scholarly journals Problems in diabetic retinopathy treatment and management during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Öncül ◽  
Mehmet Fuat Alakuş
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hospital Visits ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Mean Time

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the problems occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic period in patients treated with intravitreal (IV) injection for diabetic retinopathy, and to provide recommendations for treatment management in these patients. Methods: Twenty-nine eyes of 17 patients were included in this prospective, observational study. The frequency of hospital visits, treatments performed, and detailed ophthalmological examination findings, including optical coherence tomography findings and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values, were recorded in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the detailed ophthalmological examination findings and HbA1c values were noted after the patients who had delayed their routine control time (>90 days) applied to the hospital. New treatments were planned according to the current situation. Results: Seventeen patients who were diagnosed with diabetic macular edema were included in the study; 10 were female (58.8%) and seven were male (41.2%). The mean time interval between following visits was 45.52±5.85 days during the pre-pandemic period, but it increased to 110.41±13.47 days during the COVID-19 pandemic period (p<.001). Visual acuity (LogMAR) was 0.44±0.36 in the pre-pandemic period and 0.76±0.48 during the COVID-19 pandemic period (p=.003). Central macular thickness was 300.10±85.56 µm in the pre-pandemic period and it increased to 387.10±144.48 µm during the COVID-19 pandemic period (p=.007). In three patients, complications of diabetic retinopathy that could not be cured by medical treatment developed and surgical treatment was recommended. Conclusions: Delays in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy may cause permanent impairment in visual functions. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the hospital visit intervals of patients, and this situation has resulted in disruptions in the follow-up and treatment of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Alternative diagnosis and treatment practices are needed in order to manage these and similar processes smoothly.

scholarly journals Recurrence of Dupuytren’s disease following surgery – an analysis of the causes and incidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Andrzej Żyluk
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Dupuytren’S Disease ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Dupuytren's Disease ◽  
True Recurrence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

AbstractThe incidence of recurrence Dupuytren’s disease after surgery is estimated up to 50% in relation to progression of the disease, treatment modality and time of the follow-up. The objective of this study was an analysis of the causes and frequency of recurrences among 67 patients following surgery for recurrent Dupuytren’s disease in the author’s institution in the years 2016–2018. The 67 patients comprised 56 men (83%) and 11 women (17%) at a mean age of 59 years (range 40–81), of which 27 patients (40%) had undergone a 2nd operation to the same hand, 22 patients (33%) had undergone a 3rd operation, 14 (21%) had undergone a 4th operation, and the remaining 4 patients had each undergone more than 5 operations on the same hand. The defined rate of recurrence in the analysed period was 20%. The mean time interval from the last operation and the appearance of signs of a relapse was 14 months; in 42 patients (63%) it was less than 1 year (3–12 months) and in the remaining 25 (37%) 1–4 years. Progressing contracture of the previously operated finger and contracture of the adjacent finger which was not involved at the 1st operation, was the most frequently observed pattern of recurrence, found in 29 patients; it was a combination of true recurrence and extension of the disease. The number of operations performed in a given patient was found to be a statistically significant risk factor of recurrence.

A Cohort Study Of 15,912 Patients On The Long-Term Quality Of Vka Therapy After Extreme Overanticoagulation

