THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CHINESE CITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050007
Author(s):  
XIAO-CHEN YUAN ◽  
ZHIMING YANG ◽  
YI-MING WEI ◽  
BING WANG
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference

There is a substantial concern for the economic impacts of global warming. This study identifies the effects of seasonal temperatures on total economic output in the cities of China, and then projects the changes in local economic performance under future climate and development scenarios. The results suggest that there are significant negative effects of warm seasonal temperature but positive effects of cold seasonal temperature on economic growth. These different effects increase as more lags of temperature are included. By 2090, the cities may have the average reduction of 44% in GDP per capita under RCP8.5, but some of them in Northeast China are predicted to get positive impacts under RCP2.6. The difference in the estimated aggregate impacts under the two RCPs could be as much as 24%. The poor cities are likely to have higher economic damages, which amplifies the economic inequality. Finally, the ranges of economic impacts projected by different climate models are presented.

scholarly journals Echoes of the hunt? An inter-continental comparison of patterns of growth and determinants of size of brown bears in Canada and Sweden.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Zedrosser ◽  
Marc CAttet ◽  
Jon Swenson ◽  
Gordon Stenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference

Comparing life history traits among populations that have been separated genetically for several hundred thousand years, but live in similar habitats on different continents, may help us understand how ecological and anthropomorphic factors shape life histories. We compared patterns of growth in body length and mass, and the influence of population density, habitat quality (NDVI), and reproduction on age-specific length and mass of male and female brown bears between Alberta, Canada, and Sweden. We found that Swedish females were significantly smaller in both length and mass than Alberta females. Swedish females also reached primiparity earlier and at a smaller mass and length. However, there were no continental differences in the patterns of growth in males. We found strong positive effects of NDVI, but only weak negative effects of population density on female mass and length in both areas. Generally, especially mass of Alberta females was more strongly affected by NDVI and density than for Swedish females. Reproduction had stronger negative effects on female mass in Alberta than in Sweden. We found no effects of NDVI and population density on male mass and body length in both areas. The larger variation in female growth and size between the areas, in contrast to males, may be related to differences in female reproductive investment due to differences in population trends, i.e., earlier reproduction in increasing populations or populations below carrying capacity, or to different selection pressures in the past, potentially due to human persecution. Swedish females exhibited characteristics typical of increasing populations, whereas Alberta females exhibited characteristics typical of stable or decreasing populations. The difference in reproduction investment means that Swedish bears can be harvested at higher rates, whereas Alberta bears must be managed more conservatively.

scholarly journals Global warming has increased global economic inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (20) ◽  
pp. 9808-9813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah S. Diffenbaugh ◽  
Marshall Burke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Historical Temperature

Understanding the causes of economic inequality is critical for achieving equitable economic development. To investigate whether global warming has affected the recent evolution of inequality, we combine counterfactual historical temperature trajectories from a suite of global climate models with extensively replicated empirical evidence of the relationship between historical temperature fluctuations and economic growth. Together, these allow us to generate probabilistic country-level estimates of the influence of anthropogenic climate forcing on historical economic output. We find very high likelihood that anthropogenic climate forcing has increased economic inequality between countries. For example, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) has been reduced 17–31% at the poorest four deciles of the population-weighted country-level per capita GDP distribution, yielding a ratio between the top and bottom deciles that is 25% larger than in a world without global warming. As a result, although between-country inequality has decreased over the past half century, there is ∼90% likelihood that global warming has slowed that decrease. The primary driver is the parabolic relationship between temperature and economic growth, with warming increasing growth in cool countries and decreasing growth in warm countries. Although there is uncertainty in whether historical warming has benefited some temperate, rich countries, for most poor countries there is >90% likelihood that per capita GDP is lower today than if global warming had not occurred. Thus, our results show that, in addition to not sharing equally in the direct benefits of fossil fuel use, many poor countries have been significantly harmed by the warming arising from wealthy countries’ energy consumption.

The Macroeconomic Determinants of House Prices and Rents

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Shida
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pricing Power ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants

Abstract Based on panel error correction models for a sample of up to 21 countries, this paper analyses the macroeconomic determinants of house prices and rents. In accordance with the existing literature, I find significantly positive effects of per capita income and bank lending on house prices, whereas the housing stock per capita and interest rates have negative effects. For rents, the results are somewhat more remarkable, indicating that both the housing stock and interest rates have a negative effect. While contradicting conventional economic theory, the latter finding might be explained by real estate investors exploiting their pricing power with varying degree depending on the level of real interest rates. Moreover, the estimated impact of interest rates on both house prices and rents varies with structural housing market characteristics. For instance, while interest rates have a more pronounced effect on house prices in countries with more developed mortgage markets, the same does not hold for the effect of interest rates on rents.

scholarly journals Future Changes of Agro-Climate and Heat Extremes over S. Korea at 2 and 3 °C Global Warming Levels with CORDEX-EA Phase 2 Projection

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1336
Author(s):  
Sera Jo ◽  
Kyo-Moon Shim ◽  
Jina Hur ◽  
Yong-Seok Kim ◽  
Joong-Bae Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Heat Extremes

