scholarly journals Echoes of the hunt? An inter-continental comparison of patterns of growth and determinants of size of brown bears in Canada and Sweden.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Zedrosser ◽  
Marc CAttet ◽  
Jon Swenson ◽  
Gordon Stenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference

Comparing life history traits among populations that have been separated genetically for several hundred thousand years, but live in similar habitats on different continents, may help us understand how ecological and anthropomorphic factors shape life histories. We compared patterns of growth in body length and mass, and the influence of population density, habitat quality (NDVI), and reproduction on age-specific length and mass of male and female brown bears between Alberta, Canada, and Sweden. We found that Swedish females were significantly smaller in both length and mass than Alberta females. Swedish females also reached primiparity earlier and at a smaller mass and length. However, there were no continental differences in the patterns of growth in males. We found strong positive effects of NDVI, but only weak negative effects of population density on female mass and length in both areas. Generally, especially mass of Alberta females was more strongly affected by NDVI and density than for Swedish females. Reproduction had stronger negative effects on female mass in Alberta than in Sweden. We found no effects of NDVI and population density on male mass and body length in both areas. The larger variation in female growth and size between the areas, in contrast to males, may be related to differences in female reproductive investment due to differences in population trends, i.e., earlier reproduction in increasing populations or populations below carrying capacity, or to different selection pressures in the past, potentially due to human persecution. Swedish females exhibited characteristics typical of increasing populations, whereas Alberta females exhibited characteristics typical of stable or decreasing populations. The difference in reproduction investment means that Swedish bears can be harvested at higher rates, whereas Alberta bears must be managed more conservatively.

E-Government in Slovene Municipalities

2009 ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Jukic ◽  
Mateja Kunstelj ◽  
Mitja Decman ◽  
Mirko Vintar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past

In this chapter, 3 main aspects of municipal e-government in Slovenia are investigated thoroughly: supply, demand, and the view of municipal officials. After the review of studies in the field, the results of 3 empirical studies are presented. While the supply-side aspect of municipal e-government has been investigated within several studies, the view of external (citizens) and internal (municipal officials) users of municipal e-government have been rather neglected in the past, and the same is true for effects measured in this field. This chapter fills these gaps. The results revealed that municipal Web supply is poor, which is reflected in citizens’ satisfaction as well. Surprisingly, municipal officials are not well aware of possibilities e-government offers to them and to their customers. In addition, they believe that positive effects brought about the introduction of e-government are not significant, while among negative effects larger range of tasks, heavier workload, and increased complexity of tasks are stressed. At the end of the chapter key findings are summarized.

scholarly journals Beneficial cumulative effects of old parental age on offspring fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura. M. Travers ◽  
Hanne Carlsson ◽  
Martin I. Lind ◽  
Alexei A. Maklakov
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Parental Effect ◽  
Offspring Fitness ◽  
Young Parent ◽  
Successive Generations

AbstractOld parental age is commonly associated with negative effects on offspring life-history traits. Such parental effect senescence is predicted to have a cumulative detrimental effect over successive generations. However, old parents may benefit from producing high-quality offspring when these compete for seasonal resources. Thus, old parents may choose to increase investment in their offspring, thereby producing fewer but larger and more competitive progeny. We show that Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites increase parental investment with advancing age, resulting in fitter offspring who reach their reproductive peak earlier. Remarkably, these effects increased over six successive generations of breeding from old parents and were subsequently reversed following a single generation of breeding from a young parent. These results contradict the theory that old parents transfer a cumulative detrimental “ageing factor” to their offspring. Instead, our findings support the hypothesis that offspring of old parents receive more resources and convert them into increasingly faster life-histories.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CHINESE CITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050007
Author(s):  
XIAO-CHEN YUAN ◽  
ZHIMING YANG ◽  
YI-MING WEI ◽  
BING WANG
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference

