scholarly journals Diversity in susceptibility reactions of winter wheat genotypes to obligate pathogens under fluctuating climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radivoje Jevtić ◽  
Vesna Župunski ◽  
Mirjana Lalošević ◽  
Bojan Jocković ◽  
Branka Orbović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo date, studies have usually focused on the impact of abiotic factors on the distribution of plant pathogens and have built forecast models for the prediction of pathogen outbreaks. However, the impact of the combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the prevalence of economically important pathogens has usually been neglected. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between powdery mildew and rusts of wheat and to examine how the combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influence their prevalence. The study was conducted in the period 2016–2019 using the collection of 2158 genotypes of winter wheat. The most influential factors on disease indices and relationships among obligate pathogens were determined using multiple regression models and principal component analysis. The possibility of the coexistence of different rust species in the same growing season and in the same field was shown. The significant influence of fluctuations in winter temperatures on changes in the prevalence of obligate pathogens was determined. The strong impact of genotypes and their reaction on climatic elements in certain phenological stages were shown to be significant factors influencing the interactions among obligate pathogens and the predominance of one pathogen over another.

scholarly journals Differential tolerance of Zymoseptoria tritici to altered optimal moisture conditions during the early stages of wheat infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Lise Boixel ◽  
Sandrine Gélisse ◽  
Thierry C. Marcel ◽  
Frédéric Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFoliar plant pathogens require liquid or vapour water for at least part of their development, but their response and their adaptive tolerance to moisture conditions have been much less studied than other meteorological factors to date. We examined the impact on the wheat-Zymoseptoria tritici interaction of altering optimal moisture conditions conducive to infection. We assessed the responses in planta of 48 Z. tritici strains collected in two climatologically distinct locations (Ireland and Israel) to four high moisture regimes differing in the timing and the duration of uninterrupted exposure to saturated relative humidity (100% RH) during the first three days of infection. Individual- and population-level moisture reaction norms expressing how the sporulating area of a lesion change with the RH conditions were established based on visual assessments of lesion development at 14, 17 and 20 days post-inoculation (dpi). Our findings highlighted: (i) a critical time-dependent effect on lesion development of uninterrupted periods of exposure to 100% RH during these earliest infection stages; (ii) a marked interindividual variation in the sensitivity to RH conditions both in terms of strain average moisture response and plasticity; (iii) a higher tolerance – expressed at 14 dpi, not later – of the Israeli population to early interruption of optimal moisture conditions. By indicating that sensitivity to sub-optimal moisture conditions may vary greatly between Z. tritici individuals and populations, this study highlights the evidence of moisture adaptation signature in a plant pathogen. This suggests that understanding such variation will be critical to predict their response to changing climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Modelling the Terroir of the Douro Demarcated Region, Portugal

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 02009
Author(s):  
Helder Fraga ◽  
Ricardo Costa ◽  
João Santos
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Hydric Soils ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Very High ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Selection Of

The Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) is one of the main winemaking regions in Portugal. Viticulture is tied to the Douro region, having a strong impact on the local economy. This mountainous region, characterized by the slopes of the Douro Valley, provides a vast range of environmental characteristics for winegrapes. Different climatic conditions, soil characteristics, topography, varieties and practices comprise the Douro terroirs, resulting in the uniqueness of the wines produced. In the current study, an assessment of the homogeneous viticultural zones is proposed for the Douro, by integrating different terroir elements (thermal, hydric, soils, topography and vegetation), using state-of-the-art very-high resolution datasets (1-km) and a large number of variables. A multivariate zoning was carried out using a principal component analysis (PCA) and a subsequent clustering. A geospatial assessment of the terroir elements was also performed separately for each sub-region in the DDR. The connections of the different terroirs prevailing at a given location were also innovatively assessed. This zoning may promote a more appropriate selection of vineyard sites, the selection of more locally-adapted varieties and rootstocks and the adoption of appropriate viticultural practices. The present study may be a standard methodology that can be applied to other winemaking regions worldwide.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND ITS INFLUENCES ON SEASONAL RAINFALL PATTERNS ON THE BATEKE PLATEAUS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 327-337
Author(s):  
Harmel Obami-Ondon ◽  
◽  
Medard Ngouala Mabonzo ◽  
Ngoma Mvoundou Christian ◽  
Bernard Mabiala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Congo Brazzaville ◽  
The Impact

Climate variability, in Africa in general and in the Republic of Congo-Brazzaville in particular, has been widely documented over the past 20 years. However, variables related to rainfall, such as the nine-month rainy seasons, have been very little studied in the Bateke Plateaux zone, which play a major role in regional hydrology. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of climatic events on seasonal rainfall patterns on the Plateaux Bateke. On the one hand, it involves monitoring the evolution of climatic parameters through the analysis of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall variation. On the other hand, it was a question of comparing the monthly rainfall normals over the period 1987-2016 in order to determine the behaviour of seasonal rainfall patterns in the context of climate variability. The principal component analysis, based on nine (09) variables, highlighted the impact of climate variability on seasonal rainfall patterns. The first principal component (F1) is associated with the factors defining the climatic conditions of the Plateau Bateke. The second main component (F2) does not express clear correlations. Generally speaking, the temperature and relative humidity of the air are factors in the temporal variability of seasonal rainfall regimes on the Plateaux Bateke.

