scholarly journals The influence of fire retardants on the properties of beech and poplar veneers and plywood

2005 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Jovan Miljkovic ◽  
Ivana Grmusa ◽  
Milanka Djiporovic ◽  
Zorica Kacarevic-Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric

Rising demands for fire resistance properties of wood construction and elements matching new standards have been an important part of building codes during the last decade. On the other side, lack of more detailed research on interaction between wood species and selected fire retardant chemicals even with basically one is evident. This is particularly truth with domestic wood species. In this research, beech and poplar veneers were immersed in 25% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MP) and sodium acetate (SA) and impregnated for different periods of time. To determine the preliminary level of fire retardancy achieved in veneers before manufacturing of finished plywood, thermo gravimetric (TG) and derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG) methods were used. TG and DTG analyses of treated and untreated wood, as well as of fire retardants alone, were performed. The next properties of impregnated and no impregnated veneers and plywood were determined: absorption of imp regnant solution (A), weight percent gain (WPG) of imp regnant, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), pH values, and in the case of plywood, strength and fire resistance. Fire resistance of plywood was tested in accordance with standard test for resistance to the effects of fire and the most efficient fire retardant, monoammonium phosphate, had the same result as TG/DTG analyses, which pointed out the validity of TG methods in predicting fire resistance of future products.

scholarly journals Determining the degree of fire retardancy of plywood with thermogravimetry, part I: Beech plywood

2007 ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Gavrilovic-Grmusa ◽  
Jovan Miljkovic ◽  
Milanka Djiporovic-Momcilovic ◽  
Zorica Kacarevic-Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Water Glass ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Predicting Success ◽  
Tg And Dtg

The basic motive of this work is the ever more pronounced need for fire-resistant plywood. In this work, beech veneers have been impregnated with solutions of chosen fire retardants, which are diammonium phosphate monoammonium phosphate, sodium acetate, water glass, sodium tetra borate and boric acid. To determine the preliminary level of fire retardancy achieved in veneers before manufacturing of finished plywood, thermo gravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) methods are used. TG and DTG analyses of treated and untreated wood, as well as of fire retardants alone, were performed on a Perkin-Elmer TGS-2 thermo gravimetric equipment. Fire resistance of plywood was tested in accordance with standard test for resistance to the effects of fire and the most efficient fire retardants monoammonium phosphate and sodium tetra borate, had the same results as TG/DTG analyses, which points out the validity of TG methods in predicting success of fire retardants in future products.

scholarly journals Determining the degree of fireretardancy of plywood with thermogravimetry, part II: Poplar plywood

2008 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Ivana Gavrilovic-Grmusa ◽  
Jovan Miljkovic ◽  
Milanka Djiporovic-Momcilovic ◽  
Mladjan Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Water Glass ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Sodium Tetraborate ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Predicting Success ◽  
Tg And Dtg

In the aim to achieve fire-resistant plywood of different wood species, in this study, veneers have been impregnated with solutions of chosen fire retardants, which are diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, sodium acetate, water glass, sodium tetraborate and boric acid. To determine the preliminary level of fire retardancy achieved in veneers before manufacturing of finished plywood, thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) methods are used. TG and DTG analyses of treated and untreated wood, as well as of fire retardants alone, were performed on a Perkin-Elmer TGS-2 thermogravimetric equipment. Fire resistance of plywood was tested in accordance with standard test for resistance to the effects of fire and the most efficient fire retardants, sodium tetraborate and boric acid had the same results as TG/DTG analyses, which points out the validity of TG methods in predicting success of fire retardants in future products.

scholarly journals Effect of Furfurylation on Hierarchical Porous Structure of Poplar Wood

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Shen ◽  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Dengkang Guo ◽  
Gaiyun Li ◽  
Fuxiang Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Hierarchical Porous Structure ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Hierarchical Porous

