Cell-mediated immune response of synovial fluid lymphocytes to ureaplasma antigen in Reiter's syndrome

INTRODUCTION Reiter's syndrome (RS) is an seronegative arthritis that occurs after urogenital or enteric infection which in addition with occular and/or mucocutaneous manifestations presents complete form of disease. According to previous understanding arthritis in the RS is the reactive one, which means that it is impossible to isolate its causative agent. However, there are the more and more authors suggesting that arthritis in the urogenital form of disease is caused by the infective agent in the affected joint. This suggestion is based on numerous studies on the presence of Chlmaydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the inflamed joint by using new diagnostic methods in molecular biology published in the recent literature [1-3]. Besides, numerous studies of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response to "triggering" bacteria in the affected joint have supported previous suggestions [4-7]. Aim of the study was to determine whether synovial fluid T-cells specifically recognize the "triggering" bacteria presumably responsible for the Reiter's syndrome. METHOD The 3H-thymidine uptake procedure for measuring lymphocyte responses was applied to lymphocytes derived concurrently from synovial fluid (SF) and from peripheral blood (PB) [8]. Ureaplasma antigen and mitogen PHA stimulated lymphocytes in 24 RS patients (24 PB samples, 9 SF samples) and the results were compared with those found in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (10 PB samples, 5 SF samples). Preparation of ureaplasma antigen. Ureaplasma was cultured on cell-free liquid medium [9]. Sample of 8 ml was heat-inactivated for 15 minutes at 601C and permanently stirred with magnetic mixer. The sample was centrifuged at 2000 x g for 40 minutes and than deposits carefully carried to other sterile glass tubes (Corex) and recentrifuged at 9000 x g for 30 minutes. The deposit was washed 3 times in sterile 0.9% NaCl, and final sediment was resuspended in 1.2 ml sterile 0.9% NaCl. Bacteriology: Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated by cell culture using cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells [10], while Ureaplasma urealyticum was identified according to its biochemical properties grown on cell-free liquid medium [9]. RESULTS Proliferative response of the PB lymphocytes to stimulation by mitogen and ureaplasma antigen did not differ between RS and RA patients. Also, there was no difference in proliferative response of SF lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation between RS and RA patients (Figure 1). However, proliferation of SF lymphocytes stimulated by ureaplasma antigen was significantly elevated in RS patients compared with the control group. This difference is statistically significant (p<0.05) (Figure 2). Difference in proliferative response of the PB and SF lymphocytes stimulated by the ureaplasma antigen was not found in RS patients. DISCUSSION It was found that SF lymphocytes of RS patients showed significantly elevated proliferative response to stimulation by the ureaplasma antigen compared with SF lymphocytes of the control group. There was no difference when the lymphocytes were stimulated by the mitogen. Our findings suggest that elevated proliferative response of lymphocytes is the sign of stimulation cell-mediated immunity to antigen present in inflamed joint. Hence, the main immune response to Ureaplasma is on the cell-mediated level in the affected joint. This confirms the earlier finding reported by Ford et all. who concluded that synovial rather than peripheral blood lymphocytes indicate the microbiological cause of arthritis [11,12]. Horowitz etal. demonstrated the correlation between clinical remission after antibiotic therapy and eradication of Ureaplasma, together with a decrease in cellular immune response synovial fluid lymphocytes to ureaplasma antigen stimulation [13]. In that study Horowitz did not find statisticaly significant difference of ureaplasma proliferative response between PB and SF lymphocytes in patients with RS. We obtained the same results. Than we concluded that sensibilization of immune system exist in the presence of foreign antigen in RS patients. The other authors demonstrated higher stimulation indices than the ones we found in our patients [11-15]. This difference may be the result of different preparation of antigens, in other words selection of serotype of Ureaplasma for antigen preparation different conditions of lymphocyte cultivation. We concluded that the presence of antigen, antigen-specific T cells and efficient antigen-presenting cells (CD4+T cells) in the joint of RS patients strongly suggests that a T-cell-mediated response to bacteria has the central role in the pathogenesis of Reiter's syndrom.