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2384-2384
Author(s):  
Hilde A.M. Kooistra ◽  
Nakisa Khorsand ◽  
Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans ◽  
Nic J.G.M. Veeger ◽  
Margriet Piersma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Therapeutic Range ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Total Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract Introduction Many patients are on long-term vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) or recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). This therapy proved highly effective for the prevention of stroke and recurrence of venous thrombosis. However, due to intra-individual variations in the dose-response relationship it can be difficult to keep the International Normalized Ratio (INR) within the therapeutic range. As underanticoagulation increases the thrombotic risk and overanticoagulation the bleeding risk, the efficacy and safety of VKA depend on the individual time in the therapeutic range (iTTR). Although patients on stable VKA therapy tend to stay stable over time, a proportion develops extreme overanticoagulation. It is well known that the iTTR is lowered directly after overanticoagulation. However, it is unclear whether such patients will subsequently restabilize. For that reason, we analyzed in a large cohort of AF and VTE patients the course of VKA therapy during the 3 months after extreme overanticoagualation. Material and Methods We selected from a consecutive cohort of 15,912 AF and VTE patients all patients who were on ‘stable VKA therapy’ during the 3 months ‘screening period’. The screening period started for the individual patient at the first INR between January 2009 and January 2012 that was measured ≥3 month after treatment initiation. Stable VKA therapy was defined by a maximum interval of 56 days between INR-measurements and the absence of extreme overanticoagulation (INR≥ 8.0 or unscheduled supplementation of vitamin K). End of follow-up was June 2012. In patients with extreme overanticoagulation (EO), we compared the 3 months before with the 3 months after EO. Patients with EO were also compared with the total group of selected patients. The primary outcome was inadequate iTTR (iTTR <65%), as we know from previous studies that the majority of major bleeds and thrombo-embolic events occurs in this relatively small group. Secondary outcomes were: time under and above the therapeutic range, iTTR (linear), and frequency of INR-measurements. Target INR was 2.0-3.5 according to Dutch guidelines. The iTTR was calculated for each individual patient using linear interpolation. INRs within 7 days before or after EO were not taken into account. Results We selected 14,417 stable patients: 11,194 AF and 3,223 VTE patients. During a total follow-up of 25,848 patient-years, 885 patients (3.4/100 patient-years) experienced EO. After EO, 731 (83%) patients continued VKA treatment. In the 3 months before EO, 50.0% of patients had an iTTR<65%. This increased with 16.6% (95% CI 14.3 – 19.2) to 66.7 % after EO. In patients who continued VKA treatment, the mean iTTR decreased with 7.1% (95%CI 4.6 – 9.6) from 64.2 to 57.2 after EO. The mean time above the therapeutic range only slightly decreased (3.9%, 95%CI 1.5 – 6.3) from 22.4% to 18.5%. Interestingly, the time below the therapeutic range almost doubled as it increased with 11.0% (95%CI 8.7 – 13.3) to 24.3%. The frequency of INR-measurements increased from a mean time interval of 18.4 to 14.0 days. In the total cohort of 14,417 patients, 18% of patients had an iTTR<65%. The mean time below, within and above the therapeutic range was 10.4%, 77.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Therefore, the RR risk of inadequate VKA therapy was 2.8 (95%CI 2,6 – 3.0) before and 3.7 (95%CI 3.5 – 4.0) after EO, compared to the total group. Conclusion Patients with EO had a significantly higher risk of inadequate VKA therapy compared to the total group of patients already in the 3 months before EO. After EO, the time below the therapeutic range increased, which could be caused by a counter reaction. This resulted in further deterioration of the iTTR. Thus, even with more frequent INR-measurements, adequate VKA therapy was not achieved for most of these patients. Although an episode of EO does alert staff, this does not lead to better control. These patients might be better candidates for one of the new oral anticoagulants. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Vitamin D Level Stability in Dystrophinopathy Patients on Vitamin D Supplementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Naomi Vather-Wu ◽  
Matthew D. Krasowski ◽  
Katherine D. Mathews ◽  
Amal Shibli-Rahhal
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stable Maintenance ◽  
Mean Time

Background: Expert guidelines recommend annual monitoring of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and maintaining 25-OHD ≥30 ng/ml in patients with dystrophinopathies. Objective: We hypothesized that 25-OHD remains stable and requires less frequent monitoring in patients taking stable maintenance doses of vitamin D. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study, using the electronic health record to identify 26 patients with dystrophinopathies with a baseline 25-OHD ≥30 ng/mL and at least one additional 25-OHD measurement. These patients had received a stable dose of vitamin D for ≥3 months prior to their baseline 25-OHD measurement and throughout follow-up. The main outcome measured was the mean duration time the subjects spent with a 25-OHD ≥30 ng/mL. Results: Only 19% of patients dropped their 25-OHD to <  30 ng/ml, with a mean time to drop of 33 months and a median nadir 25-OHD of 28 ng/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that measurement of 25-OHD every 2–2.5 years may be sufficient in patients with a baseline 25-OHD ≥30 ng/mL and who are on a stable maintenance dose of vitamin D. Other patients may require more frequent assessments.

Outcomes of a Cardiac Rehabilitation (CRH) Program after phase II: what about our patients almost 4 years later?

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Borrego Rodriguez ◽  
C Palacios Echevarren ◽  
S Prieto Gonzalez ◽  
JC Echarte Morales ◽  
R Bergel Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Hospital Readmissions ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acute Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. INTRODUCTION CRH in patients with ischemic heart disease is recommended by the different clinical practice guidelines with an IA level of evidence, with an important role in reducing cardiovascular mortality and hospital readmissions during follow-up. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to show the 4-year clinical results of a population of patients who participated in an CRH program after an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). METHODS Between May/2014 and September/2017, 221 patients who had recently presented an ACS completed the 12 weeks of phase II of the CRH program at our center. In May/2020 we collected epidemiological, clinical and echocardiographic information at the time of the acute cardiovascular event; and we evaluate the current vital status of the patients and the incidence of readmissions for: angina, HF, new ACS, or arrhythmic events. RESULTS Of the 221 patients, 182 were men (82%). The mean age of our population was 58.3 ± 7.8 years. 58% (129 patients) suffered from ST-elevation ACS. The mean time of hospital stay was 6.20 ± 2.9 days. An echocardiogram was performed at discharge, which showed an average LVEF of 56 ± 6%. Eight patients (4%) developed early Ventricular Fibrilation (VF) during the acute phase of ACS. Among the classic CVRF, smoking (79%) was the most prevalent, followed by dyslipidemia (53%) and hypertension (47%). The mean time from hospital discharge to the start of phase II RHC was 42 ± 16 days. The overall incidence of events was 9%: 10 patients suffered reinfarction during follow-up, and 7 were readmitted for unstable angina, all of whom underwent PCI; no patient was admitted for HF; and none of the 8 patients with early VF had a new tachyarrhythmia, registering a single admission for VT during follow-up. None of the patients had sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias during exercise-training. At the mean 4.5-year follow-up, 218 patients were still alive (98%). CONCLUSION The incidence of CV events in the follow-up of our cohort was low, which can be explained by the fact that it is a young population, with an LVEF at low limits of normality at discharge, which is one of the most important predictors in the prognosis after an ischemic event. As an improvement, we must shorten the time until the start of phase II of the program. CRH shows once again its clinical benefit after an ACS, in consonance with the existing evidence. Abstract Figure. Outcomes of a CRH program.

