scholarly journals Methodologies of Economic Measurement and Vulnerability Assessment for Application in Landslide Risk Analysis in a Highway Domain Strip: A Case Study in the Serra Pelada Region (Brazil)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Felizardo Batista ◽  
Larissa De Brum Passini ◽  
Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Serra Do Mar

Landslides are one of the main causes of death caused by disasters in the world. In this study, methodologies to measure landslide costs and to assess vulnerability are presented, with the objective of applying them to landslide risk analyses. The methodologies were applied in a region of Serra do Mar, which is crossed by a highway. The analyses and mappings were implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Through the application of the methodology that considers both direct and indirect costs in the composition of total cost, it was established how much an m2 of a landslide would cost. The composition of direct costs encompassed the damages related to restoration or construction of the highways, infrastructures, unpaved roads, residential and commercial buildings, vegetal cover and agricultural areas. In indirect costs, the economic losses by victims, highway interdiction, and agricultural area profitability were calculated. In the methodology for vulnerability assessment, bodily injuries, structural damages, and functional disturbances resulted from landslides were analyzed. The risk assessment was performed through the junction of the maps of total cost, vulnerability and susceptibility. The results indicate that indirect costs were predominant in cost composition, corresponding to 87% of total costs, in comparison to 13% of the direct costs, stressing the importance of considering indirect costs in economic measurement studies. As a result, it is possible to conclude that studying landslide consequences as economic parameters supports the increasing need of performing risk quantitative analyses. It is also prudent to add that these studies help decision makers in projects of disaster risk mitigation strategies, by allowing the identification of regions with greater economic impacts in case of landslide occurrence.

scholarly journals Towards A Geo-Hydro-Mechanical Characterization of Landslide Classes: Preliminary Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 7960
Author(s):  
Federica Cotecchia ◽  
Francesca Santaloia ◽  
Vito Tagarelli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Multidisciplinary Analysis ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Landslide Mechanisms

Nowadays, landslides still cause both deaths and heavy economic losses around the world, despite the development of risk mitigation measures, which are often not effective; this is mainly due to the lack of proper analyses of landslide mechanisms. As such, in order to achieve a decisive advancement for sustainable landslide risk management, our knowledge of the processes that generate landslide phenomena has to be broadened. This is possible only through a multidisciplinary analysis that covers the complexity of landslide mechanisms that is a fundamental part of the design of the mitigation measure. As such, this contribution applies the “stage-wise” methodology, which allows for geo-hydro-mechanical (GHM) interpretations of landslide processes, highlighting the importance of the synergy between geological-geomorphological analysis and hydro-mechanical modeling of the slope processes for successful interpretations of slope instability, the identification of the causes and the prediction of the evolution of the process over time. Two case studies are reported, showing how to apply GHM analyses of landslide mechanisms. After presenting the background methodology, this contribution proposes a research project aimed at the GHM characterization of landslides, soliciting the support of engineers in the selection of the most sustainable and effective mitigation strategies for different classes of landslides. This proposal is made on the assumption that only GHM classification of landslides can provide engineers with guidelines about instability processes which would be useful for the implementation of sustainable and effective landslide risk mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals Measuring the Total Cost of Ankle Fractures: A Prospective Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0006
Author(s):  
Peter C. Noback ◽  
Tess Dougherty ◽  
Christina Freibott ◽  
Eric F. Swart ◽  
Melvin P. Rosenwasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return To Work ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
True Value

Category: Trauma; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Ankle fractures (AFx) are the most common foot and ankle fracture seen at hospitals in the United States, and are undoubtedly costly to patients. Quantification of the costs of fractures and their associated treatments has garnered increased attention in orthopedics in recent years through cost-effectiveness analysis. However, literature pertaining to AFx’s almost never reports on the indirect costs of AFx’s, and thus fails to accurately assess the true value of treatments. The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the direct and indirect costs of AFx’s in operatively and nonoperatively treated patients. Secondary analysis included evaluation of the composition of indirect cost, the duration these costs are endured, and the factors that influence their magnitude. Methods: A prospective observational single-center study was performed. Adult patients presenting for initial consult for an AFx that could speak English or Spanish were enrolled. Polytrauma patients and those unable to provide complete indirect cost data were excluded. Patients completed a cost form that asked the money they had spent in the last week on transportation, household chores, and self-care due to their AFx. Patients were considered to have complete indirect cost data if they returned for follow-up visits until they reported no recurring indirect costs and had returned to work. Direct cost data was obtained directly from the hospital billing department. Amount collected was utilized. Direct costs included any costs incurred from staff treating the patient, supplies required for treatment, and the use of healthcare facilities. A descriptive analysis of the entire cohort and stratification by operative status was performed for the primary comparative analysis. Results: 60 patients were ultimately analyzed. Average age was 46.5 years. 55% were female. 10% of patients were diabetic. 17% smoked cigarettes actively. Weber A, B, and C fractures composed 12%, 72%, and 18% of fractures, respectively. Operatively treated patients (n=37) had a significantly higher total and direct cost than non-operative patients (P<0.01). Average salary of the 39 employed patients was $61,416 and return to work period was 11.2 weeks. In all patients, lost income accounted for the largest portion of total and indirect cost, averaging 38% of total cost. Longer periods of return to work were significantly associated with undergoing surgery and having less than a college-level education (P<0.05). Average number of weeks for indirect costs to amount to zero was 19.1. Conclusion: In patients treated operatively and nonoperatively, the largest cost component was an indirect cost: missed wages at 28.6% and 63.3%, respectively. While the majority of the direct costs of AFx’s are accrued in the period immediately following the injury, indirect cost components will regularly be incurred for nearly 5 months and often longer. The degree and duration to which these indirect costs accumulate are novel findings. Future research should no longer neglect reporting on an intervention’s impact on the indirect costs of AFx’s. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Application of FLaIR model for early warning system in Chibo Pashyor, Kalimpong, India for rainfall-induced landslides

