Internal Macroscopic Anatomy and Electrical Evaluation of the Bradypus variegatus Heart

Background: The Bradypus variegatus species presents peculiar anatomophysiological properties and many aspects of its organic systems still need to be clarified, especially regarding the cardiovascular system, given its participation in vital activities. Disorderly anthropic action has had drastic consequences in sloth populations and the need to treat sick and injured animals is increasingly common. To this end, the importance of knowing its characteristics is emphasized. Therefore, this study proposed to describe the internal macroscopic structures of the sloth's heart, as well as to measure the ventricular walls and indicate the electrical activity of the organ.Materials, Methods and Results: For the dissections, 15 Bradypus variegatus cadavers were used (1 young female, 9 adults females and 5 adult males) belonging to the Área de Anatomia of the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal (DMFA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recide, PE, Brazil. After they were fixed and preserved, the specimens received a midsagittal incision in the chest, followed by soft tissue folding and removal of ribs to access the heart. The organ was derived from the cavity and sectioned sagittal medially to identify its internal anatomy. Ventricular walls and interventricular septum were measured with a steel caliper (150 mm / 0.02 mm). An electrocardiogram was performed to determine the electrical profile on 5 healthy B. variegatus sloths, living under semi-livestock conditions at the Recife Zoo, PE, Brazil. The electrodes were taken from the regions, scapular and glutes of the animals that were called hugging a keeper during the procedure, carried out in the Zoo itself, using a portable device. Based on the data obtained, sloths have cardiac chambers separated by septa, however between atria and ventricles, in both antimeres, there are atrioventricular ostia, where valves are found, consisting of 3 valves on the right and 2 on the left. The atria are practically smooth inside and have their cavity enlarged by the atria, the right being larger than the left, these having a greater amount of pectineal muscles in relation to the atria. The ventricles have trabeculae and papillary muscles, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. These muscles hold the tendinous chords that connect the valves. The existence of trabeculae marginal septum was not evidenced. The thickness of the wall of the left ventricle, as well as that of the interventricular septum, proved to be greater than the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle, regardless of the age or sex of the animals. Based on the electrocardiographic recordings, the sloths presented sinus rhythm, with a heart rate between 67 and 100 bpm. The electrical axis ranged from -60º to -90º. The P wave is smoother than the QRS complex. While the S-T segment was classified as isoelectric. The T wave was shown to be + and predominantly > or = at 25% of the S wave, which characterized an rS type QRS deflection in both females and males.Discussion: The general characteristics of the cardiac chambers in sloths are similar to those observed in other domestic and wild mammals. However, the presence of pectineal muscles associated with the atria and auricles differs from that observed in mammals such as the paca and raccoon and in birds such as the ostrich, which have trabecular structures in these cavities. The number of valves in sloths is equal to the anteater. However, it has a marginal trabeculae septum, not seen in Bradypus variegatus. According to the electrocardiographic findings, the rhythm was sinus, but much lower than that observed in the capuchin monkey, which also maintains arboreal habits. Keywords: Xenarthra, common sloth, internal anatomy, heart, electrocardiogram.Descritores: Xenarthra, preguiça-comum, anatomia interna, coração, eletrocardiograma.

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Diagnostic Accuracy of the Electrocardiogram for Detection of Atrial and Ventricular Overloads in Dogs

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.105274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

Author(s):

Monique Machado Louredo Machado Louredo Teles Bombardelli ◽

Tatiana Champion ◽

Julio Cezar Juk Fischborn ◽

Ana Bianca Ferreira Gusso

Keyword(s):

