Does Low Fertility Rate Have Ethical Dimensions?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janos I. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility

scholarly journals Extending the Scope of ALM to Social Investment: Investing in Population Growth to Enhance Sustainability of the Korean National Pension Service

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Woong Bee Choi ◽  
Dongyeol Lee ◽  
Woo Chang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Multistage Stochastic Programming ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Liability Management ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Benefit System

The Korean National Pension Service (NPS) is a partially funded and defined-benefit system. Although the accumulated Fund of the NPS has been increased gradually, this large fund is concerned about depletion in the near future due to the unprecedented aging population and the low fertility rate. In this study, we have developed an asset-liability management (ALM) model that endogenizes variables which were regarded as being exogenous by including them in investable assets. We present the multistage stochastic programming (MSP) formulation incorporating the population structure as a variable that is new to ALM. The optimal portfolio encompassing the investment in raising the fertility rate is obtained. Extending the scope of ALM to social investment is a new approach that has not been attempted in other ALM studies. We demonstrate that socially driven investments can also be a good investment asset in which the NPS should consider to invest.

LOW FERTILITY RATE AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLDS IN TAIWAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (01) ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
JR-TSUNG HUANG ◽  
JIUN-NAN PAN ◽  
MING-LEI CHANG ◽  
SHIH-YI YOU
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
County Level ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Since the economic consequences of a low fertility rate, such as a change in consumption patterns, might affect the path of economic growth, this study investigates how the relationship between the low fertility rate and consumption behavior in Taiwan has changed over time. Using county-level panel data from 1995 to 2014 to examine the impact of the low fertility rate on the consumption behavior of households in Taiwan, the major finding of this study is that a low fertility rate will change the behavior and the composition of consumption. A low fertility rate will increase the share of the total consumption expenditure in a household’s disposable income, in particular, in relation to the consumption categories of food, health care, education, and transportation and communication, but will decrease the share of expenditure on clothing in the household’s disposable income.

Solving Low Fertility Rate with Technology?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-ok Ha
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
National Family Planning ◽  
The Government

South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2005 was 1.08, the lowest in the world. The government launched the National Support Program for Infertile Couples (“the Program”) in 2006 which expenditures for diverse assisted reproductive treatments are subsidized. This chapter seeks to critique three aspects of the Program. First, the Program is a population policy that has not kept up with changes in family values and practices. Second, the Program’s very implementation has created demand, ‘those diagnosed as infertile’ have become ‘infertile members of the population’. Lastly, the Program has resulted in a meaningful increase in the number of in vitro fertilization treatments, and this increase has negatively impacted the health of women and children. Reproduction has always been a field for political struggle, and political imagination-created reproduction is revealed most strikingly when reproduction becomes a “population problem”. South Korea’s National Family Planning Project was brought by the Park Chung-hee government, which emphasized the value of the “modern family,” specifically, “Modernization of the Fatherland,” as part of economic development in the 1970s. The low fertility rate that South Korea is now facing is considered a national crisis and the Program represents the government’s will to solve the crisis through medical technologies. However, the bodies of women are still considered objects in TFR statistics, much as they were in the 1970s. This has led to a situation in which the health and even the lives of women are being endangered once again

scholarly journals China’s Population Policy at the Crossroads: Social Impacts and Prospects

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanbao Jiang ◽  
Quanbao Jiang ◽  
Shuzhuo Li ◽  
Quanbao Jiang ◽  
Shuzhuo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract China’s total fertility rate fell below replacement level in the 1990s. From the 1970s the fertility rate declined dramatically, mainly as a consequence of the national population policy whose aim has been to limit birth numbers, control population growth and boost economic growth. Having achieved such a low fertility rate, how will China’s population policy evolve in the future? This paper first reviews the history of China’s population policy since 1970 in three stages: 1970–1979; 1980–1999; and after 2000. We explore the impacts of China’s population policy, including relief of pressure on China’s environment and resources, fertility decline, the unexpectedly high male-biased sex ratio at birth (SRB), the coming shortage of labour force, and the rapid aging of the population, and extinction of racial and cultural diversity. We also investigate ethical issues raised by the implementation of the policy and its results. Finally we introduce the controversy over potential adjustment of the policy, acknowledging the problems faced by western countries with low fertility and the counter-measures they have taken. We offer some suggestions that might be appropriate in the Chinese context.