VARIETY ROLE IN INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF WINTER WHEAT GRAINS IN NATURAL AND GREY FOREST SOILS OF THE BRYANSK REGION

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Adaptive Parameters ◽  
Stable Yield ◽  
Adaptability Parameters ◽  
Heat And Moisture

The complex estimation of adaptability parameters of twelve varieties of winter wheat which have passed competitive ecological tests within three years on the agricultural background of gray forest medium loamy soils of the experimental field of the Bryansk State Agrarian University has been presented in the article. The dynamics and growth of winter wheat yields in the region for the period 2010-2018, confirmed by the linear regression equation has been shown. The Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the production yield of wheat is confirmed by indices of environmental conditions characterized by heat and moisture supply during vegetation period. The greatest inter-varietal yield was realized in years with high values of environment conditions index. The studied varieties realized their yields potential on average by 92.1%, and the best varieties with these indicators are: Moscovskaya 36, Moscovskaya 56, Nemchinovskaya, 57, Lgovskaya 4 and Avgustine, with the lowest coefficient of variation. The use of ranking varieties according to adaptive parameters allowed us to identify winter wheat varieties with environmental targeting. They are able to give a sustainable and stable yield in the soil and climatic conditions of the Bryansk region, such the varieties are Augustine (b=1,00, Sd2 = 6,3, Hom=300,2, V=4,2%),, Oda (b=1,12, Sd2 = 19,3, Hom=78,8,V=8,1 %), Moscovsraya 39 (b=0,02, Sd2 = 12,9, Hom=350,6, V=3,8%), Nemchinovskaya 57 (bt=0,08, Sd2 = 1,8, Hom=524,1, V=3,1%), Lgovskaya 4 (b=0,63, Sd2 = 48,9, Hom=104,1, V=4,2%).

scholarly journals Microbiomes and Pathogen Survival in Crop Residues, an Ecotone Between Plant and Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie Kerdraon ◽  
Valérie Laval ◽  
Frédéric Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

The negative contribution of crop residues as a source of inoculum for plant diseases is well established. However, microbial ecologists have long reported positive effects of residues on the stability of agrosystems and conservation tillage practices have become increasingly widespread. Most studies have suggested that large microbial communities should be taken into account in plant disease management, but we know little about their ecological interaction with pathogens in the crop residue compartment. This review focuses on microbiomes associated with residues within the context of other microbial habitats in cereal-producing agroecosystems such as phyllosphere or rhizosphere. We connected residue microbiome with the survival of residue-borne fungal plant pathogens, thus combining knowledge in microbial ecology and epidemiology, two disciplines still not sufficiently connected. We provide an overview of the impact of residues on cereal disease epidemics and how dynamic interactions between microbial communities of nonburied residues during their degradation, along with soil and multitude of abiotic factors, can contribute to innovative disease management strategies, including next-generation microbiome-based biocontrol strategies. Starting from the classical but still relevant view of crop residues as a source of pathogen inoculum, we first consider possibilities for limiting the amount of residues on the soil surface to reduce the pathogen pressure. We then describe residues as a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment constituting a key fully fledged microbial ecosystem: in other words, an ecotone which deserves special attention. We focus on microbial communities, the changes in these communities over time and the factors influencing them. Finally, we discuss how the interactions between the microbial communities and the pathogens present on residues could be used: identification of keystone taxa and beneficial assemblages, then preservation of these taxa by adapted agronomic practices or development of synthetic communities, rather than the introduction of a single exogenous biocontrol species designed as a treatment product. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Winter wheat yields under different soil-climatic conditions in a long-term field trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Káš ◽  
Gabriela Mühlbachova ◽  
Helena Kusá
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Field

The impact of precipitations and air temperatures on winter wheat yields was evaluated in a 34-year long-<br /> term field trial with mineral and organic fertilization established at two experimental sites with different soil-climatic conditions: Ivanovice na Hané with well fertile soils (degraded Chernozem), higher average year temperatures and lower precipitations; Lukavec situated in Bohemian-Moravian highlands with less fertile soils (Cambisol), lower temperatures and higher precipitations. At both sites, a significant positive effect of used fertilizers was noted from the dose of 80 kg N/ha; the best yields were generally obtained at 120 kg N/ha and 160 kg N/ha. The wheat yields at the Ivanovice site were negatively affected by the decrease of precipitations, namely in more fertilized treatments, particularly farmyard manure + mineral nitrogen, from the dose of 80 kg N/ha. A different trend was obtained at the Lukavec site where better winter wheat yields were obtained under lower precipitations. The air temperatures played a positive role at the Lukavec site, but no significant effect of temperature was observed at the Ivanovice site. The less productive areas in highlands can become more interesting for agriculture production with changing climate. However, the soils generally having lower quality and nutrient content can be a limiting factor for obtaining high yields.