The changes of agro-climate and heat extremes, and their impact on rice cultivation are assessed over South Korea in context of 2 and 3 °C global warming levels (GWL) compared to pre-industrial levels, with ensemble regional climate model projection produced under the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment–East Asia (CORDEX-EA) phase 2 protocols. It is found that the mean temperature increase under global warming has not only positive effects such as the extension of vegetable and crop periods and the widening of the cultivatable regions but also negative effects due to the shortening of the reproductive growth period. On the other hand, extreme heat changes in the future clearly show a negative effect on rice cultivation via the increase of hot days during heat-sensitive stages (27.16% under 2 °C GWL, 54.59% under 3 °C GWL) among rice phenology which determines the rice yield in tandem with rice flowering, ripening, and sterility problems. The major type of heat extreme is dominated by nationwide warm anomalies covering entire S. Korea, and the proportion of this type is projected to increase from 35.8% to 49.5% (57.4%) under 2 °C (3 °C) GWL in association with the thermal expansion of atmosphere which links to the favorable environment for occurring barotropic anti-cyclonic system.

scholarly journals The influence of the demographic structure on the economic growth of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
Nazarii Kukhar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The national economy is closely related to the demographic structure of the society. Therefore, in the face of demographic changes, it is necessary to assess the influence of these changes on economic growth. This article presents an estimation of the impact that the future changes in the demographic structure will have on the economic growth of Ukraine, represented by the rate of changes in GDP per capita. The decomposition of GDP per capita and making the components of this decomposition dependent on the demographic structure allowed an empirical analysis, which used a variety of econometric and statistical techniques and was based on a population forecast prepared by the Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. As a result, it was determined that the impact of the changes in the demographic structure on Ukraine’s long-term economic growth will be highly diverse over the studied period (until 2060). However, considering the entire period of the analysis, the negative effects of the changes in the demographic structure on the economy will be counterbalanced by the positive effects of these changes.

The Nonlinear Impacts of Global Warming on Regional Economic Production: An Empirical Analysis from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-769
Author(s):  
Jun-Jie Chang ◽  
Yi-Ming Wei ◽  
Xiao-Chen Yuan ◽  
Hua Liao ◽  
Bi-Ying Yu
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
East Central ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

AbstractChina, the second largest economy in the world, covers a large area spanning multiple climate zones, with varying economic conditions across regions. Given this variety in climate and economic conditions, global warming is expected to have heterogeneous economic impacts across the country. This study uses annual average temperature to conduct an empirical research from a top-down perspective to evaluate the nonlinear impacts of temperature change on aggregate economic output in China. We find that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and economic growth at the provincial level, with a turning point at 12.2°C. The regional and national economic impacts are projected under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs). As future temperature rises, the economic impacts are positive in the northeast, north, and northwest regions but negative in the south, east, central, and southwest regions. Based on SSP5, the decrement in the GDP per capita of China would reach 16.0% under RCP2.6 and 27.0% under RCP8.5.

scholarly journals EXERCITOR AND MAGISTER NAVIS IN ROMAN LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Marija Ignjatović
Keyword(s):  
Roman Law ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Difference

The legal position of the owner of a vessel (exercitor navis) and the captain of a vessel (magister navis), was not always precisely defined in Roman law. A number of factors had an influence on it, and the most important one was the development of the maritime trade itself, which had a direct impact on this issue.  At the beginning of its development, taking into account its insufficiently developed navigation, it is clear that there was no need for defining the legal position of the owner of a vessel and the captain of a vessel and establishing the difference between them. Since the navigation was primitive in the first phases of the development of maritime sailing, it was necessary for the owner of a vessel to monitor his vessel during a journey and look after all the goods he was entrusted with and passengers who were transported. With the development of maritime trade, especially in the classical period, they started to perceive the owner and the captain of a vessel as two separate roles, which necessarily required clearly and precisely defining their legal position, i.e. the clear distinction of the rights and obligations of a person who was the owner of a vessel and a person who was entrusted with operating the vessel. In the postclassical period, with the general decadence which was omnipresent in the Roman society, the decadence in the navigation itself occurred, which caused a number of negative reflections, one of which was merging the roles of the owner and the captain of a vesselin one person again. In order to better understand the positive effects of the situation when the owner of a ship was also the captain of that ship in the period of the late republic, as well as the negative effects of the same merging of the roles which occurred in the Dominate period, this study is going to deal with the question of the legal position of exercitor and magister navis during three periods of the development of Roman law: the last centuries of the late republic, the classical period and the postclassical period.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Mobilizing for Some

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Media ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Factors

Abstract. This study investigated the effects of politicians’ nonparticipatory and participatory Facebook posts on young people’s political efficacy – a key determinant of political participation. We employed an experimental design, using a sample of N = 125 high school students (15–20 years). Participants either saw a Facebook profile with no posts (control condition), nonparticipatory posts, or participatory posts. While nonparticipatory posts did not affect participants’ political efficacy, participatory posts exerted distinct effects. For those high in trait evaluations of the politician presented in the stimulus material or low in political cynicism, we found significant positive effects on external and collective efficacy. By contrast, for those low in trait evaluations or high in cynicism, we found significant negative effects on external and collective efficacy. We did not find any effects on internal efficacy. The importance of content-specific factors and individual predispositions in assessing the influence of social media use on participation is discussed.

On the diversity of the effects of the state support for agriculture

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai M. Svetlov ◽  
Renata G. Yanbykh ◽  
Dariya A. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
State Support ◽  
Soft Budget Constraints ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Corporate Farms

In this paper, we assess the effects of agricultural state support of corporate farms on their revenues from agricultural production sales in 14 Russian regions that differ in technology, environment and institutional conditions. In addition to the direct effect of the state support, the indirect effects via labor and capital are revealed. For this purpose, we identify production functions and statistical models of production factors for each of these regions separately. We find out diverse effects of the state support on revenues among the regions. Positive effects prevail. Negative effects are mainly caused by labor reductions that follow subsidy inflows. Another cause of negative effects is the soft budget constraints phenomenon.

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