year Single Center Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
Nazan TÖKMECI ◽  
Ali DEMIRHAN ◽  
Merve TURKEGUN SENGUL ◽  
Burcu CAGLAR YUKSEK ◽  
Aylin KONT ÖZHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Visual Analog Score ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Medication Score ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
High Responders

Objective: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (allergen-SIT) is a treatment method with variable efficacy in allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy, frequency of LRs and SRs and variables affecting these parameters in patients who underwent allergen-SIT. Materials and Methods: In this study, the recorded data of 81 patients, who received subcutaneous (SCIT) or sublingual (SLIT) allergen immunotherapy for respiratory allergic diseases between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. In asthma and/or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) patients, the effectiveness of treatment was evaluated by analysing the change rates in disease symptom, medication and combined scores (symptom + medication) and visual analog score (VAS). Treatment success was defined by the degree of decrease in scores as; high response above 50%; low response between 20-50%; and failure <20%.Results: The mean age of allergen-SIT initiation was 11.4± 3.1 years. Diagnostic distributions of the patients were asthma (± ARC) in 64.2%, and ARC (without asthma) in 35.8%. The mode of allergen-SIT was SCIT in 77.8% (65% asthma and 35% ARC) and SLIT in 22.2% (61.1% asthma and 38.9% ARC). The main allergens used in allergen-SIT were mite (79%), grass-grain pollen (33.3%), alternaria (9.9%) and olea (8.6%). There was a significant decrease in symptoms, medication, combined and VAS scores in the asthma and ARC groups (p <0.0001), when end-SCIT values were compared to baseline. SLIT also resulted in significant decreases in these scores except asthma medication score. Among the asthma patients the rate of high-responders was 88.8% by SCIT and 50% by SLIT, according to combined asthma score. Among the ARC (without asthma) patients the rate of high-responders was 100% for both SCIT and SLIT. SCIT resulted in local (LR) and systemic side effects (SR) in 18% and 0.6% (all Grade I and Grade II) of the total injections performed. A high number of total injections was significantly associated with higher LR and SR rates. While LR was observed in 16.6% of the patients who underwent SLIT, no systemic reaction was found in any of the patients. Conclusion: SCIT was highly successful in the treatment of asthma and ARC in terms of the degree of therapeutic response. SLIT resulted in a high rate of good response in ARC patients, but a lower response degree in asthmatic patients. Systemic side effects were very low as a result of close risk monitoring and the dose adjustments performed. Keywords: Allergen-specific immunotherapy, SCIT, SLIT, efficacy, symptom score, medication score, visual analog score, side effects

scholarly journals The Interaction between microRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9887
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Shang ◽  
Kai Oliver Böker ◽  
Shahed Taheri ◽  
Thelonius Hawellek ◽  
Wolfgang Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microrna Regulation ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment ◽  
And Cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease affecting the whole joint, which still lacks a disease-modifying treatment. This suggests an incomplete understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in different pathophysiological processes of OA. Interestingly, both excessive stimulation and suppression of this pathway can contribute to the pathogenesis of OA. microRNAs have been shown to regulate different cellular processes in different diseases, including the metabolic activity of chondrocytes and osteocytes. To bridge these findings, here we attempt to give a conclusive overview of microRNA regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in bone and cartilage, which may provide insights to advance the development of miRNA-based therapeutics for OA treatment.

scholarly journals Intralymphatic Injections as a New Administration Route for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Mart&iacute;nez-G&oacute;mez ◽  
P&aring;l Johansen ◽  
Iris Erdmann ◽  
Gabriela Senti ◽  
Reto Crameri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy

scholarly journals An endothelial link between the benefits of physical exercise in dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 2649-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianne J Trigiani ◽  
Edith Hamel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

The current absence of a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) highlights the necessity for investigating the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise (PE). Although evidence exists to support an association between regular PE and higher scores on cognitive function tests, and a slower rate of cognitive decline, there is no clear consensus on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the advantages of PE. This review seeks to summarize the positive effects of PE in human and animal studies while highlighting the vascular link between these benefits. Lifestyle factors such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea will be addressed in relation to the risk they pose in developing AD and VCID, as will molecular factors known to have an impact on either the initiation or the progression of AD and/or VCID. This will include amyloid-beta clearance, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and white matter integrity. Particularly, this review will address how engaging in PE can counter factors that contribute to disease pathogenesis, and how these alterations are linked to endothelial cell function.

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