Some wood properties (such as permeability and acoustic properties) are closely related to its hierarchical porous structure, which is responsible for its potential applications. In this study, the effect of wood impregnation with furfuryl alcohol on its hierarchical porous structure was investigated by microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry. Results indicated decreasing lumina diameters and increasing cell wall thickness of various cells after modification. These alterations became serious with enhancing weight percent gain (WPG). Some perforations and pits were also occluded. Compared with those of untreated wood, the porosity and pore volume of two furfurylated woods decreased at most of the pore diameters, which became more remarkable with raising WPG. The majority of pore sizes (diameters of 1000~100,000 nm and 10~80 nm) of macrospores and micro-mesopores of two furfurylated woods were the same as those of untreated wood. This work could offer thorough knowledge of the hierarchical porous structure of impregnatedly modified wood and pore-related properties, thereby providing guidance for subsequent wood processing and value-added applications.

scholarly journals Effect of pre-treatments and additives on the improvement of cement wood composite: A review

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7288-7308
Author(s):  
Fatima Z. Brahmia ◽  
Péter György Horváth ◽  
Tibor L. Alpár
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Wood Composite ◽  
Wood Composites ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Magnesium Compounds ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Manufacturing Time

Cement wood composites (CWC) are a popular construction material. Lightweight or panel-wise wood-based buildings have a growing market in central Europe. Requirements and regulations on both the global and national level are forcing continuous developments. This paper summarizes the research achievements in improving the hygroscopic and mechanical properties and shortening the manufacturing time of CWC via pre-treatments and additives. In addition, new perspectives on enhancing its fire resistance properties by using fire retardant pre-treatments are discussed. CWC without any pre-treatment is a material within the B-s1, d0 category of fire resistance. Using fire retardants could upgrade it to the category A1 but the fire retardants should not affect the primary properties of CWC. There are a number of potential fire retardants of wood that may be used, such as phosphorus, boron, and magnesium compounds.

Surface Modification of Bacterial Cellulose Sheets With Various Fire Retardants

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eser Sözen ◽  
Gökhan Gündüz ◽  
Deniz Aydemir ◽  
Ahmet Can
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract This study investigated the effects of various fire retardants including Firetex®, phosphoric acid, and nanoboron nitride on the thermal and morphological properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) sheets. Hestrin and Schramm medium was inoculated with Gluconacetobacter hansenii and the medium with the bacteria was incubated for 14 days. The obtained BC sheets were freeze-dried and then the dried sheets were immersed with Firetex®, phosohoric acid, and nanoboron nitride for a day. The sheets were once again freeze-dried and weight percent gain (WPG) of the sheets was calculated by using wet and dried weights. The morphological characterization, thermal properties, and structural changes of the obtained sheets were also investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The weight percent gain was found to increase 31% for the samples with boron nitride and 1040% for the samples with phosphoric acid after the impregnation. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the impregnation improved the thermal stability of the BC films. The sheets with nanoboron nitride exhibited the best thermal stability, whereas the sheets with Firetex were determined to have the worst thermal stability. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed some changes in the structural properties of the all BC sheets with fire retardants. As a result, it can be said that nanoboron nitride at low temperatures (25–250 °C) and Firetex and phosphoric acid at higher temperatures (600–900 °C) showed better thermal stability.

scholarly journals Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8235-8248
Author(s):  
Se-Hwi Park ◽  
Min Lee ◽  
Eun-Chang Kang ◽  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Kugbo Shim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Resistance Performance ◽  
Co Emission

Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.

Investigation in the kinetics of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of wood treated with fire-retardants and untreated wood

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Николай Петрович Копылов ◽  
Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов ◽  
Елена Юрьевна Сушкина ◽  
Владимир Васильевич Яшин
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Thermo Oxidative Degradation

