scholarly journals In-Hospital Respiratory Viral Infections for Patients with Established BPD in the SARS-CoV-2 Era

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kielt ◽  
Angela Murphy ◽  
Jodi Smathers ◽  
Maleah Bates ◽  
Leif Nelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Historical Controls ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Objective Our objective was to test the hypothesis that in-hospital respiratory viral infections (RVI) would be significantly lower in a cohort of patients with established bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the SARS-CoV-2 era when compared to historical controls. Study Design On April 1, 2020, we implemented a universal infection prevention bundle to minimize the risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a dedicated BPD intensive care unit. We performed a retrospective cohort study and included patients with established BPD, as defined by the 2019 Neonatal Research Network criteria, admitted to our center who underwent real-time polymerase-chain-reaction RVI testing between January 1, 2015 and March 31, 2021. We excluded patients re-admitted from home. We compared to number of tests performed, the proportion of positive tests, and the distribution of viral respiratory pathogens in the pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 eras. Results Among 176 patients included in the sudy, 663 RVI tests were performed and 172 (26%) tests were positive. The median number of tests performed, measured in tests per patient per month, in the SARS-CoV-2 era was not significantly different compared to the pre-SARS-CoV-2 era (0.45 vs 0.34 tests per patient per month, P = 0.07). The proportion of positive RVI tests was significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 era when compared to the pre-SARS-CoV-2 era (0.06 vs 0.30, P<0.0001). No patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the SARS-CoV-2 era. Conclusions Infection prevention measures developed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may reduce the risk of RVIs in hospitalized patients with established BPD.

scholarly journals How do we change practice?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2(May-August)) ◽  
pp. e932021
Author(s):  
John Kestle
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Prevention Protocol ◽  
Csf Shunt Infection

OBJECT: The goal of this video lecture was to show the importance to research group organizing protocols to reduce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection at Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) centers (from 8.7% to 5.7%). Antibiotic-impregnated catheters (AICs) were not part of the protocol but were used off protocol by some surgeons. The authors therefore began using a new protocol that included AICs in an effort to reduce the infection rate further. The improvement of quality was related to reduce variation and improve outcome. METHODS The previous protocol was implemented at HCRN centers on January 1, 2012, for all shunt procedures (excluding external ventricular drains [EVDs], ventricular reservoirs, and subgaleal shunts). Compliance with the protocol and outcome events up to March 30, 2014, were recorded. The actual protocol is based on 7 points (HCRNq centers): intravenous antibiotics, skin preparation, hand scrub, double gloves, iodophoretic surgical field, catheter and antibiotics, and vancomycin irrigation RESULTS. Before protocol implementation in 30 participating centers, and 1318 subjects (1571 surgical cases) enrolled the overall infection rate was 6.0% (95% CI 5.1%-7.2%). The actual infection rate when using this new protocol has been analyzed. CONCLUSIONS CSF shunt procedures performed in compliance with a new infection prevention protocol at HCRNq centers had a lower infection rate than noncompliant procedures. Based on the current data, HCRNq centers the role of AICs compared with other infection prevention measures is still under analysis.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Type-I Interferon for Immediately Available Prophylaxis Against Emerging Respiratory Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos C. Lee ◽  
Yunjin Jeong ◽  
Sumin Lee ◽  
Haewook Jang ◽  
Allen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

In addition to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, emerging viruses that cause respiratory viral infections will continue to arise. Increasing evidence suggests a delayed, possibly suppressed, type 1 interferon (IFN-I) response occurs early during COVID-19 and other viral respiratory infections such as SARS and MERS. These observations prompt considering IFN-β as a prophylactic or early intervention for respiratory viral infections. A rationale for developing and testing intranasal interferon beta (IFN-β) as an immediately available intervention for new respiratory viral infections that will arise unexpectedly in the future is presented and supported by basic and clinical trial observations. IFN-β prophylaxis could limit the spread and consequences of an emerging respiratory viral infection in at-risk individuals while specific vaccines are being developed.

scholarly journals Nosocomial respiratory viral infections: state of the problems

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
V. G. Akimkin ◽  
Yu. A. Zakharova ◽  
E. P. Igonina ◽  
E. V. Bolgarova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Services ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