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhirup Dikshit ◽  
Neelima Satyam
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Mobility Function ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Model

Abstract. The development of an early warning system for landslides due to rainfall has become an indispensable part for landslide risk mitigation. This paper explains the application of the hydrological FLaIR (Forecasting of Landslides Induced by Rainfall) model, correlating rainfall amount and landslide events. The FLaIR model comprises of two modules: RL (Rainfall-Landslide) which correlates rainfall and landslide occurrence and RF (Rainfall-Forecasting) which allows simulation of future rainfall events. The model can predetermine landslides based on identification of mobility function Y(.) which links actual rainfall and incidence of landslide occurrence. The critical value of mobility function was analyzed using 1st July 2015 event and applying it to 2016 monsoon to validate the results. These rainfall thresholds presented can be improved with intense hourly rainfall and landslide inventory data. This paper describes the details of the model and its performance for the study area.

The total costs of seismic retrofits: State of the art

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110095
Author(s):  
Juan F Fung ◽  
Siamak Sattar ◽  
David T Butry ◽  
Steven L McCabe
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Current State ◽  
Seismic Risk Mitigation ◽  
State Of Practice ◽  
Cost Components

This article presents the current state-of-practice with respect to quantifying the total cost to retrofit an existing building. In particular, we combine quantitative, qualitative, and heuristic data to provide a taxonomy for understanding the direct and indirect costs associated with seismic risk mitigation. Much of the literature to date has focused on estimating structural retrofit costs, the costs of retrofitting the structural elements of a building. In contrast, there is very little research or data on the remaining cost components of the total cost. We propose using structural cost as the foundation for approximating the remaining cost components and the total cost itself. To validate our findings, we compare the proposed approximations with actual cost estimates developed by engineering professionals.

scholarly journals New insights on the predisposing factors and geomorphic response to the largest landslide on emerged Earth surface: the Seymareh rock slide - debris avalanche (Zagros Mts., Iran)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Delchiaro ◽  
Marta Della Seta ◽  
Salvatore Martino ◽  
Maryam Dehbozorgi ◽  
Reza Nozaem
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Geomorphic Response ◽  
Rock Creep ◽  
Before And After

Abstract. The Seymareh landslide, detached ~ 10 ka from the north-eastern flank of the Kabir-kuh fold (Zagros Mts., Iran), is worldwide recognized as the largest massive rock slope failure (44 Gm3) ever recorded on the emerged Earth surface. Understanding the hazard conditions and the risk associated to this out-of-scale event would provide important pin points for risk mitigation strategies in case of extreme landslide scenarios. Controversial theories have been proposed so far by the scientific community to explain the generation of such an exceptional event and different scenarios have been proposed for explaining the induced changes of landscape. This study provides new constraints to the evolution of the Seymareh river valley, before and after the Seymareh landslide occurrence, to correctly identify the predisposing factors, to suggest possible triggers and deduce the geomorphic response to the slope failure. We performed detailed geological and geomorphological surveys and mapping of the Seymareh valley and dated with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) two suites of fluvial terraces (one older and one younger than the Seymareh landslide) as well as a lacustrine terrace (formed after the temporary landslide damming), as useful geomorphic markers of the valley evolution. River profile metrics showed the evidence of a transient landscape and the plano-altimetric distribution of the geomorphic markers has been correlated to the detectable knickpoints along the Seymareh river longitudinal profile. We thus provide time constraints to the main evolutionary stages of the valley before and after the emplacement of the landslide, to be used as inputs for future stress-strain time-dependent numerical modelling in the perspective of calibrating the rock mass viscosity and verifying the possible earthquake trigger of the Seymareh landslide as an ultimate scenario of ongoing mass rock creep processes.

scholarly journals Costs of nursing procedures/interventions: an integrative literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (suppl 6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Buck de Oliveira Ruiz ◽  
Caroline Rife Nobrega ◽  
Cínthia Prates Vigna ◽  
Antônio Fernandes Costa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nursing Professionals

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the scientific production of nurses regarding the costs of procedures/interventions performed by nursing professionals. Methods: integrative literature review with a sample of 17 primary articles selected from the CINAHL, Scopus, EMBASE databases and the PubMed portal. Results: all studies were conducted in hospitals, with quantitative, exploratory-descriptive studies, considering the case study method, with the description of costs method adopted, and the number of Brazilian publications stood out (12; 70.58%). The calculation of direct costs was most common due to the absence/difficulty of accessing information in the studied hospitals. This made it impossible to obtain the indirect costs that would be necessary for the composition of the total cost. Conclusions: it was shown that studies about the cost of procedures/interventions are still scarce, often covering only the calculation of direct costs. Nurses need to develop studies on such costs using the same methodology in different contexts of health care.