There is a substantial concern for the economic impacts of global warming. This study identifies the effects of seasonal temperatures on total economic output in the cities of China, and then projects the changes in local economic performance under future climate and development scenarios. The results suggest that there are significant negative effects of warm seasonal temperature but positive effects of cold seasonal temperature on economic growth. These different effects increase as more lags of temperature are included. By 2090, the cities may have the average reduction of 44% in GDP per capita under RCP8.5, but some of them in Northeast China are predicted to get positive impacts under RCP2.6. The difference in the estimated aggregate impacts under the two RCPs could be as much as 24%. The poor cities are likely to have higher economic damages, which amplifies the economic inequality. Finally, the ranges of economic impacts projected by different climate models are presented.

scholarly journals Job Demands and Resources, Burnout, and Psychological Distress of Employees in the Chinese Non-profit Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosheng Deng ◽  
Chienchung Huang ◽  
Shannon P. Cheung ◽  
Congcong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Job Resources ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Job Demands And Resources

The non-profit sector in China has expanded significantly in the past few decades. However, employees in non-profits experience high burnout rates, indicating a need to study non-profit work conditions and their effect on employees. This study applies the job demands and resources (JD-R) model and examines the effects of job demands (JD) and job resources (JR) on burnout and psychological distress experienced by non-profit employees, recruited via quota sampling, across China (n = 233). The findings from path analysis showed that JR had strong and negative effects on burnout and on psychological distress, while JD had strong and positive effects on burnout and on psychological distress. Burnout partially mediated the relations between JD-R and psychological distress. These results highlight the importance of JD-R in reducing burnout and psychological distress in non-profit employees in China. Research and practice implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Rethinking Social Support and Conflict: Lessons from a Study of Women Who Have Separated from Abusive Partners

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepali Guruge ◽  
Marilyn Ford-Gilboe ◽  
Joan Samuels-Dennis ◽  
Colleen Varcoe ◽  
Piotr Wilk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Speaking

Relationships have both positive and negative dimensions, yet most research in the area of intimate partner violence (IPV) has focused on social support, and not on social conflict. Based on the data from 309 English-speaking Canadian women who experienced IPV in the past 3 years and were no longer living with the abuser, we tested four hypotheses examining the relationships among severity of past IPV and women’s social support, social conflict, and health. We found that the severity of past IPV exerted direct negative effects on women’s health. Similarly, both social support and social conflict directly influenced women’s health. Social conflict, but not social support, mediated the relationships between IPV severity and health. Finally, social conflict moderated the relationships between social support and women’s health, such that the positive effects of social support were attenuated in the presence of high levels of social conflict. These findings highlight that routine assessments of social support and social conflict and the use of strategies to help women enhance support and reduce conflict in their relationships are essential aspects of nursing care.

The Learning Process in the Epistemology of Medical Information

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Clancey
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Performance Reviews ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference

Abstract:Progress in the past few decades in representing medical knowledge, along with the availability of low-cost, powerful workstation computers, has increased interest in encoding all medical records in electronic form. But despite the advantages of legibility, access, and automated performance reviews, computerization may also restrict what can be recorded and rigidify health care interactions with patients. Balancing the beneficial and negative effects requires an understanding of medical practice, especially the difference between human knowledge and today’s computer programs. Human perceptual and conceptual capabilities bring an aspect of improvisation and reinterpretation to every human action, which in general computers today cannot replicate. Designers of medical record systems must consider the creative process by which descriptions are generated by people, as well as the collaborative process by which descriptions of past work are reinterpreted for guiding future decisions. This paper provides a framework for understanding these issues, illustrated by design opportunities.

scholarly journals EXERCITOR AND MAGISTER NAVIS IN ROMAN LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Marija Ignjatović
Keyword(s):  
Roman Law ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Difference