scholarly journals Management of Vertical Sternal Fracture Nonunion in Elite-Level Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596712110108
Author(s):  
Andrea Bardos ◽  
Sanjeeve Sabhrawal ◽  
Graham Tytherleigh-Strong
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Constant Score ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Sternal Fracture ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Time From Injury ◽  
Sternal Fractures

Background: Sternal fractures are rare, and they can be treated nonoperatively. Vertical sternal fractures have rarely been reported. Purpose: To describe the management and surgical treatment of a series of elite-level athletes who presented with symptomatic nonunions of a vertical sternal fracture. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients with an established symptomatic nonunion of a vertical sternal fracture, as diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), underwent open reduction and internal fixation using autologous bone graft and cannulated lag screws. The patients were assessed preoperatively and at the final follow-up using the Rockwood sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) score; Constant score; and shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) scores. Bony union was confirmed on postoperative CT scan. Results: Five patients (4 men and 1 woman) were included; all were national- or international-level athletes (rugby, judo, show-jumping, and MotoGP). The mean age at surgery was 23.4 years (range, 19-27 years), the mean time from injury to referral was 13.6 months (range, 10-17 months), and the mean time from injury to surgery was 15.8 months (range, 11-20 months). The mean follow-up was 99.4 months (range, 25-168 months). There was a significant improvement after surgery in the mean Rockwood SCJ score (from 12.6 to 14.8 [ P < .05]), Constant score (from 84 to 96.4 [ P < .05]; 80% met the minimal clinically important difference [MCID] of 10.4 points), and QuickDASH (from 6.8 to 0.98 [ P < .05]; 0% met the MCID of 15.9 points). Four of the patients were able to return to sport at their preinjury level, and 1 patient retired for nonmedical reasons. All of the fractures had united on the postoperative CT scan. There were no postoperative complications. Conclusion: Vertical fractures of the sternum are very rare and tend to behave clinically like an avulsion fracture injury to the capsuloligamentous structure of the inferior SCJ. The requirement of advanced imaging to diagnose this injury means that the actual incidence and natural history are not known. For high-demand athletes, early identification, surgical reduction, and fixation are likely to achieve the best outcome.

scholarly journals Association between Diabetic Retinopathy and Chronic Periodontitis—A Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veena H. R. ◽  
Sribhargava Natesh ◽  
Sudhir Patil
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
The Mean

Periodontal disease (PD), a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth, increases the risk of complications in diabetics. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of prolonged hyperglycaemia. There appears to be a similarity in the pathogenesis of DR and PD. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association, if any, between DR and PD, correlate the severity of DR with the severity of PD, and investigate the association between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum creatinine and periodontal variables. The periodontal status of 200 adult diabetic patients in the age group of 30–65 years with varying severity of DR was assessed. Evaluation of the severity of PD was assessed by recording clinical parameters. Haematological investigations including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum creatinine were estimated before the initiation of treatment for DR. A statistically significant association between the mean duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the severity of DR and PD was found. The severity of PD was directly correlated with the severity of DR. There was a significant association between the levels of HbA1c and serum creatinine and severity of DR and PD. There could be a plausible relationship between DR and PD. Further prospective studies on a larger population with longer follow-ups are required to ascertain whether PD and its severity directly affect the progression and severity of DR.

scholarly journals Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽  
Kemal Gokkus ◽  
Evrim Sirin ◽  
Eren Cansü
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cutaneous Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

scholarly journals The prevalence of undiagnosed age-related sight threatening diseases in self-proclaimed healthy individuals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Lemmens ◽  
João Barbosa Breda ◽  
Karel Van Keer ◽  
Tine Jacobs ◽  
Ruben Van Landeghem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Medical Questionnaire