Right Atrium ◽

Wave Amplitude ◽

Reference Value ◽

Standard Test ◽

The Body ◽

P Wave ◽

S Wave ◽

Cardiac Chamber ◽

Qrs Duration ◽

The Right

Background: Analysis of the electrocardiogram may suggest atrial and ventricular overloads. However, it has a low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of cardiac chamber overload. The accuracy of electrocardiographic interpretation can be improve using new cut-offs for the duration and amplitude of the electrocardiographic waves. Our objective was to evaluate the use of the electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of atrial and ventricular overload, using echocardiography as the gold standard test for the diagnosis of atrioventricular overload. We aimed to define new cut-off values that would increase the sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiogram for diagnosis of chamber overload in dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Eletrocardiogram records were obtained in 81 dogs divided into 3 groups: Group 1A (healthy dogs 10 kg); Group 1B (dogs 10 kg with mitral or tricuspid valve disease); Group 2 (dogs weighing between 10.1 and 20 kg) and Group 3 (dogs > 20.1 kg). Duration in milliseconds (ms) and amplitude in millivolts (mV) of P waves and QRS complexes, PR and QT segment, T wave amplitude and ST segment were evaluated in lead DII. Using leads I and III, the mean cardiac electrical axis in the frontal plane, expressed in degrees, was determined as the mean of three consecutive measurements. For Group 1A and 1B the duration of P wave was < 45 ms and QRS duration < 55 ms. In Group 2 the duration of P wave was < 47 ms and QRS duration < 57 ms. In Group 3 the duration of P wave was < 50 ms and duration QRS < 64 ms. These values (duration of P wave and QRS duration) were compared with echocardiographic measurements of the left atrium, considering the reference value AE/Ao < 1.4 and measurements of the left ventricle in M-mode according to the body weight, respectively. A P wave amplitude < 0.4 mV suggested that the right atrium size was normal and this was compared with the area of the right atrium measured on the echocardiogram. The right ventricle was assessed using the amplitude of S wave and right axis deviation and compared with the right ventricular area obtained by echocardiography. The reference value of the right atrium and right ventricle is according to the body weight. For both the right and left atria, there was concordance between the diagnoses with electrocardiography and echocardiography. For the right and left ventricle was no agreement between the diagnoses. All criteria examined had low sensitivities, usually with high specificities. But it was not possible to determine a new cut-off that would improve the sensitivity of the electrocardiogram for diagnosis of atrial and ventricular overload in dogs. Discussion: The electrocardiogram analysis produced false interpretations for the measures indicative of atrioventricular overloads and should not be used alone, for diagnosis of cardiac chamber overload. The standard electrocardiographic reference values, for P wave duration and amplitude, were excellent for identification of normal atrial size. However, QRS duration, R wave amplitude (dependent of the dog’s weight) and S wave amplitude, associated with cardiac electrical axis cannot be used for diagnosis of ventricle overload. Electrocardiographic analysis should not be used as a tool to assess cardiac chamber overload, which should be diagnosed by echocardiography and clinical investigation. Based on our findings echocardiogram is the gold standard test indicated to identify overload of cardiac chambers.

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Fully solvable mathematical scheme in finding out the right mass and width values of f0(500) and ρ0(770) mesons

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/201920401020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 204 ◽

pp. 01020

Author(s):

Stanislav Dubnicka ◽

Anna Zuzana Dubnickova

Keyword(s):

Charged Pion ◽

P Wave ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Meson Mass ◽

S Wave ◽

Crossing Symmetry ◽

Scattering Phase ◽

Scattering Phase Shifts ◽

The Right ◽

Pion Electromagnetic Form

Starting from the phase representations with one subtraction of the pion scalar-isoscalar and vector-isovector charged pion electromagnetic form factor and exploiting the most accurate information on the S-wave isoscalar and the P-wave isovector ππ scattering phase shifts, respectively, to be obtained from the existing inaccurate experimental data by means of the Garcia- Kamiński-Peláez-Yndurain Roy-like equations with an imposed crossing symmetry condition, in the framework of the so-called “fully solvable mathematical scheme” the most reliable values of the f0(500) and ρ0(770) meson mass and width are found.

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Rheology of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: sub-pulmonary membrane developing months after primary intervention to treat pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951121001591 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Baher M. Hanna ◽

Wesam E. El-Mozy ◽

Sonia A. El-Saiedi

Keyword(s):

Right Ventricular ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Pulmonary Atresia ◽

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽

Rare Condition ◽

Surgical Excision ◽

Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽

Outflow Tract ◽

Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction ◽

The Right

Abstract Isolated sub-pulmonary membrane is a rare condition, the origin of which has been debatable. Transcatheter treatment of pulmonary valve atresia with intact interventricular septum by radiofrequency perforation and balloon dilatation to restore biventricular circulation is gaining more popularity, with improving results over time. We report in our experience of 79 cases in 10 years the development of a sub-pulmonary membrane in 4 cases: causing significant obstruction requiring surgical excision in one case that revealed a fibrous membrane on pathology; causing mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in another and not yet causing obstruction in 2. On cardiac MRI, the right ventricular outflow tract and the right ventricular outflow tract/pulmonary atresia angle showed no morphological abnormalities.