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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from the synovial fluid of patients with Reiter's syndrome

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp0301005p ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 5-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ljiljana Pavlica ◽

Nada Draskovic ◽

Nada Kuljic-Kapulica ◽

Dragan Nikolic

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Hla Typing ◽

Control Group ◽

Reiter's Syndrome ◽

Reiter’S Syndrome

Background. The aim of this study was to contribute to the insight of the role of the infectious agent in ethiopathogenesis of the Reiter?s syndrome development, which could directly influence the choise of treatment of these patients. Methods. Eighteen patients with urogenital form of the Reiter?s syndrome and 16 controls (6 with rheumatoid arthritis and 10 with pigmented villonodular synovitis) were included in the study. In all patients standard laboratory analyses of the blood, urine and stool were made; antibody titer to Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was determined in synovial fluid and serum; isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in urethral, cervical and conjunctival swabs, as well as in prostatic and synovial fluid, was also made. HLA typing was done, too. Chlamydia was isolated in the McCoy cell culture treated with cycloheximide while Ureaplasma was identified according to its biochemical properties grown on cell-free liquid medium. Results. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the synovial fluid of 4 patients with Reiter's syndrome 22.2%), while Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated in 7 of them (38.9%). These microorganisms were not found in any synovial fluid of the control group patients. Conclusion. Presence of these bacteria in the inflamed joint might be an important factor in etiopathogenesis of this disease, and it supports the hypothesis that arthritis in Reiter's syndrome is probably of the infectious origin.

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AB0128 CXCL5 DAMPENS INFLAMMATION IN THE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS VIA THE ORCHESTRAL EFFECT OF REGULATING NEUTROPHIL TRAFFICKING AND SUPPRESSING HELPER T CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.818 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1365.2-1365

Author(s):

X. Fan ◽

D. Guo ◽

C. T. Ng ◽

A. Law ◽

Z. Y. Poon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Helper T Cell ◽

Clinical Model ◽

Cell Mediated Immune Response

Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suffer from severe morbidity and mortality1-4, either from the disease itself or from side effects of immunosuppression5. Discovery of novel effective therapies with less toxicity is an urgent need.Objectives:The aim of this study is to elucidate the therapeutic potential and working mechanism of cytokine CXCL5 in lupus mice.Methods:Treatment with CXCL5, bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, standard of care (SOC) with combination of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide was given to 16-week-old Faslprmice. Mice were monitored for 10 weeks. Splenic immune cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry. Circulating cytokine and immunoglobulin were detected by Luminex technology. Renal function was evaluated by urinary spot albumin creatinine ratio. In situ renal immune cell infiltration and complement 3 deposition were detected by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry.Results:CXCL5 demonstrated consistent and potent immunosuppressive capacity in suppressing SLE with reduced autoantibody secretion, lymphoproliferation and preserved kidney function. With further exploration, we proved that CXCL5 reduced the proliferation of helper T cells (TH1 and TH2) in thein vitrofunctional assay. When we administrated CXCL5 to lupus mice, it promoted the proliferation of regulatory T cells and reduced the proliferation of TH17 cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Multiple proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A, KC/CXCL1, MIP-1β/CCL4 and TNF-α were also reduced. When combined with SOC, CXCL5 boosted its therapeutic effect and reduced the relevant indices of disease activity. When we correlated the effect of four different treatment groups (CXCL5, BM-MSCs, SOC, and CXCL5 plus SOC) on mice survival and target cell changes, we found that TH17 cells were the key effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.Conclusion:These findings demonstrated that CXCL5 dampens inflammation in the pre-clinical model of systemic lupus erythematosus via the orchestral effect of regulating neutrophil trafficking and suppressing helper T cell-mediated immune response. Administrating exogenous CXCL5 might be an attractive option to treat patients with lupus.References:[1]Ji S, Guo Q, Han Y, Tan G, Luo Y, Zeng F. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation inhibits abnormal activation of Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathway in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus mice.Cell Physiol Biochem.2012;29(5-6):705-712.[2]Peng SL. Altered T and B lymphocyte signaling pathways in lupus.Autoimmun Rev.2009;8(3):179-183.[3]Ferucci ED, Johnston JM, Gaddy JR, et al. Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in a population-based registry of American Indian and Alaska Native people, 2007-2009.Arthritis Rheumatol.2014;66(9):2494-2502.[4]Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, Mok CC, Navarra SV, Kwon N. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2012;64(2):159-168.[5]Sattwika PD, Mustafa R, Paramaiswari A, Herningtyas EH. Stem cells for lupus nephritis: a concise review of current knowledge.Lupus.2018;27(12):1881-1897.Acknowledgments:The work was supported by SMART II Centre Grant (NMRC/CG/M011/2017_SGH) and SingHealth Foundation (SHF/FG638P/2016).Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Arthritis and Foodborne Bacteria

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-57.10.935 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 935-941 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

JAMES L. SMITH

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽

Reactive Arthritis ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Cell Subset ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Hla B27 ◽