We scanned the PubMed search database for literature on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory viral infections (NRVI) published over a ten-year period. Necessity to apply the standard case definition and the laboratory panel based on the multiplex polymerase chain reaction in frequency assessment was established. In general, predominance of rhinoviruses in the etiological structure was detected. Rationale was given for introduction of nonspecific epidemic prevention activities against a broad spectrum of other respiratory pathogens including high-priority respiratory syncytial viruses, metapneumoviruses, adenoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses and coronaviruses. Bocaviruses and mimiviruses were designated as rare species. The biological diversity of the pathogens causing NRVI calls for active promotion of molecular genetics techniques in the work of the laboratory services of health facilities to perform quality etiological diagnosis, design relevant antiviral therapy regimens and effective prevention programs whose implementation will lead to significant reduction in the spread risk of these infections and the treatment costs.

scholarly journals Viral Infections of the Upper Airway in the Setting of COVID-19: A Primer for Rhinologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Erick Yuen ◽  
David A. Gudis ◽  
Nicholas R. Rowan ◽  
Shaun A. Nguyen ◽  
Rodney J. Schlosser
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Background Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a significant burden of disease and represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the devastating toll that respiratory viruses have on humanity and the desperate need to understand the biological characteristics that define them in order to develop efficacious treatments and vaccines. To date, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 600 times more people and resulted in 200 times more deaths relative to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) combined. Objective Through this review, we aim to summarize the key characteristics of respiratory viruses that hold global significance, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Our goal is to disseminate our current knowledge of these infectious agents to otolaryngologists, in particular rhinologists, practicing in the COVID-19 era. Methods The general and clinical characteristics of selected respiratory viruses along with available viral treatments and vaccines are reviewed. Results There has been significant progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of various respiratory viruses. However, despite the advancement in knowledge, efficacious vaccines and antiviral treatments remain elusive for most respiratory viruses. The dire need for these scientific discoveries is highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which has prompted investigators worldwide to conduct clinical trials at an accelerated timeline in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rhinologists will continue to remain on the front-lines of pandemics associated with respiratory viruses. Conclusion In light of these unprecedented times, the need to understand the nuances of these viral respiratory pathogens, especially SARS-CoV-2, cannot be overemphasized. This knowledge base is of particular importance to otolaryngologists, whose expertise in the upper airway coincides with the anatomic tropism of these infectious agents.

Combined therapy for treatment of acute respiratory viral infections: analysis of combined complex AnviMax

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
O. A. Gromova ◽  
I. Yu. Torshin
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Histamine Receptor ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Comprehensive Programs ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The annual increase in the incidence of influenza, SARS, and the COVID‑19 pandemic indicate the need for comprehensive programs to support congenital antiviral immunity. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment of viral respiratory infections, it is important to attenuate the effects of the so-called cytokine storm and enhanced compensation of the patient’s comorbid pathologies. Increasing the availability of zinc, vitamin C and rutoside can improve the body’s resistance to viral infections. In addition to micronutrients, to reduce the activity of allergic inflammation, second-generation H1-histamine receptor blockers (loratadine, etc.) and calcium gluconate can be used. To lower the  temperature, it is important to include paracetamol in therapy.

scholarly journals Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyu Moriyama ◽  
Walter J. Hugentobler ◽  
Akiko Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.

scholarly journals Resumption of Sport at the United States Olympic and Paralympic Training Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110027
Author(s):  
Ankit B. Shah ◽  
Dustin Nabhan ◽  
Robert Chapman ◽  
George Chiampas ◽  
Jonathan Drezner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Positive Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