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Post-collisional mantle delamination in the Dinarides implied from staircases of Oligo-Miocene uplifted marine terraces

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81561-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Philipp Balling ◽

Christoph Grützner ◽

Bruno Tomljenović ◽

Wim Spakman ◽

Kamil Ustaszewski

Keyword(s):

Balkan Peninsula ◽

Receiver Functions ◽

P Wave ◽

S Wave ◽

Slab Geometry ◽

Surface Uplift ◽

River Incision ◽

Marine Terraces ◽

Convergence System ◽

Internal Dinarides

AbstractThe Dinarides fold-thrust belt on the Balkan Peninsula resulted from convergence between the Adriatic and Eurasian plates since Mid-Jurassic times. Under the Dinarides, S-wave receiver functions, P-wave tomographic models, and shear-wave splitting data show anomalously thin lithosphere overlying a short down-flexed slab geometry. This geometry suggests a delamination of Adriatic lithosphere. Here, we link the evolution of this continental convergence system to hitherto unreported sets of extensively uplifted Oligocene–Miocene (28–17 Ma) marine terraces preserved at elevations of up to 600 m along the Dinaric coastal range. River incision on either side of the Mediterranean-Black Sea drainage divide is comparable to the amounts of terrace uplift. The preservation of the uplifted terraces implies that the most External Dinarides did not experience substantial deformation other than surface uplift in the Neogene. These observations and the contemporaneous emplacement of igneous rocks (33–22 Ma) in the internal Dinarides suggest that the Oligo-Miocene orogen-wide uplift was driven by post-break-off delamination of the Adriatic lithospheric mantle, this was followed by isostatic readjustment of the remaining crust. Our study details how lithospheric delamination exerts an important control on crustal deformation and that its crustal signature and geomorphic imprint can be preserved for millions of years.

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Coughing as a potentially effective induction method of atrial tachycardia: a case report

European Heart Journal - Case Reports ◽

10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa459 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Reina Tonegawa-Kuji ◽

Kenichiro Yamagata ◽

Kengo Kusano

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Vein ◽

Atrial Tachycardia ◽

Superior Vena ◽

Vena Cava ◽

P Wave ◽

Induction Method ◽

Voluntary Cough ◽

Wave Morphology ◽

The Right

Abstract Background Cough-induced atrial tachycardia (AT) is extremely rare and its electrical origin remains largely unknown. Atrial tachycardias triggered by pharyngeal stimulation, such as swallowing or speech, appears to be more common and the majority of them originate from the superior vena cava or right superior pulmonary vein (PV). Only one case of swallow-triggered AT with right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) origin has been reported to date. Case summary We present a case of a 41-year-old man with recurring episodes of AT in the daytime. He underwent electrophysiology study without sedation. Atrial tachycardia was not observed when the patient entered the examination room and could not be induced with conventional induction procedures. By having the patient cough periodically on purpose, transient AT with P-wave morphology similar to the clinical AT was consistently induced. Activation mapping of the AT revealed a centrifugal pattern with the earliest activity localized inside the RIPV. After successful radiofrequency isolation of the right PV, AT was no longer inducible. Discussion In the rare case of cough-induced AT originating from the RIPV, the proximity of the inferior right ganglionated plexi (GP) suggests the role of GP in triggering tachycardia. This is the first report that demonstrates voluntary cough was used to induce AT. In such cases that induction of AT is difficult using conventional methods, having the patient cough may be an effective induction method that is easy to attempt.

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S-wave experiments for the exploration of a deep geothermal carbonate reservoir in the German Molasse Basin

Geothermal Energy ◽

10.1186/s40517-021-00189-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Britta Wawerzinek ◽

Hermann Buness ◽

Hartwig von Hartmann ◽

David C. Tanner

Keyword(s):

Upper Jurassic ◽

Carbonate Reservoir ◽

P Wave ◽

Seismic Survey ◽

Seismic Exploration ◽

Molasse Basin ◽

S Wave ◽

Induced Earthquakes ◽

Conversion Point ◽

Facies Classification

AbstractThere are many successful geothermal projects that exploit the Upper Jurassic aquifer at 2–3 km depth in the German Molasse Basin. However, up to now, only P-wave seismic exploration has been carried out. In an experiment in the Greater Munich area, we recorded S-waves that were generated by the conventional P-wave seismic survey, using 3C receivers. From this, we built a 3D volume of P- to S-converted (PS) waves using the asymptotic conversion point approach. By combining the P-volume and the resulting PS-seismic volume, we were able to derive the spatial distribution of the vp/vs ratio of both the Molasse overburden and the Upper Jurassic reservoir. We found that the vp/vs ratios for the Molasse units range from 2.0 to 2.3 with a median of 2.15, which is much higher than previously assumed. This raises the depth of hypocenters of induced earthquakes in surrounding geothermal wells. The vp/vs ratios found in the Upper Jurassic vary laterally between 1.5 and 2.2. Since no boreholes are available for verification, we test our results against an independently derived facies classification of the conventional 3D seismic volume and found it correlates well. Furthermore, we see that low vp/vs ratios correlate with high vp and vs velocities. We interpret the latter as dolomitized rocks, which are connected with enhanced permeability in the reservoir. We conclude that 3C registration of conventional P-wave surveys is worthwhile.