Two Nosocomial Pertussis Outbreaks and Their Associated Costs—King County, Washington, 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Baggett ◽  
Jeffrey S. Duchin ◽  
William Shelton ◽  
Danielle M. Zerr ◽  
Joan Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
King County ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Personnel Costs ◽  
Medication Costs

Objective.Pertussis outbreaks in healthcare settings result in resource-intensive control activities, but studies have rarely evaluated the associated costs. We describe and estimate costs associated with 2 nosocomial pertussis outbreaks in King County, Washington, during the period from July 25 to September 15, 2004. One outbreak occurred at a 500-bed tertiary care hospital (hospital A), and the other occurred at a 250-bed pediatric hospital (hospital B).Methods.We estimated the costs of each outbreak from the hospitals' perspective through standardized interviews with hospital staff and review of contact tracing logs. Direct costs included personnel time and laboratory and medication costs, whereas indirect costs were those resulting from hospital staff furloughs.Results.Hospital A incurred direct costs of $195,342 and indirect costs of $68,015; hospital B incurred direct costs of $71,130 and indirect costs of $50,000. Cost differences resulted primarily from higher personnel costs at hospital A ($134,536), compared with hospital B ($21,645). Total cost per pertussis case was $43,893 for hospital A (6 cases) and $30,282 for hospital B (4 cases). Total cost per person exposed to a pertussis patient were $357 for hospital A (738 exposures) and $164 for hospital B (737 exposures).Conclusions.Nosocomial pertussis outbreaks result in substantial costs to hospitals, even when the number of pertussis cases is low. The cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent nosocomial pertussis outbreaks, including vaccination of healthcare workers, should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Economic burden of main Noncommunicable diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kontsevaya ◽  
Y Balanova ◽  
M Khudyakov ◽  
A Myrzamatova ◽  
D Mukaneeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
The Russian Federation

Abstract Aim To estimate the economic burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Russian Federation (RF) in 2016, including the direct costs and the economic losses caused by reduced productivity. Material and Methods We included 4 diseases: cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary disease (COPD). We used the official statistics data collected by Ministry of health on the number of patients, health care resources utilization (hospitalizations, emergency visits, outpatients’ visits). The costs of health care were obtained from health insurance fund. Directs nonmedical costs included disabilitypayments, calculated based on the number of disabled persons from each group and by the amount of the disability allowance. Indirect costs (economic losses) included decreased productivity due to premature mortality and disability. The potential years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated using the number of life years lost due todeath and disability due to NCDs before 70 years. Human capital approach was used, and calculation were based on the GDP per person. Results Number of PYLL due to premature death from NCDs was estimated to be 8,0 million years. Economic burden because of NCDs in 2016 in the RF reached 3,3 trillion (45.9 billion €), which is equivalent of 3.9% of GDP for this year. Direct costs were responsible only for 13% of losses, indirect costs for 87% of the total burden. CVD were responsible for 81,4% of burden, cancer – for 7,1%, diabetes - 6,5% and COPD for 5,0%. Conclusions The economic burden because of NCDs in the RF in 2016 was 3.3 trillion (3.9% of GDP). Such the significant economic burden and absence of positive dynamics is a strong argument for increasing investments in the prevention and treatment of NCDs. Key messages Number of PYLL due to premature death from NCDs was estimated to be 8,0 million years. Economic burden because of NCDs in 2016 in the RF reached 3,3 trillion (45.9 billion €), which is equivalent of 3.9% of GDP for this year.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping for Land Use Planning and Risk Assessment

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Anna Roccati ◽  
Guido Paliaga ◽  
Fabio Luino ◽  
Francesco Faccini ◽  
Laura Turconi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Landslide Risk

Landslide susceptibility mapping is essential for a suitable land use managing and risk assessment. In this work a GIS-based approach has been proposed to map landslide susceptibility in the Portofino promontory, a Mediterranean area that is periodically hit by intense rain events that induce often shallow landslides. Based on over 110 years landslides inventory and experts’ judgements, a semi-quantitative analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method has been applied to assess the role of nine landslide conditioning factors, which include both natural and anthropogenic elements. A separated subset of landslide data has been used to validate the map. Our findings reveal that areas where possible future landslides may occur are larger than those identified in the actual official map adopted in land use and risk management. The way the new map has been compiled seems more oriented towards the possible future landslide scenario, rather than weighting with higher importance the existing landslides as in the current model. The paper provides a useful decision support tool to implement risk mitigation strategies and to better apply land use planning. Allowing to modify factors in order to local features, the proposed methodology may be adopted in different conditions or geographical context featured by rainfall induced landslide risk.

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