Reiter's Syndrome ◽

Reiter’S Syndrome

Diarrheic episodes caused by the foodborne pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella or Yersinia may lead to a sterile arthritis such as reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis have been shown to be sequelae in a few well-studied bacterial food poisoning outbreaks. Reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis show strong familial association related to the gene for HLA-B27 (HLA = human leucocyte antigen) antigen. Why HLA-B27-positive individuals are more susceptible to arthritis is not known, but molecular mimicry between the HLA-B27 antigen and antigens of triggering bacteria has been demonstrated and this mimicry has been proposed as a mechanism involved in etiology of the arthritides. Antigens from bacteria that triggered the arthritis are present in arthritic joints but bacterial cells are not found. Antibodies and T-cells specific for the triggering bacteria have been demonstrated in arthritic patients. T-cells present in synovial joints respond specifically to the particular arthritic triggering pathogen. The cells that respond to bacterial antigens belong to the T-cell subset TH1 that secrete a limited number of cytokines but it is not known if cytokines are involved in arthritis. A few studies have demonstrated that T-cells from the joints of arthritic patients respond to both bacterial and human heat shock proteins indicating that autoimmunity may be involved in causation of arthritis. While only about 2% of a population exposed to a triggering infection will acquire arthritis, these individuals undergo pain and suffering as well as economic hardships as a result of their disease.

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IMMU-44. AN IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC VACCINE COMPOSED OF IRRADIATED WHOLE TUMOR CELLS PULSED WITH MANNAN-BAM, TLR LIGANDS AND ANTI-CD40 ANTIBODY INDUCES POTENT IMMUNE RESPONSE IN PRECLINICAL GBM ANIMAL MODEL

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noab196.403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽

pp. vi102-vi102

Author(s):

Herui Wang ◽

Rogelio Medina ◽

Juan Ye ◽

Pashayar Lookian ◽

Ondrej Uher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Therapeutic Efficacy ◽

Poly I:C ◽

Control Group ◽

Complete Regression ◽

Adaptive Immune

Abstract Despite numerous therapeutic advances, the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a challenge, with current 5-year survival rates estimated at 4%. Multiple characteristic elements of GBM contribute to its treatment-resistance, including its low immunogenicity and its highly immunosuppressive microenvironment that can effectively disarm adaptive immune responses. Hence, therapeutic strategies that aim to boost T-lymphocyte mediated responses against GBM are of great therapeutic value. Herein, we present a therapeutic vaccination strategy that promotes the phagocytosis of tumor cells, enhances tumor antigen presentation, and induces a tumor-specific adaptive immune response. This strategy consists of vaccinations with irradiated whole tumor cells (rWTC) pulsed with phagocytic agonists (Mannan-BAM), TLR ligands [LTA, Poly (I:C), and R-848], and anti-CD40 antibody (collectively abbreviated as rWTC-MBTA). We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of rWTC-MBTA strategy in a mouse syngeneic GL261 orthotopic GBM tumor model. rWTC-MBTA or vehicle control were administered subcutaneously over the right foreleg three days after intracranial injection of GL261 cells. Complete regression (CR) of intracranial tumors was achieved in 70% (7/10) of rWTC-MBTA treated animals while none survived in the control group. Immunophenotyping analyses of peripheral lymph nodes and brain tumors of rWTC-MBTA treated mice demonstrated: (1) increased mature dendritic cells and MHC II+ monocytes; (2) increased effector (CD62L-CD44+) CD4-T and CD8-T cells; (3) increased cytotoxic IFNγ-, TNFα-, and granzyme B-secreting CD4-T and CD8-T cells. Of note, the therapeutic efficacy of rWTC-MBTA disappeared in CD4-T and/or CD8-T lymphocyte depleted mice. Three mice that achieved CR were rechallenged with 50k GL261 cells intracranially 14 months after the last rWTC-MBTA treatment and all rechallenged animals resisted GL261 tumor development, confirming the establishment of long-term immunological memory against GL261 tumor cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that rWTC-MBTA strategy can effectively activate antigen presenting cells and induce more favorable T-cell signatures in the GBM tumors.