scholarly journals Fertility dynamics and reproductive behaviour of men and women entering into marriage in the Republic of Bashkortostan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Yana A. Skryabina
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Reproductive Intentions ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the analysis of the fertility rate dynamics in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the study of the reproductive behaviour of the population entering into a registered marriage. The author examines the crude and total fertility rates, the net population reproduction rate, the total fertility rate by the order of births, as well as age-specific fertility rates. In addition, basing on the data of population surveys, the author regards reproductive intentions of citizens applying for marriage in the registry office, as well as reasons that may prevent them from having a child. The study shows that the Republic of Bashkortostan is characterized by a low fertility rate; the generation of children does not replace the generation of parents. The reproductive intentions of the respondents measured by the desired and expected number of children correspond to the small (two-child) family model. Among the main reasons that can prevent the birth of a child, the first two are financial and housing difficulties, and third is the desire to live for oneself for a while.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN STATUS TROPIK RAWA BANJIRAN DESA SEDANG KECAMATAN SUAK TAPEH KABUPATEN BANYUASIN DENGAN PENDEKATAN KELIMPAHAN FITOPLANKTON

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Indah Anggraini Yusanti
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance

Penelitian tentang pendugaan status tropik Rawa Banjiran Desa Sedang Kecamatan Suak Tapeh Kabupaten Banyuasin dengan pendekatan kelimpahan fitoplankton telah dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei, sedangkan pengambilan sampel fitoplankton dilakukan pada 3 (tiga) stasiun yaitu stasiun Rawa Nebong Kuning, Rawa Poron dan Rawa Banan dengan menggunakan metode purposive random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kelimpahan fitoplankton pada stasiun 1 Rawa Nebong Kuning sebesar 39 ind/L yang mengindikasikan perairan Rawa Nebong Kuning memiliki tingkat kesuburan yang  rendah dan termasuk perairan oligotrofik, rata-rata kelimpahan fitoplankton di stasiun 2 Rawa Poron sebesar  15,42 ind/L yang mengindikasikan perairan Rawa Poron memiliki tingkat kesuburan yang rendah dan termasuk perairan oligotrofik, sedangkan rata-rata kelimpahan fitoplankton di stasiun 3 Rawa Banan  sebesar 23,08 ind/L yang mengindikasikan perairan Rawa Banjiran memiliki tingkat kesuburan yang rendah dan termasuk perairan oligotrofik.ESTIMATION OF TROPHIC STATUS SWAMP FLOOD WATERS IN SEDANG VILLAGE, SUBDISTRICT SUAK TAPEH, DISTRICT BANYUASIN WITH APPROACH ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON. Research on the estimation of the trophic status of swamp floods of Sedang village, Subdistrict Suak Tapeh, District Banyuasin with the approach of phytoplankton abundance has been done in July 2017. Survey method was used in this research while phytoplankton sampling was done at 3 (three) stations, they were Nebong Kuning swamp, Poron swamp and Banan swamp by using purposive random sampling method. The results showed that the abundance of phytoplankton at station 1 of Nebong Kuning swamp was 39 ind/L indicating that Nebong Kuning swamp waters had low fertility rate and was clustered as oligotrophic, the abundance of phytoplankton at station 2 of Poron swamp was 15,42 ind/L which indicates Poron swamp waters had a low fertility rate and was clustered as oligotrophic, while the abundance of phytoplankton at station 3 Banan swamp was 23,08 ind/L which indicates the Banan swamp had low fertility rate and was clustered as oligotrophic.

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