Разработана экспериментальная методика определения механизма огнезащитного действия антипиренов на основе изучения кинетики термической и термоокислительной деструкции древесины. Отработка методики проведена на антипирене MgCl (бишофит). Методика основывается на количественной оценке при термическом разложении древесины выхода продуктов деструкции: CO, CO, дымового аэрозоля. В качестве приборной базы используются хроматографы, фотометр фотоэлектрический для аэрозолей, спектрофотометр. Water with various additives is used during extinguishing forest fires. Fire-retardants are used as additives in most cases. The selection of fire-retardants depends on the level of increase in extinguishing effectiveness at their addition to water. The purpose of this work is to develop an experimental method for evaluating the fireproof effect of flame retardants solutions. This method is based on the investigation of the kinetics of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of treated wood with flame retardants and untreated wood. In practice, bischofite and diammonium phosphate are often used as additives. Investigations were conducted using MgCl (bischofite). The explanation of the fireproof effect of the bischofite solution is based on the study of the yield of decomposition products (CO, CO, smoke aerosol) of wood treated with fire-retardant and untreated wood. The instrument base includes chromatographs «Gasochrom 3101», «Tsvet 152», photoelectric photometer for aerosols, spectrophotometer IKS-29. Wood samples were subjected to thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation in nitrogen flow or air flow with a volume velocity of 60 ml · min. Pulse heating in the pyrolysis furnace was carried out in the temperature range from 350 to 550 °C. The significant increase in fire resistance of wood treated with fire-retardant was found as a result of researches using the proposed method. It was shown that the theory of the coating layer, thermal and gas theory of catalytic dehydration are not suitable for explaining the mechanism of fireproof action of an aqueous solution of magnesium halides. Although it is not excluded the inhibition of gas-phase oxidation of cellulose degradation products by hydrogen halides released when heating aqueous solutions of magnesium halides.

scholarly journals Acetylation of Wood Flour from Four Wood Species Grown in Nigeria Using Vinegar and Acetic Anhydride

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakubu Azeh ◽  
Gabriel Ademola Olatunji ◽  
Cheku Mohammed ◽  
Paul Andrew Mamza
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
African Locust Bean

Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia digitata), Mahoganny (Daniella oliveri), African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Beech wood (Gmelina arborea), had been investigated. The first batch of wood species were acetylated using acetic anhydride while the second batch were acetylated with commercial vinegar. Both experiments were conducted in the presence of varying amount of CaCl2 as catalyst and at temperature of 120°C for 3 h. The success of acetylation was determined based on Weight Percent Gain for each sample treated with either chemicals used. FT-IR, a veritable tool was used for the analysis of both treated and untreated samples to further investigate the success of acetylation. The results showed the presence of important band such as carbonyl absorptions at 1743, 1744, 1746, 1731, 1718 and 1696 cm−1 as appeared separately in the spectra of acetylated samples, confirming esterification occurred. The purpose of this work was to investigate the applicability of vinegar for acetylation of lignocellulosic fibers. Blends/composites were prepared by solution casting and their kinetics investigated in distilled water. The results indicated they could be used in outdoor applications such as, decking and packaging.

The Effect of Fire Retardants on the Fire Resistance of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Coating

2016 ◽  
Vol 674 ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Lipiäinen ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Juha Larismaa ◽  
Simo Pekka Hannula
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Thermosetting Polymers ◽  
Negative Effect

Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are most commonly used coating materials on steel among thermosetting polymers because of their low cost, easy application and good performance properties. However, UPRs show insufficient fire-resistance in respect of relatively high flammability accompanied by smoke production upon burning due to aromatic groups in the structure. Consequently, improving the fire retardancy of UPRs for extending their application becomes pivotal. Fire retardants (FRs) are widely used in polymers because they prolong the time to ignition, slow down the rate of flame spread, and generate less heat and smoke or toxic fume compared with the unmodified polymers. It has been a challenge to develop a cost effective, environmentally friendly fire retardant system which minimizes the negative effect on performance properties of the polymers [1 - 4].

Preparation and Properties of Acetylated and Propionylated Wood-Silicate Composite

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Z. Li ◽  
T. Furuno ◽  
S. Katoh
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Flame Resistance

Summary Acetylated wood-silicate (AWS) composites and propionylated wood-silicate (PWS) composites were prepared and their dimensional stability and flame resistance evaluated. The results displayed that: (1) With the existing of silicate gels, the AWS and PWS composites showed lower values of bulking coefficient (B), antiswelling efficiency (ASE) during water and moisture absorptions, and moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) than the corresponding acetylated wood and propionylated woods, but the AWS and PWS composites still exhibited a fairly good dimensional stability. (2) The oxygen indexes (OIs) of the AWS and PWS composites were higher than those of untreated wood specimens, and increased with an increase in weight percent gain (WPGs) of silicate gel, endowing them with flame-resistance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document