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Comparative Evaluation of T-Cell Immune Response to BTV Infection in Sheep Vaccinated with Pentavalent BTV Vaccine When Compared to Un-Vaccinated Animals

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2019/8762780 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Molalegne Bitew ◽

Chintu Ravishankar ◽

Soumendu Chakravarti ◽

Gaurav Kumar Sharma ◽

Sukdeb Nandi

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Cell Immune Response ◽

Respective Group ◽

Cytokine Induction ◽

Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Recent invasion of multiple bluetongue virus serotypes (BTV) in different regions of the world necessitates urgent development of efficient vaccine that is directed against multiple BTV serotypes. In this experimental study, cell mediated immune response and protective efficacy of binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated Montanide™ ISA 206 adjuvanted pentavalent (BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23) vaccine was evaluated in sheep and direct challenge with homologous BTV serotypes in their respective group. Significant (P<0.05) up-regulation of mRNA transcripts of IFN-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α in PBMCs of vaccinated animals as compared to control (un-vaccinated) animals at certain time points was observed. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in mean ± SD percentage of CD8+ T cells after 7 days post challenge (DPC) but, the mean ± SD percentage of CD4+ T-cell population slightly declined at 7 DPC and enhanced after 14 DPC. Significant differences (P<0.05) of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells population was also observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated sheep. The vaccine also significantly (P<0.05) reduced BTV RNA load in PBMCs of vaccinated animals than unvaccinated animals following challenge. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in cytokine induction, BTV RNA load and CD8+ and CD4+ cell count among BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 serotype challenges except significant increase in mean ± SD percentage of CD8+ in BTV-2 group. These findings put forwarded that binary ethylenimine inactivated montanide adjuvanted pentavalent bluetongue vaccine has stimulated cell mediated immune response and most importantly reduced the severity of BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 infections following challenge in respective group.

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Flow Cytometric and Cytokine ELISpot Approaches To Characterize the Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Ferrets following Influenza Virus Infection

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01001-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (17) ◽

pp. 7991-8004 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Anthony DiPiazza ◽

Katherine Richards ◽

Frances Batarse ◽

Laura Lockard ◽

Hui Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽

Mhc Locus

ABSTRACTInfluenza virus infections represent a significant socioeconomic and public health burden worldwide. Although ferrets are considered by many to be ideal for modeling human responses to influenza infection and vaccination, efforts to understand the cellular immune response have been severely hampered by a paucity of standardized procedures and reagents. In this study, we developed flow cytometric and T cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) approaches to characterize the leukocyte composition and antigen-specific T cell response within key lymphoid tissues following influenza virus infection in ferrets. Through a newly designed and implemented set of serological reagents, we used multiparameter flow cytometry to directly quantify the frequency of CD4+and CD8+T cells, Ig+B cells, CD11b+myeloid-derived cells, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) both prior to and after intranasal infection with A/California/04/09 (H1N1). We found that the leukocyte composition was altered at 10 days postinfection, with notable gains in the frequency of T cells and myeloid cells within the draining lymph node. Furthermore, these studies revealed that the antigen specificity of influenza virus-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells was very broad, with recognition of the viral HA, NA, M1, NS1, and NP proteins, and that total reactivity to influenza virus postinfection represented approximately 0.1% of the circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Finally, we observed distinct patterns of reactivity between individual animals, suggesting heterogeneity at the MHC locus in ferrets within commercial populations, a finding of considerable interest in efforts to move the ferret model forward for influenza vaccine and challenge studies.IMPORTANCEFerrets are an ideal animal model to study transmission, diseases, and vaccine efficacies of respiratory viruses because of their close anatomical and physiological resemblances to humans. However, a lack of reagents has limited our understanding of the cell-mediated immune response following infection and vaccination. In this study, we used cross-reactive and ferret-specific antibodies to study the leukocyte composition and antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses following influenza A/California/04/09 (H1N1) virus infection. These studies revealed strikingly distinct patterns of reactivity between CD4 and CD8 T cells, which were overlaid with differences in protein-specific responses between individual animals. Our results provide a first, in-depth look at the T cell repertoire in response to influenza infection and suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity at the MHC locus, which is akin to that in humans and an area of intense research interest.

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Alterations of cell-mediated immune response in children with febrile seizures

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x1997000200005 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Terezinha C.B. Montelli ◽

Angela M.V.C. Soares ◽

Maria R. Parise-Fortes ◽

Maria T. Rezkallah-Iwasso ◽

Niura M.R. Padula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Proliferative Response ◽

Matched Control ◽

Febrile Seizures ◽

T Cell Subsets ◽

Lymphocyte Function ◽

Cd8 Cells ◽

Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽

Immunologic Parameters

The aim of the present investigation was to study the distribution of T-cell subsets in peripheral blood defined by monoclonal antibodies and by the lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PH A) in 30 children with febrile seizures and in 14 age-matched control subjects. Frequent respiratory, urinary and dermatologic infections were observed in 22 patients. The immunologic parameters showed that 64% of the patients presented an increased number of CD8+ cells and a low helper/suppressor ratio was observed in 60% of the patients. In addition, the proliferative response of lymphocytes to PHA was impaired in the patients. It was observed the presence of inhibitory activity on lymphocyte function in the plasma of 33% of children with febrile seizures. These results suggest that patients with febrile seizures have an impairment of cellular immunity that may be connected with this epileptic syndrome and explain the infections observed.

