scholarly journals LIQUIDITY TRAP IN THE UNITED STATES, THE EURO AREA AND JAPAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Piotr Misztal
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liquidity Trap ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Investment Demand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Empirical Hypothesis ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Increasing Demand

When a country falls into a liquidity trap it means that its central bank lacks an effective expansionary monetary policy aimed at increasing consumption and investment demand. Market participants (households and enterprises), instead of increasing demand, accumulate a growing money supply in the form of cash. Keynes argued that for an economy in a liquidity trap, the only way to increase demand in the country and to stimulate the economy is to conduct expansionary fiscal policy by increasing government spending or reducing taxes. The aim of the research is to verify the empirical hypothesis of the liquidity trap in three of the largest economies in the world, formerly known as the Global Triad (i.e. the USA, the euro zone and Japan), after the 2008 financial crisis. Research methods based on literature studies in macroeconomics and finance, as well as statistical methods, were used in the study. All statistical data came from the statistical office of the European Union – EUROSTAT, and from the statistical database of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTADstat.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

scholarly journals Cooperation and Coopetition as a Tools Which Could Improve Leading Startups all over the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aneta Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good News ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Foreign Sale ◽  
The Moment

Building own business is a long-term and laborious process. A person who leads a startup tries to start with building own business by taking first steps toward financial independence. Analyzing conditions in Poland, on average every second startup sells its services abroad, admittedly it is good news, although half of them do not export at all. Half of the startups which export their services and goods generates more than 50% of their revenues outside Poland. Very interesting is the fact that 60% of exporters have conducted their foreign sale since the moment of establishing their business. On which markets do they sell their services? It turns out that the most popular are markets in the European Union (54%), including the United Kingdom 14% and Germany 9%. Only about 25% of Polish startups exports their products and services to the United States. Taking the United States into consideration, in 2008 the USA lost their leading position in the number of startups which are newly created and achieving success in business. Currently in terms of the number of new startups the USA is on a quite distant place after Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, New Zealand, Israel or Italy. In short, more companies were closed than created, so it was, as a matter of fact, like in Poland. Therefore, the condition to improve the development of startups both from Poland and other countries all the world is to increase cooperation and coopetition.

Antitrust Regulation of IT Giants` Activities: Main Trends of Foreign and Russian Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Shram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

The article is devoted to the antimonopoly regulation of IT giants` activities. The author presents an overview of the main trends in foreign and Russian legislation in this area. The problems the antimonopoly regulation of digital markets faces are the following: the complexity of determining the criteria for the dominant position of economic entities in the digital economy and the criteria for assessing the economic concentration in the commodity digital markets; the identification and suppression of cartels; the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights in the digital age. Some aspects of these problems are considered through the prism of the main trends in the antimonopoly policy in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Russia. The investigation findings of the USA House of Representatives Antitrust Subcommittee against Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook are presented. The author justifies the need to separate them, which requires the adoption of appropriate amendments to the antimonopoly legislation. The article analyzes the draft law of the European Commission on the regulation of digital markets – Digital Markets Act, reveals the criteria for classifying IT companies as «gatekeepers», and notes the specific approaches to antimonopoly regulation in the UK and the US. The article describes the concepts «digital platform» and «network effects», presented in the «fifth antimonopoly package of amendments», developed in 2018 by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, and gives an overview of the comments of the Ministry of Economic Development regarding these concepts wording in the text of the draft law, which formed the basis for the negative conclusion of the regulator. It is concluded that in the context of the digital markets’ globalization, there is a need for the international legal nature antitrust norms formation, since regional legislation obviously cannot cope with the monopolistic activities of IT giants.

Breakthrough Therapy, PRIME and Sakigake: A Comparison Between Neuroscience and Oncology in Obtaining Preferred Regulatory Status

2019 ◽  
pp. 216847901987406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tomaselli Muensterman ◽  
Yijia Luo ◽  
Jonathon M. Parker
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Accelerated Programs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
The Us ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Increasing Demand

Background: Because of the increasing demand for drugs addressing life-threatening and rare diseases, regulatory agencies have developed a variety of accelerated regulatory pathways. These programs are aimed at prioritizing the most promising drug candidates for diseases lacking satisfactory treatments. The most prominent accelerated programs introduced have been Breakthrough-Therapy Designation (BTD) in the United States, Priority Medicine (PRIME) in the European Union and Sakigake in Japan. This article reviews these designations and looks at differences in how they are granted across the 3 jurisdictions focusing on neuroscience and oncology. Methods: Our objective was to analyze BTD, PRIME, and Sakigake approvals between 2012 and 2019 with a focus on numerical disparities of designations granted between the 2 therapeutic areas. A search of public sources pertaining to topics of BTD, PRIME, and Sakigake was undertaken. Results: This analysis revealed that 48% of BTD were granted in oncology, while neuroscience received 8% of these designations, for PRIME designations were 27% received by oncology and 15% by neuroscience and in Japan, 50% of Sakigake were granted to oncology and 22% to neuroscience products. Conclusion: Given the global nature of drug development and relative similarity of these regulatory mechanisms, there is an apparent disparity between the US granting special status at 6:1 (oncology: neuroscience) and both the EU and Japan granting at 2:1. This disproportionate ratio is likely impacted by multifactorial issues; however, this difference is worth further investigation.