The influence of dispersible clay and wetting/drying cycles on the tensile strength of a red-brown earth

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Kay ◽  
AR Dexter
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dispersible Clay

The tensile strength of aggregates is a dynamic property under field conditions and for any given soil reflects the integration of processes leading to a strengthening and weakening of failure zones. The objectives of this study were to determine if variation in the tensile strength of natural aggregates from a red-brown earth could be related to the combined effects of (a) conditions favouring dispersion of clay and a subsequent increase in strength by cementation on drying and (b) wetting/drying cycles which would result in a decrease in strength. Aggregates were collected from the A horizon of different long-term rotations. The seasonal variation in tensile strength was assessed using data collected in 1988 and unpublished data which had been collected annually between 1978 and 1981. Trends in tensile strength over 5 years confirmed the importance of an interaction between climatic conditions which could lead to increased dispersion of clay and wetting/drying cycles. The extent of weakening of failure zones by wetting/drying cycles varied with the rotation. The nature of the impact of cropping history on tensile strength was dependent on antecedent climatic conditions.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of the use of Energia-M growth regulator in the protection system of winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-895
Author(s):  
E. A. Artemieva ◽  
M. N. Zakharova ◽  
L. V. Rozhkova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
The Impact

In the formation of the winter wheat yield, the protection of the crop from pests, stress, pesticides and adverse abiotic factors is one of the important elements of the technology. To increase yield and reduce the impact of adverse factors in winter wheat protection systems, plant growth regulators are used. In the conditions of the Ryazan region in 2019-2020, the effectiveness of the use of tank mixtures of pesticides with the growth regulator Energia-M (0.01 kg/ha) in the protection systems of winter wheat of the Danaya variety was studied. In the variant with the use of a tank mixture of pesticides with a growth regulator, a statistically significant excess of yield was noted in comparison with the control (without treatment) by 1.4 t/ha (31 %) and with the variant with treatment using a tank mixture without the use of a growth regulator - by 0.9 t/ha (18 %). Under the influence of the plant growth regulator, a decrease in the negative impact of pesticides on growth processes, an increase in crop yield by 18 % due to the formation of an additional number of productive stems (80 pcs / m2 ) were noted and a higher net operating profit was obtained compared to the protection system without a plant growth regulator.

scholarly journals Cold Storage and Temperature Management of Olive Fruit: The Impact on Fruit Physiology and Olive Oil Quality—A Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Eddy Plasquy ◽  
José María García Martos ◽  
María C. Florido ◽  
Rafael Rubén Sola-Guirado ◽  
Juan Francisco García Martín
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Temperature Management ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
The Impact

Cold storage of olive fruit has been the subject of study for over more than 50 years. From the 1990s on, an increasing amount of knowledge is build-up about the impact of the conservation on the physiological response of the fruit as well as on the quality of the extracted oil therefrom. This review offers a comprehensive synopsis of this research, discusses the most important influential factors and summarizes the results on the influence of the studied parameters on both the fruit and the oil. Currently, changing climatic conditions, new harvesting techniques and a more demanding consumer market are triggering the need to broaden this strict focus on conservation. A more dynamic view on the effects of temperature from the moment the fruit is harvested up to the oil extraction process, reveals the necessity to manage this crucial influential factor more diversely. An overview of how this management can take form is structured through a focus on the different phases of the postharvest processing and the widely different harvesting scales. Future prospects of research are presented based on the actual state of the art of cold storage research as well as on the necessities that come forward from a broader fruit temperature management perspective.

scholarly journals Impact of ploidy and pathogen life cycle on resistance durability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meline Saubin ◽  
Stephane De Mita ◽  
Xujia Zhu ◽  
Bruno Sudret ◽  
Fabien HALKETT
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Host Alternation ◽  
Resistance Breakdown ◽  
Resistance Durability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Population Collapses

The breeding of resistant hosts based on the gene-for-gene interaction is crucial to address epidemics of plant pathogens in agroecosystems. Resistant host deployment strategies are developed and studied worldwide to decrease the probability of resistance breakdown and increase the resistance durability in various pathosystems. A major component of deployment host strategies is the proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape. However, the impact of this proportion on resistance durability remains unclear for diploid pathogens with complex life cycles. In this study, we modelled pathogen population dynamics and genetic evolution at the virulence locus to assess the impact of the ploidy (haploid or diploid) and the pathogen's life cycle (with or without host alternation) on resistance durability. Ploidy has a strong impact on evolutionary trajectories, with much greater stochasticity and delayed times of resistance breakdown for diploids. This result emphasizes the importance of genetic drift in this system: as the virulent allele is recessive, positive selection on resistant hosts only applies to homozygous (virulent) individuals, which may lead to population collapses at low frequencies of the virulent allele. We also observed differences in the effect of host deployment depending on the pathogen's life cycle. With host alternation, the probability that the pathogen population collapses strongly increases with the proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape. Therefore, resistance breakdown events occurring at high proportions of resistant hosts frequently amount to evolutionary rescue. Last, life cycles correspond to two selection regimes: without host alternation (soft selection) the resistance breakdown is mainly driven by the migration rate. Conversely, host alternation (hard selection) resembles an all-or-nothing game, with stochastic trajectories caused by the recurrent allele redistributions on the alternate host.

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