scholarly journals MECHANISMS OF SUPPORTING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Michał Cupiał ◽  
Anna Szeląg-Sikora ◽  
Sylwester Tabor
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Computer Equipment ◽  
Support Mechanisms ◽  
Professional Information ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information

Considering the aspect of the role of information in the development of Polish agriculture, one should pay attention to the existing needs in this field, as well as to the existing support mechanisms stimulating the activity of the agricultural producers’ community in obtaining professional information in the form of e.g. consulting or the use of the training offered. At the same time, it should be noted that often the barrier in keeping abreast is not the lack of activity on the part of producers, but the cost associated with it. That is why it is so important to initiate actions, which, on the one hand, serve boosting the efforts of agricultural producers to seek professional knowledge (information), and on the other hand, creating the possibility of compensation for costs incurred in this respect. Given the above, the main objective of this paper is the analysis of the level of implementation of the measures implemented under the Rural Development Programme 2007–2013. The study takes into account the farmers’ computer equipment level and access to the Internet compared to other social groups. Analysis of the distribution of funds to each voivodship showed that the allocation of funds was uneven, and this applied to all analysed measures. In the most part, agricultural producers already have the necessary information infrastructure, but its use is insufficient.

scholarly journals Adam Smith’s concept of labour: value or measure?

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-165
Author(s):  
Adolfo Rodríguez Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Production Theory ◽  
Real Price ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
David Ricardo

Smith is considered the father of the labour theory of value developed by David Ricardo and Karl Marx and simultaneously of the cost-of-production theory of value developed by John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall. This polysemy is partly because Smith is developping the terminology to refer to value and measure of value, and often uses it with much imprecision. That has led to different interpretations about his position on these issues, most of them derived from an error of interpretation of Ricardo and Marx. This paper reviews the concepts developed by Smith to formulate his theory of value (value, real price and exchangeable value). Our interpretation of his texts on value does not coincide with what has traditionally been done. According to our interpretation, it would not be correct the criticism made by Ricardo and Marx on Smith’s position about the role of labour as measure of value. For these authors, Smith is not consistent in proposing that the value of a commodity is defined or measured as the amount of labour necessary to produce it and simultaneously as the amount of labour that can be purchased by this commodity. We try to show that for Smith the labour has a double role –as source and measure of value–, and that to it is due the confusion that generates his use of some terms: Smith proposes labour as a measure of value because he conceives it as a source of value. With this interpretation it becomes clear, paradoxically, that Smith holds a labour theory of value that substantially corresponds to the one later developed by Ricardo and Marx.

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SHARING IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: THE SECURESCM APPROACH

2011 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNESTO DAMIANI ◽  
FULVIO FRATI ◽  
ROMARIC TCHOKPON
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Secure Computation ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Share Information

Information sharing plays a role of paramount importance in modern supply chain environments. In fact, the elements that compose the chain need to share information about sensitive aspects of their business in order to build more accurate and profitable supply plans. In this paper, we describe how the increasing of information released increases the overall economic results of the whole chain, and how this information can be protected, exploiting secure computation techniques, to reduce the risk of data disclosure and prevent quasi-altruistic or selfish behaviors without interfering with the chain's normal operation, and in particular with the minimization of the cost function.

The role of ex ante regulations in addressing problems of moral hazard in agricultural insurance

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum G. Turvey ◽  
Michael Hoy ◽  
Zahirul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Input Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Level

We develop a theoretical model of input use by agricultural producers who purchase crop insurance, and thus may engage in moral hazard. Through simulations, our findings show a combination of partial insurance coverage and partial monitoring of inputs may reduce substantially the problems associated with moral hazard. The minimum level of input use that must be required by regulation is determined to be substantially lower than the optimal or actual input level chosen by producers. Because the use of inputs for crop production occurs in many stages over the pre‐planting, planting, and growing seasons, only a minimal input requirement is needed. Thus, the cost of implementing such a regulation can be kept much lower than would be the case for a regulation of complete monitoring of input usage.

The Role of Information Precision in Determining the Cost of Equity Capital

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 233-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Botosan ◽  
Marlene A. Plumlee ◽  
Yuan Xie
Keyword(s):  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Information Precision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information

How are corporate disclosures related to the cost of capital? The fundamental role of information asymmetry

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1669-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Cuadrado-Ballesteros ◽  
Isabel-Maria Garcia-Sanchez ◽  
Jennifer Martinez Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Agency Conflicts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediator Role ◽  
International Setting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Corporate Disclosures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically the fundamental role that information asymmetry plays in the functioning of an efficient capital market as mediator in the relation between corporate disclosures and cost of capital. Design/methodology/approach – By using a sample of 1,260 international non-financial listed companies in the period 2007-2014. Findings – The findings suggest that high-quality financial and social disclosures quality reduce the cost of capital, by decreasing information asymmetry. In other words, the authors find evidence of the mediator role of information asymmetry in the relation between corporate disclosures and the cost of capital. These results are also controlled for differences on accounting standards and other institutional factors. Originality/value – The central assumption is that the demand for corporate disclosures that reduces the information advantages of some investors (who are more informed) arises from agency conflicts and these information differences in turn, determine the cost of capital. This paper is the first attempt to study, jointly, the effects of decreasing information asymmetries by corporate disclosures on the cost of capital in an international setting. In addition, the authors focussed on both financial and social disclosures, creating empirical proxies whose validity for the analysis has been evidenced.

