scholarly journals Seasonality in the landscape of Latvia: a phenological calendar

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Gunta Kalvāne ◽  
◽  
Andis Kalvāns ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Phenological Phases

Phenological parameters such as blooming, maturity phases and bird migration are among the most visible indicators of climate change. In this study, we carried out a complete evaluation of available phenological data for the territory of Latvia for the period from 1970 to 2018. We examined 148 phenological phases spanning six taxonomic groups – plants, animals, insects, amphibians, fish and mushrooms. Separately we considered crops and abiotic phenomena like the first snowfall, the last spring frost and agricultural activities such as the beginning of livestock grazing, potato planting, etc. As a result, a calendar of natural rhythms was established for the Latvian landscape, indicating the most frequent or most representative accession time for these phenological phases and the earliest and latest accession values between 1970 and 2018.

scholarly journals Long-term phenological data set of multi-taxonomic groups, agrarian activities, and abiotic parameters from Latvia, northern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4621-4633
Author(s):  
Gunta Kalvāne ◽  
Andis Kalvāns ◽  
Andris Ģērmanis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Abiotic Parameters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract. A phenological data set collected by citizen scientists from 1970 to 2018 in Latvia is presented, comprising almost 47 000 individual observations of eight taxonomical groups, in addition to agrarian activities and abiotic parameters, covering in total 159 different phenological phases. These original data published offline in annual issues of the Nature and History Calendar (in Latvian, Dabas un vēstures kalendārs) have been digitized, harmonized, and geo-referenced. Overall, the possible use of such data is extensive, as phenological data are excellent bioindicators for characterizing climate change and can be used for the elaboration of adaptation strategies in agriculture, forestry, and environmental monitoring. The data can also be used in cultural–historical research; for example, the database includes data on sugar beet and maize, the cultivation of which was imposed on collective farms during the Soviet period. Thus, such data are not only important in the Earth sciences but can also be applied to the social sciences. The data significantly complement current knowledge on European phenology, especially regarding northern regions and the temporal biome. The data here cover two climate reference periods (1971–2000; 1981–2010), in addition to more recent years, and are particularly important in monitoring the effects of climate change. The database can be considered the largest open phenological data set in the Baltics. The data are freely available to all interested at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3982086 (Kalvāne et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Pflanzenphänologische Beobachtungen in Graubünden: Trends bei pflanzenphänologischen Zeitreihen | Phytophenological observations in the Grisons:Trends of phytophenological time series

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Defila
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Phenological Observation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Phenological Phases

Statistical analyses were carried out using data from 25 phenological observation stations in the Grisons and 17 chosen phenological phases between 1951 and 1998. Results show a wide scattering of phenological data depending on both time and location. The variation is attributable to climate differences in the different regions (Rheinbünden, Südbünden and Engadin), as well as differences of altitude (between 580 and 1805 m.a.s.l.) in the Canton. Trend analyses of 100 phenological time series during the period in question show, above all, a precocious tendancy in the Grisons. In contrast to the evaluation for the whole of Switzerland all phenophase species(including autumnal phases) show a precocious trend which reaches a peak at 22 days in full blossom. This early start of the vegetation period is cleary linked to climate change, as the start of phenological phases in spring are strongly influenced by temperature. Generally speaking, precocity in the Grisons is more accentuated than in the rest of Switzerland. This is a persuasive result in view of the fact that plants at the higher stations react more strongly to climate warming than those in the lowlands or in milder regions and many of the observation stations in the Grisons are situated at alpine altitudes, i.e., over 1000 m.a.s.l.

Phenological data set of five taxonomic groups and agrarian activities in temperate climate: trends and influencing factors, Latvian case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunta Kalvane ◽  
Andis Kalvans ◽  
Agrita Briede
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

<p>A phenological data set collected by volunteers` observers from the Latvia Phenological Observation Network covering period 1970 to 2018 has digitized from original paper based publications in Nature Calendars and analysed. The data set includes more than 40 thousand observations, 148 phenological phases across five different taxonomic groups: insects, amphibian, birds, fungi and plants as well as agrarian activities like sowing, harvesting date and some meteorological parameters like first and late frost, snow, ice regime.</p><p>The phenological changes or trends was analysed in two ways: 1. by combining data rows (station-phase-species) for one phase, such as leafing (BBCH11) for all trees and bushes; 2. by performing regression analyses for each phase and for each observation point separately.</p><p>More than 80% of spring data series shows negative tendency as reported in most scientific publications on European phenology. In our data set, overall, autumn phenologies are occurring later over time or the trends are neutral.</p><p>Regression analyses of phenology date versus year shows the disparities among species and among locations within a species: spring migrants’ return earlier, while staying longer in the fall with exceptions, for example the white stork in autumn leaves earlier than in the beginning of the period.</p><p>The commencement of the agricultural activities in spring such as sowing date have not changed significantly. However, such activities as livestock grazing and sowing of winter cereals takes place latter in the autumn.  These both appear to have affected by both technological changes and changes in meteorological parameters, for example, the trend of first autumn frost and first snow is positive – they have observed latter.</p><p>We have analysed trends and cross correlation with phenology in temperature regime, heat waves, precipitation, drought indexes, evapotranspiration, and soil temperature for the last 40 years.</p><p>Research is supported by the ERDF Project No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/2/18/265 at the University of Latvia.</p>