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IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer Triggers a Change in Immune Response within Mouse Tumors

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers10120498 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 498 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Guilan Shi ◽

Chelsea Edelblute ◽

Sezgi Arpag ◽

Cathryn Lundberg ◽

Richard Heller

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Immune Memory ◽

Control Group ◽

Gene Electrotransfer ◽

Cell Content ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear

Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a relatively low survival rate. Immune-based therapies have shown promise in the treatment of melanoma, but overall complete response rates are still low. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of plasmid IL-12 (pIL-12) delivered by gene electrotransfer (GET) to be an effective immunotherapy for melanoma. However, events occurring in the tumor microenvironment following delivery have not been delineated. Therefore, utilizing a B16F10 mouse melanoma model, we evaluated changes in the tumor microenvironment following delivery of pIL-12 using different GET parameters or injection of plasmid alone. The results revealed a unique immune cell composition after intratumoral injection of pIL-12 GET. The number of immune memory cells was markedly increased in pIL-12 GET melanoma groups compared to control group. This was validated using flow cytometry to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as delineating immune cell content using immunohistochemistry. Significant differences in multiple cell types were observed, including CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells and myeloid cells, which were induced to mount a CD8+PD1− T cells immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest a basic understanding of the sequence of immune activity following pIL-12 GET and also illuminates that adjuvant immunotherapy can have a positive influence on the host immune response to cancer.

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Cell-Mediated Immune Response during Primary Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.68.12.7156-7158.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (12) ◽

pp. 7156-7158 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

S. Halme ◽

J. Latvala ◽

R. Karttunen ◽

I. Palatsi ◽

P. Saikku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Interferon Gamma ◽

Early Phase ◽

Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Cell Mediated Immune Response

ABSTRACT The development of Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific cell-mediated immunity was studied during a primary C. pneumoniae infection. The immune response was detected as positive lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interferon gamma.C. pneumoniae-induced activation of both CD4+and CD8+ T cells was detected in the early phase of infection, but activation of only CD4+ T cells was detected in the later stage.

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The influence of experimental administration of low zearalenone doses on the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and on selected subpopulations of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph nodes

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.1515/pjvs-2015-0064 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 489-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Obremski ◽

P. Wojtacha ◽

P. Podlasz ◽

M. Żmigrodzka

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Cytokine Secretion ◽

Control Group ◽

M1 Macrophages ◽

Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽

Simultaneous Activation ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Group Flow

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response taking place in ileocecal lymph nodes (ICLN) in control (n=15) and zearalenone (ZEN)-treated (n=15) pigs. The experiment was carried out over 42 days; a dose of 0.1 mg kg−1 feed day−1 of ZEN was administered to the animals. The dose used in the experiment was at a level where no adverse effects are observed (NOAEL) in the ovaries, uterus and vagina. ICLN samples for analysis were collected on the 14th, 28th and 42nd day of the experiment. The analysis of cytokine concentration in the tissues showed that pigs treated with ZEN had an increased level of cytokines produced by helper Th1 lymphocytes (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ) on the 28th day of the experiment. The level of cytokines produced by helper Th2 lymphocytes (IL-4 and IL-10) was characterized by a statistically non-significant upward trend, as compared with the control group. Flow cytometry showed a linear decrease in the percentage of CD21+ B, CD2+ T and CD4+CD8- T cells and an increase in the percentage of CD8+CD4- and TCRγδ + T cells in pigs treated with ZEN. Both ZEN and α-ZEL (α-zearalenone) concentrations increased over time in the liver, but only ZEN concentration increased in ICLN. The results obtained demonstrate that a NOAEL concentration of ZEN shifts the immune response in pig ICLN towards Th1/Th17, probably with a simultaneous activation of M1 macrophages. Moreover, we observed an increase in humoral cytokine secretion; this can be explained by a negative feedback loop and a phenotypic switch of macrophages from M1 to M2, as well as a switch of immune response from Th1 to Th2 type. ZEN can therefore influence the process of cytokine secretion and the percentage of lymphocytes in ileocecal lymph nodes.

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