The legal position of the owner of a vessel (exercitor navis) and the captain of a vessel (magister navis), was not always precisely defined in Roman law. A number of factors had an influence on it, and the most important one was the development of the maritime trade itself, which had a direct impact on this issue.  At the beginning of its development, taking into account its insufficiently developed navigation, it is clear that there was no need for defining the legal position of the owner of a vessel and the captain of a vessel and establishing the difference between them. Since the navigation was primitive in the first phases of the development of maritime sailing, it was necessary for the owner of a vessel to monitor his vessel during a journey and look after all the goods he was entrusted with and passengers who were transported. With the development of maritime trade, especially in the classical period, they started to perceive the owner and the captain of a vessel as two separate roles, which necessarily required clearly and precisely defining their legal position, i.e. the clear distinction of the rights and obligations of a person who was the owner of a vessel and a person who was entrusted with operating the vessel. In the postclassical period, with the general decadence which was omnipresent in the Roman society, the decadence in the navigation itself occurred, which caused a number of negative reflections, one of which was merging the roles of the owner and the captain of a vesselin one person again. In order to better understand the positive effects of the situation when the owner of a ship was also the captain of that ship in the period of the late republic, as well as the negative effects of the same merging of the roles which occurred in the Dominate period, this study is going to deal with the question of the legal position of exercitor and magister navis during three periods of the development of Roman law: the last centuries of the late republic, the classical period and the postclassical period.

scholarly journals Counteracting Overtourism Using Demarketing Tools: A Logit Analysis Based on Existing Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10592
Author(s):  
Umut Gülşen ◽  
Hüseyin Yolcu ◽  
Pelin Ataker ◽  
İlke Erçakar ◽  
Sevil Acar
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Factors

Over the past few decades, demarketing has come up as an unorthodox but potentially strong approach that can be used to counter the negative effects of oversaturation in tourism destinations. This study investigates the difference that demarketing strategies can make on mitigation efforts towards overtourism in destinations across the globe by conducting a meta-analysis of the previous literature examining various case studies on the topic. This study approaches demarketing efforts against overtourism through the lens of the 4Ps of marketing: price, place, product, and promotion. The results of the logit model designate price as the only significant predictor in the mitigation of overtourism through demarketing, with the other three falling short. The findings are enhanced through various other predictors from the literature as well as government effectiveness in the destinations. Moreover, the driving forces such as environmental concerns and community satisfaction have proven to be significant factors as well.

Temporal–spatial variation in white-tailed prairie dog demography and life histories in Wyoming

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Menkens Jr. ◽  
Stanley H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Prairie Dogs ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Prairie Dog ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Habitat Variation

Variation in population density and life history traits were studied in six white-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus) populations in Wyoming using mark – recapture techniques. All life history traits (except juvenile sex ratios) and population density exhibited significant variation within towns between years and among towns in the same year. Temporal and spatial habitat variation significantly affects juvenile body mass but not adult body mass, which, in turn, results in the observed variation in life history traits. We conclude that white-tailed prairie dogs are dynamic reproducers and that their population age distributions are neither stable nor stationary. Use of life tables to study life history patterns of this species or of similar species would be inappropriate because of a failure to meet a basic assumption of life table models.

scholarly journals Beneficial cumulative effects of old parental age on offspring fitness

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1960) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Travers ◽  
Hanne Carlsson ◽  
Martin I. Lind ◽  
Alexei A. Maklakov
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
Offspring Fitness ◽  
Young Parent ◽  
Successive Generations

Old parental age is commonly associated with negative effects on offspring life-history traits. Such parental senescence effects are predicted to have a cumulative detrimental effect over successive generations. However, old parents may benefit from producing higher quality offspring when these compete for seasonal resources. Thus, old parents may choose to increase investment in their offspring, thereby producing fewer but larger and more competitive progeny. We show that Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites increase parental investment with advancing age, resulting in fitter offspring who reach their reproductive peak earlier. Remarkably, these effects increased over six successive generations of breeding from old parents and were subsequently reversed following a single generation of breeding from a young parent. Our findings support the hypothesis that offspring of old parents receive more resources and convert them into increasingly faster life histories. These results contradict the theory that old parents transfer a cumulative detrimental ‘ageing factor’ to their offspring.

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