scholarly journals Long-term phenological data set of multi-taxonomic groups, agrarian activities and abiotic parameters from Latvia, northern Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunta Kalvāne ◽  
Andis Kalvāns ◽  
Andris Ģērmanis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Abiotic Parameters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract. A phenological data set collected by citizen-scientists from 1970 to 2018 in Latvia is presented, comprising almost 47,000 individual observations of eight taxonomical groups, in addition to agrarian activities and abiotic parameters, covering in total 159 different phenological phases. These original data published offline in annual issues of the Nature and History Calendar (in Latvian, Dabas un vēstures kalendārs) have been digitized, harmonized and geo-referenced. Overall, the possible use of such data is extensive, as phenological data are excellent bioindicators for characterising climate change and can be used for the elaboration of adaptation strategies in agriculture, forestry, and environmental monitoring. The data also can be used in cultural–historical research; for example, the database includes data on sugar beet and maize, the cultivation of which was imposed on collective farms during the Soviet period. Thus, such data are not only important in the Earth sciences but can also be applied to the social sciences. The data significantly complement current knowledge on European phenology, especially regarding northern regions and the temporal biome. The data here cover two climate reference periods (1971–2000; 1981–2010), in addition to more recent years, and are particularly important in monitoring the effects of climate change. The database can be considered the largest open phenological data set in the Baltics. The data are freely available to all interested at https://zenodo.org/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3982086 (Kalvāne et al., 2020).

Essai d'application de modèles météorologiques au calcul du moment d'apparition de deux phases phénologiques | Application of Meteorological Models for the Calculation of the Beginning of Two Phenological Phases

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (10) ◽  
pp. 385-397
Author(s):  
Bernard Primault
Keyword(s):  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Meteorological Models ◽  
Phenological Phases

Many years ago, a model was elaborated to calculate the«beginning of the vegetation's period», based on temperatures only (7 days with +5 °C temperature or more). The results were correlated with phenological data: the beginning of shoots with regard to spruce and larch. The results were not satisfying, therefore, the value of the two parameters of the first model were modified without changing the second one. The result, however, was again not satisfying. Research then focused on the influence of cumulated temperatures over thermal thresholds. Nevertheless, the results were still not satisfying. The blossoming of fruit trees is influenced by the mean temperature of a given period before the winter solstice. Based on this knowledge, the study evaluated whether forest trees could also be influenced by temperature or sunshine duration of a given period in the rear autumn. The investigation was carried through from the first of January on as well as from the date of snow melt of the following year. In agricultural meteorology, the temperature sums are often interrelated with the sunshine duration, precipitation or both. However,the results were disappointing. All these calculations were made for three stations situated between 570 and 1560 m above sea-level. This allowed to draw curves of variation of the two first parameters (number of days and temperature) separately for each species observed. It was finally possible to specify the thus determined curves with data of three other stations situated between the first ones. This allows to calculate the flushing of the two tree species, if direct phenological observation is lacking. This method, however, is only applicable for the northern part of the Swiss Alps.

scholarly journals The microbial world in a changing environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Vicuña ◽  
Bernardo González
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Entire Planet ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Background In this article we would like to touch on the key role played by the microbiota in the maintenance of a sustainable environment in the entire planet. For obvious reasons, this article does not intend to review thoroughly this extremely complex topic, but rather to focus on the main threats that this natural scenario is presently facing. Methods Recent literature survey. Results Despite the relevance of microorganisms have in our planet, the effects of climate change on microbial communities have been scarcely and not systematically addressed in literature. Although the role of microorganisms in emissions of greenhouse gases has received some attention, there are several microbial processes that are affected by climate change with consequences that are presently under assessment. Among them, host-pathogen interactions, the microbiome of built environment, or relations among plants and beneficial microbes. Conclusions Further research is required to advance in knowledge of the effect of climate change on microbial communities. One of the main targets should be a complete evaluation of the global microbial functional diversity and the design of new strategies to cope with limitations in methods to grow microorganisms in the laboratory. These efforts should contribute to raise a general public awareness on the major role played by the microbiota on the various Earth ecosystems.