ELDER ABUSE

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-498
Author(s):  
Frank Glendenning
Keyword(s):  
Elder Abuse ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology

L. B. Cebik, Glenn C. Graber and Frank H. Marsh (eds) Advances in Bioethics: Volume 1: Violence, Neglect and the Elderly. JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Conn. 1996, 240 pp. £62.50 Hbk ISBN 0-7623-0096-5.This book appears to be the first volume of a series, although it is not clear what additional volumes will follow. The price alone suggests that it is aimed at academic libraries, although serious researchers into elder mistreatment may decide that it is a necessary addition to a personal library as a book of reference.The Preface explains the origin of this series on Advances in Bioethics: ‘The magnitude of violence in the United States has become an increasingly grim reality for many Americans’. Walker and Maltby (1997), in their presentation of European research on ageing, recently drew attention to the sense of fear of walking out at night that older people have in all the member states of the European Union. The same appears to be true in the USA as well. The preface catalogues figures for 1992: 207,000 rapes, over 20,000 murders and 690,000 robberies. This has led the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to focus attention on violence and health, seeking to understand violence-related behaviour and its consequences. In 1993, the NIH set up the Panel of NIH Research on Antisocial, Aggressive and Violence-related Behaviours and their Consequences. The Panel included experts on ethics, criminal justice, medicine, behavioural and biological research, public health, epidemiology, anthropology, nursing, sociology, psychology and psychiatry. The Panel's purpose was to ‘evaluate the NIH research portfolio in terms of its relevance, adequacy and responsiveness to social and ethical concerns.’ It has been necessary to give this background in order that the book may be seen in context.

scholarly journals 5G and its Implications in the Economic Relations between China and European Countries, with a Special Focus on Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Melania Petrillo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
5G Network ◽  
The Usa ◽  
State Of Affairs

The economic relations between China and the European countries are tightened by an intensive interdependence in different sectors, mainly trades and services, but decades of successful relations could be affected by the pressure risen around the development of the 5G network. Recently, the development of the technology of the future, 5G network, is having a certain effect on the relations among those countries that joined the race for the leading global position. The major players in this geopolitical, technological, and economic affair are China and the USA, therefore, Europe plays an important role as well. These occurrences may increase not only the strategic suppleness of powers like China, India, the United States, and the European Union, but also the weight of nourishing alignments and fruitful partnerships. This research takes into consideration two fundamental elements to analyze this state of affairs: the economic interdependence between China and the European countries, and the protection of cybersecurity.

scholarly journals TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Mashkara-Choknadiy ◽  
Yuriy Mayboroda
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.

scholarly journals A bridging assay for detection and characterization of anti-drug antibodies to dostarlimab, a new anti-PD-1 therapeutic monoclonal antibody

AAPS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Patterson ◽  
Lee Anne Beausang ◽  
Bonita Rup ◽  
Ronald R. Bowsher ◽  
Kim Krug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Programmed Death 1

AbstractDostarlimab (JEMPERLI) is a humanized anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-kappa monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor and competitively inhibits binding of its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. Dostarlimab was recently approved in the USA and the European Union. Because dostarlimab is a macromolecular therapeutic, it has the potential to elicit the formation of anti-drug antibodies, which have the capability to impact the drug’s safety and efficacy and to alter pharmacokinetics. The immunogenic potential of dostarlimab remains unknown, and it was therefore necessary to develop analytical assays to detect and characterize anti-drug antibodies as a key component in the mitigation of immunogenicity risk. Here, we present the development and optimization of a 3-tiered electrochemiluminescense bridging assay for the investigation of dostarlimab clinical immunogenicity. In this work, the full details of the method, statistical data analysis and cut point determinations, assay performance during clinical sample analysis, and associated regulatory expectations are discussed. The full validation of this 3-tier anti-drug antibody assay enabled dostarlimab immunogenicity evaluation in clinical studies. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02715284. Registered 9 March 2016

scholarly journals Impacts of a liberalization in the USA market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice: why Florida's producers are so afraid?

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-877
Author(s):  
Paulo Sérgio Fracalanza ◽  
Adriana Nunes Ferreira ◽  
Marcos Fava Neves
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Union Section ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at examining the resource allocation and welfare implications of the reduction of barriers in the United States market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) imported from Brazil. The present paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents an overview of the main features of the market and current trade regime for orange juice, as well as the possible impacts of liberalization within FTAA and with the European Union; section 3 describes the partial equilibrium model of imperfect substitute goods used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization in the United States, on prices and quantities and on welfare; in section 4 two possible scenarios for liberalization are designed using the large country model. The last section summarizes the main conclusions.

scholarly journals Protección de datos y privacidad. Estudio comparado del concepto y su desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos

2020 ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itziar Sobrino García
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Normative Development ◽  
The Usa

En el presente estudio se realiza un análisis del concepto legal de protección datos tanto a nivel normativo en la Unión Europa como en Estados Unidos, al igual que una breve visión de su evolución legislativa. El largo desarrollo teórico y normativo que ha habido en la Unión Europea deja entrever la importancia de la identidad digital de sus ciudadanos, mientras que la legislación norteamericana, más esparcida y sectorial, revela la fuerza que otorga al libre flujo de datos entre las entidades mercantiles. La importancia del presente estudio reside en que la comprensión de la concepción sobre la protección de datos en ambos sistemas, permitirá tener una mejor perspectiva sobre las debilidades y fortalezas que puedan existir en los acuerdos entre la Unión Europea y EE. UU. In the present study, an analysis of data protection as a legal concept is carried out in the European Union and in the United States, as well as a brief overview of its legislative evolution. The theoretical and normative development that has taken place in the European Union reveals the importance of the digital identity of its citizens. Nevertheless, due to the characteristics of the American legislation, the free flow of data between entities has more strength. The importance of this study lies in the fact that the understanding of the data protection concept in both systems will allow us to have a better perspective on the weaknesses and strengths that may exist in the agreements for the transfer of personal data between the European Union and the USA.

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