Abstract Background Age-related conditions such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DRP) and cataract have become the major cause of visual impairment and blindness in high-income countries and carry a major socio-economic burden. The aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of age-related eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and cataract in a cohort of self-proclaimed healthy elderly, and thus get a rough estimation of the prevalence of undiagnosed age-related eye conditions in the Belgian population.Methods Individuals aged 55 and older without ophthalmological complaints were asked to fill in a general medical questionnaire and underwent an ophthalmological examination, which included a biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure measurement, axial length measurement, and acquisition of fundus pictures and Optical Coherence Tomography scans. Information regarding follow-up was collected in the subset of participants who received the advice of referral to an ophthalmologist or the advice to have more frequent follow-up visits, based on the ophthalmological changes detected in their evaluation.Results The cohort included 102 people and comprised 46% men (median age 70 years, range 57-85 years). Referral for additional examinations based on clinical findings, was made in 26 participants (25%). The advice to have more regular follow-up ophthalmologist visits was given to nine additional participants (9%). No significant correlations between baseline characteristics, including eye care consumption, and the need for referral could be identified. Follow-up information was available for 25 out of 26 referred volunteers (96%). Out of these, four (16%) underwent a therapeutical intervention based on study referral, up until 18 months after study participation. All four interventions took place in the age group 65 - 74 years.Conclusions This study shows that even in an elderly population with self-proclaimed healthy eyes and good general health, a significant proportion of subjects showed ocular findings that need regular follow up and/or intervention. Moreover, the frequency of prior ophthalmological examinations does not seem to be relevant to this proportion, meaning that everyone above 55 years old needs a routine ophthalmological evaluation.

P14.67 Long-term results of gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of intracranial glomus jugulare tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii50-ii51
Author(s):  
R M Emad Eldin ◽  
K M Abdel Karim ◽  
A M N El-Shehaby ◽  
W A Reda ◽  
A M Nabeel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Glomus Jugulare ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract BACKGROUND Glomus Jugulare tumors are benign but locally aggressive ones that represent a therapeutic challenge. Previous studies about the use of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GRS) in those tumors have documented good results that needed larger number of patients and longer follow up periods to be confirmed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between August 2001 and December 2017, 70 patients with glomus jugulare tumors were treated at the Gamma Knife Center, Cairo. They were 46 females and 24 males. The mean age was 48 years (16–71 years). Nineteen of these patients were previously operated, 5 were partially embolized, 3 underwent embolization and subsequent surgery and 43 had gamma knife as their primary treatment. Volume-staged gamma knife radiosurgery was used in 10 patients and single-session in 60 patients, with a total of 86 sessions. The mean target volume was 12.7 cm3 (range 0.2 to 34.5 cm3). The mean tumor volume was 15.5 cm3 (range 0.2 to 105 cm3). The mean prescription dose was 14.5 Gy (range 12 to 18 Gy). RESULTS The mean follow up period was 60 months (range 18 to 206 months), and by the time of the data analysis, two of the patients were dead (66 and 24 months after GK treatment). The tumor control was 98.6% (69/70). Thirty-two tumors became smaller and 37 were unchanged. The symptoms improved in 36 patients, were stable in 32 patients, and worsened in 2 patients who developed a transient facial palsy and worsened hearing. Symptomatic improvement began before any reduction in tumor volume could be detected, where the mean time to clinical improvement was 7 months whereas the mean time to tumor shrinkage was 18 months. CONCLUSION This study about the long term follow up of the GKR for the intracranial glomus jugulare tumors confirmed that this is a highly effective and safe treatment. This data shows that the clinical improvement is not correlated with the radiological volume reduction.

Fractures of the Phalanges: Results of Internal Fixation Using 1.5mm and 2mm A. O. Screws

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
D. J. FORD ◽  
S. EL-HADIDI ◽  
P. G. LUNN ◽  
F. D. BURKE
Keyword(s):  
Internal Fixation ◽  
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Flexion Deformity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Condylar Fractures ◽  
Phalangeal Fractures ◽  
Mean Time

Thirty-six patients were treated for 38 phalangeal fractures using 1.5 mm and 2 mm A. O. screws. Plates were not used in the fingers. Oblique fractures of the condyles, shafts or bases of the proximal or middle phalanges were treated by internal fixation because of instability, displacement or rotation. 40% of fractures had associated skin wounds, were comminuted or had damage to the extensor mechanism. The mean duration of post-operative immobilization was 9 days and the mean time off work was 6 weeks. Total active movement in the involved ray was 220 degrees or greater in 24 cases, 180 degrees to 215 degrees in eight cases, and less than 180 degrees in two patients at follow up. The patients were reviewed between three and 54 months after treatment and the mean duration of follow up was 24 months. The most frequent complication was 10 degrees to 30 degrees of flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint after internal fixation of condylar fractures. Results were satisfactory in 90% of cases.

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