scholarly journals The cost of evolved constitutive lac gene expression is usually, but not always, maintained during evolution of generalist populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Phillips ◽  
Tim Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Lac Operon ◽  
Beneficial Mutation ◽  
General Adaptation ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Compensatory Mutations ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Beneficial mutations can become costly following an environmental change. Compensatory mutations can relieve these costs, while not affecting the selected function, so that the benefits are retained if the environment shifts back to be similar to the one in which the beneficial mutation was originally selected. Compensatory mutations have been extensively studied in the context of antibiotic resistance, responses to specific genetic perturbations and in the determination of interacting gene network components. Few studies have focused on the role of compensatory mutations during more general adaptation, especially as the result of selection in fluctuating environments where adaptations to different environment components may often involve tradeoffs. We examine if costs of a mutation in lacI, which deregulated expression of the lac operon in evolving populations of Escherichia coli bacteria, was compensated. This mutation occurred in multiple replicate populations selected in environments that fluctuated between growth on lactose, where the mutation was beneficial, and on glucose, where it was deleterious. We found that compensation for the cost of the lacI mutation was rare, but, when it did occur, it did not negatively affect the selected benefit. Compensation was not more likely to occur in a particular evolution environment. Compensation has the potential to remove pleiotropic costs of adaptation, but its rarity indicates that the circumstances to bring about the phenomenon may be peculiar to each individual or impeded by other selected mutations.

Locational effects and the cost of corporate bonds: the role of information

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1977-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Hu ◽  
Xiaolu Hu ◽  
Haozhi Huang ◽  
Jing Shi ◽  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Bonds ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Role Of Information

Rationality at the Brink: The Role of Cognitive Processes in Failures of Deterrence

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Decision makers in international crises seek to reconcile two values: on the one hand, avoiding the loss of prestige and credibility that capitulation would entail and, on the other, avoiding war. These values conflict with each other, in the sense that any policy designed to further one of them will jeopardize the other. Cognitive theory suggests that in ambiguous circumstances a decision maker will suppress uncomfortable value conflicts, conceptualizing his dilemma in such a way that the values appear to be consonant. President Kennedy's process of decision and rationalization in the Cuban missile crisis fits this pattern. He contended that compromise would allay the risk of war in the short run only at the cost of increasing it in the long run. Thus, he saw his policy of no compromise as furthering both the goal of maintaining U.S. prestige and credibility and the goal of avoiding war.

Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights

2011 ◽  
pp. 489-496
Author(s):  
Geraldine Ryan ◽  
Edward Shinnick
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Web Access ◽  
Unique Interpretation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Use Of Knowledge ◽  
Role Of Information

The role and importance of knowledge in economic development is a theme that can be traced back to writers such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Joseph Schumpeter. These authors dealt with how knowledge was created, its various uses and how to capture knowledge for gain. Later, writers such as Friedrich Hayek developed this field into areas such as the use of knowledge in society and the role of information in markets. In the economics literature, a critical distinction is made between information and knowledge. Information is seen as data that is out there for most, if not all, to see, whereas knowledge is the use and (unique) interpretation of this data. With the development of the World Wide Web, access to information and the cost of collecting information has changed dramatically. This has implications for its value. Anything that is easy to collect is less valuable than something that is more difficult to collect. Furthermore, something that is valuable will be sought by others and therefore needs to be protected against theft.

scholarly journals The Role of Information Sources in Firm R&D Activities – The Case of German Knowledge Intensive Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Prokop ◽  
Jan Stejskal ◽  
Petr Hájek
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Knowledge Environment ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The One ◽  
Use Of Information Sources ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Role Of Information

R&D activities affect the ability to create innovation for every firm. Many studies have shown that R&D activities are influenced by a number of determinants and the environment (R&D milieu) in which individual economic entities exist. Due to the nature of firms´ production, it is important to note that not every firm needs the same amount of information and knowledge. This thesis will also affect the efficiency of the use of information sources in R&D activities. In practice, it is necessary to know the dependence of companies and their R&D activities on the available information sources so that public policy makers can better target public policy and possible financial support schemes (grant schemes), because, the one size-fits all principle cannot be assumed. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the role of information resources in the knowledge intensive industries in the strongest EU economy, i.e. Germany. For the analysis, Eurostat CIS data and own regression model were used. The results show that the knowledge environment has a major impact on the development of R&D in the German knowledge intensive firms. German companies sourced information from the market (especially clients and customers), and all firms acquired information and knowledge from collaborating with universities. The biggest impetus for the realization of R&D activities is for firms to focus on markets outside the EU.

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