scholarly journals Effects of climate changes on phenological periods of apple, cherry and wheat in TurkeyTürkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin elma, kiraz ve buğdayın fenolojik dönemlerine etkileri

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necla Türkoğlu ◽  
Serhat Şensoy ◽  
Olgu Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Relationships

It is known that the increase in air temperature from 1980 to present has dramatically changed the phenological periods of the plants in a large part of the world. In this study, the relationships between phenological periods of wheat plant, apple and cherry trees planted large areas in Turkey and climate change were investigated. In this study, the climate and phenological data for 1971-2012 period belonging to the General Directorate of Meteorology were used. The correlation coefficients between temperature and phenological data were calculated, and their trends were examined using Mann-Kendall trend analysis. In Turkey, positive temperature anomalies have been observed since 1994 until present days. Negative relationships were found between phenological periods of apple, cherry and wheat and the average temperatures of February-May period when the plants grow faster. This situation shows that the plants shift their phenological periods to the earlier times in response to the increasing temperatures. The trend calculated for harvest times of apple, cherry, and wheat are -25, -22, -40 days/100 years respectively. It was calculated that an increase of 1.0ºC in the temperatures of the February-May period will shift the harvest times of apple, cheery and wheat by 5, 4 and 8 days earlier respectively. Özet1980’lerden günümüze hava sıcaklıklarındaki artış, Dünya’nın büyük bir bölümünde bitkilerin fenolojik dönemlerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de geniş alanlar kaplayan buğday, elma ve kiraz bitkilerinin fenolojik dönemleri ile iklim değişikliği arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’ne ait 1971-2012 döneminin iklim ve fenolojik verileri kullanılmıştır. Sıcaklık ile fenolojik veriler arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları hesaplanmış ve Mann- Kendall trend analizi ile eğilimlerine bakılmıştır. Türkiye’de 1994 yılından bu yana pozitif sıcaklık anomalileri bulunmuştur. Elma, kiraz ve buğdayın fenolojik dönemleri ile bitki gelişiminin fazla olduğu şubat-mayıs ortalama sıcaklıkları arasında negatif ilişki saptanmıştır. Bu durum bitkilerin artan sıcaklıklara tepki olarak fenolojik dönemlerini erkene kaydırdıklarını göstermektedir. Elma, kiraz ve buğdayın hasat tarihleri için hesaplanan trend sırasıyla-25, -22, -40 gün/100 yıl şeklindedir. Şubat-mayıs arası sıcaklıklarda 1.0°C’lik artışın anılan bitkilerin hasat tarihlerini sırasıyla 5, 4 ve 8 gün erkene kaydıracağı hesaplanmıştır.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Fruit-Picking Tourism: Impact and Adaptation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Fan Chen ◽  
Quansheng Ge ◽  
Yunyun Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to present phenology as a valid indicator and methodology for monitoring and assessing the impact of climate change on plant-based tourist activities. Fruit-picking has become a popular rural tourism activity worldwide. However, fruit maturity dates (FMD) have been affected by climate change (CC), which has in turn profoundly affected fruit-picking tourism activities (FPTA). In this paper, phenological data on the FMD for 45 types of plants in 1980–2012, dates for more than 200 fruit-picking festivals, and data on monthly average air temperature in 1980–2013 were used to assess the impact of CC on FPTA by wavelet and correlation analyses. The findings indicated that the study area had been significantly affected by CC. Prevailing temperatures at one or three months prior have a decisive influence on FMD. Among the 11 plants directly related to FPTA, the FMD of four were significantly advanced, while 6-7 were significantly delayed owning to increased temperature. Of the 11 FPTA, only two had realized the impact of CC and had adjusted festival opening dates based on dynamic changes. However, a considerable number of festival activities remained fixed or scheduled on the weekends.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Returns and Rangeland Ecosystem Sustainability in the Southwest

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Torell ◽  
Katherine D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Adaptive Methods ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Stocking Rates

Climate change will increase variability in temperature and precipitation on rangelands, impacting ecosystem services including livestock grazing. Facing uncertainty about future climate, managers must know if current practices will maintain rangeland sustainability. Herein, the future density of an invasive species, broom snakeweed, is estimated using a long-term ecological dataset and climate projections. We find that livestock stocking rates determined using a current method result in lower forage production, allowable stocking rate, and grazing value than an economically efficient stocking rate. Results indicate that using ecology and adaptive methods in management are critical to the sustainability of rangelands.

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