In this brief report, we describe the safety of reopening US Olympic and Paralympic Training facilities (USOPTFs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from July 2020 through October 2020. We evaluated the prevalence of COVID-19 infection at the time of reentry and cardiopulmonary sequelae of COVID-19 in elite athletes. All athletes returning to a USOPTF were required to go through a reentry protocol consisting of an electronic health history, a 6-day quarantine including twice-daily symptom surveys, COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction and antibody testing, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, and pulmonary function testing. Athletes with current or prior COVID-19 infection also underwent an echocardiogram, cardiology consultation, and additional testing as indicated. All athletes followed rigorous infection prevention measures and minimized contact with the outside community following reentry. At the time of this report, 301 athletes completed the reentry protocol among which 14 (4.7%) tested positive for active (positive polymerase chain reaction test, n = 3) or prior (positive antibody test, n = 11) COVID-19 infection. During the study period, this cohort accrued 14,916 days living and training at USOPTFs. Only one (0.3%) athlete was subsequently diagnosed with a new COVID-19 infection. No cardiopulmonary pathology attributable to COVID-19 was detected. Our findings suggest that residential elite athlete training facilities can successfully resume activity during the COVID-19 pandemic when strict reentry and infection prevention measures are followed. Dissemination of our reentry quarantine and screening protocols with COVID-19 mitigation measures may assist the global sports and medical community develop best practices for reopening of similar training centers.

Impact of mandatory vaccination of healthcare personnel on rates of influenza and other viral respiratory pathogens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Michael S. Simberkoff ◽  
Susan M. Rattigan ◽  
Charlotte A. Gaydos ◽  
Cynthia L. Gibert ◽  
Geoffrey J. Gorse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Objective: The implementation of mandatory influenza vaccination policies among healthcare personnel (HCP) is controversial. Thus, we examined the affect of mandatory influenza vaccination policies among HCP working in outpatient settings. Setting: Four Veterans’ Affairs (VA) health systems and three non-VA medical centers. Methods: We analyzed rates of influenza and other viral causes of respiratory infections among HCP working in outpatient sites at 4 VA health systems without mandatory influenza vaccination policies and 3 non-VA health systems with mandatory influenza vaccination policies. Results: Influenza vaccination was associated with a decreased risk of influenza (odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.22) but an increased risk of other respiratory viral infections (incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02–1.57). Conclusions: Our fitted regression models suggest that if influenza vaccination rates in clinics where vaccination was not mandated had equalled those where vaccine was mandated, HCP influenza infections would have been reduced by 52.1% (95% CI, 51.3%–53.0%). These observations, their possible causes, and additional strategies to reduce influenza and other viral respiratory illnesses among HCP working in ambulatory clinics warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Epidemiological surveillance of common respiratory viruses in patients with suspected COVID-19 in Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Si ◽  
Zhenzhen Zhao ◽  
Rong Chen ◽  
Huiyu Zhong ◽  
Tangyuheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southwest China ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Epidemic Area ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Abstract Background The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the peak season of common respiratory viral infections. However, the clinical symptoms of most SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are not significantly different from those of common respiratory viral infections. Therefore, knowing the epidemiological patterns of common respiratory viruses may be valuable to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of patients with suspected COVID-19, especially in Southwest China (a mild epidemic area). Methods A total of 2188 patients with clinically suspected of COVID-19 in Southwest China were recruited from January 21 to February 29, 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and sputum specimens were collected to detect SARS-CoV-2 by using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other 12 viruses via PCR fragment analysis combined with capillary electrophoresis. Clinical characteristics and laboratory test findings were acquired from electronic medical records. All data were analyzed to unravel the epidemiological patterns. Results Only 1.1% (24/2188) patients with suspected COVID-19 were eventually confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the most frequently observed symptoms were fever (75.0%, 18/24) and cough (20.8%, 5/24). The overall detection rate of other respiratory pathogens was 10.3% (226/2188). Among them, human rhinovirus (3.2%, 71/2188), human parainfluenza viruses (1.6%, 35/2188), influenza B virus (1.2%, 26/2188) and mycoplasma pneumonia (1.2%, 26/2188) were the predominantly detected pathogens in this study. Moreover, the co-infection was observed in 22 specimens. Notably, one COVID-19 case had a coexisting infection with human parainfluenza virus (4.2%, 1/24) and bocavirus was the most common virus tending to occur in co-infection with other respiratory pathogens. Conclusions This study reveals the epidemiological features of common respiratory viruses and their clinical impact during the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 in a mild epidemic area. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the transmission patterns of the common respiratory virus in COVID-19 regions, which can provide information support for the development of appropriate treatment plans and health policies, while eliminating unnecessary fear and tension.

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