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Inverse design of layered periodic wave barriers based on deep learning

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L Journal of Materials Design and Applications ◽

10.1177/14644207211016886 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146442072110168

Author(s):

Chen-Xu Liu ◽

Gui-Lan Yu

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Activation Function ◽

Periodic Wave ◽

P Wave ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

S Wave ◽

Output Frequency ◽

Great Generality ◽

Typical Range ◽

Deep Learning Model

This study presents an approach based on deep learning to design layered periodic wave barriers with consideration of typical range of soil parameters. Three cases are considered where P wave and S wave exist separately or simultaneously. The deep learning model is composed of an autoencoder with a pretrained decoder which has three branches to output frequency attenuation domains for three different cases. A periodic activation function is used to improve the design accuracy, and condition variables are applied in the code layer of the autoencoder to meet the requirements of practical multi working conditions. Forty thousand sets of data are generated to train, validate, and test the model, and the designed results are highly consistent with the targets. The presented approach has great generality, feasibility, rapidity, and accuracy on designing layered periodic wave barriers which exhibit good performance in wave suppression in targeted frequency range.

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Heart in Acromegaly: The Echocardiographic Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Acromegaly in Various Stages of the Disease

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/6935054 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Agata Popielarz-Grygalewicz ◽

Jakub S. Gąsior ◽

Aleksandra Konwicka ◽

Paweł Grygalewicz ◽

Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Right Ventricular ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Global Longitudinal Strain ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Volume Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Glucose Metabolism Disorders ◽

Acromegalic Cardiomyopathy ◽

The Right

To determine whether the echocardiographic presentation allows for diagnosis of acromegalic cardiomyopathy. 140 patients with acromegaly underwent echocardiography as part of routine diagnostics. The results were compared with the control group comprising of 52 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Patients with acromegaly presented with higher BMI, prevalence of arterial hypertension, and glucose metabolism disorders (i.e., diabetes and/or prediabetes). In patients with acromegaly, the following findings were detected: increased left atrial volume index, increased interventricular septum thickness, increased posterior wall thickness, and increased left ventricular mass index, accompanied by reduced diastolic function measured by the following parameters: E’med., E/E’, and E/A. Additionally, they presented with abnormal right ventricular systolic pressure. All patients had normal systolic function measured by ejection fraction. However, the values of global longitudinal strain were slightly lower in patients than in the control group; the difference was statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in the size of the right and left ventricle, thickness of the right ventricular free wall, and indexed diameter of the ascending aorta between patients with acromegaly and healthy volunteers. None of 140 patients presented systolic dysfunction, which is the last phase of the so-called acromegalic cardiomyopathy. Some abnormal echocardiographic parameters found in acromegalic patients may be caused by concomitant diseases and not elevated levels of GH or IGF-1 alone. The potential role of demographic parameters like age, sex, and/or BMI requires further research.

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HYDATID CYST OF THE INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM OF THE HEART WITH RUPTURE INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE

Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery ◽

10.1016/s0022-5223(19)33004-1 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 110-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Hernán Artucio ◽

José L. Roglia ◽

Raúl Di Bello ◽

Jorge Dubra ◽

Agustín Gorlero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Right Ventricle ◽

Hydatid Cyst ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

The Right

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P- and S-wave attenuation logs from monopole sonic data

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1444774 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 755-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Xinhua Sun ◽

Xiaoming Tang ◽

C. H. (Arthur) Cheng ◽

L. Neil Frazer

Keyword(s):

Wave Attenuation ◽

Fluid Velocity ◽

P Wave ◽

Reservoir Rock ◽

Rock Properties ◽

S Wave ◽

Intrinsic Attenuation ◽

Modified Method ◽

Receiver Array ◽

Attenuation Profiles

In this paper, a modification of an existing method for estimating relative P-wave attenuation is proposed. By generating synthetic waveforms without attenuation, the variation of geometrical spreading related to changes in formation properties with depth can be accounted for. With the modified method, reliable P- and S-wave attenuation logs can be extracted from monopole array acoustic waveform log data. Synthetic tests show that the P- and S-wave attenuation values estimated from synthetic waveforms agree well with their respective model values. In‐situ P- and S-wave attenuation profiles provide valuable information about reservoir rock properties. Field data processing results show that this method gives robust estimates of intrinsic attenuation. The attenuation profiles calculated independently from each waveform of an eight‐receiver array are consistent with one another. In fast formations where S-wave velocity exceeds the borehole fluid velocity, both P-wave attenuation ([Formula: see text]) and S-wave attenuation ([Formula: see text]) profiles can be obtained. P- and S-wave attenuation profiles and their comparisons are presented for three reservoirs. Their correlations with formation lithology, permeability, and fractures are also presented.

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