scholarly journals On the application of Gaston Bachelard’s philosophy of science and epistemology to the problem of understanding in history of sociology

Sociologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Dejan Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
History Of Sociology ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Epistemological Break

Sketch of the methodological approach, alternative to presentism and historicism, based on the Gaston Bachelard?s philosophy of science and epistemology and its key concepts like epistemological break, epistemological obstacle and error, will be showed in this text. These two dominant methodological approaches in history of sociology and its similar disciplines try, each in its own way, to provide solution to fundamental problem of the said disciplines, thus the problem of understanding. In other words, how to come to the proper interpretation of specific author?s thought through the analysis of texts left behind him? As it will be presented below, the basic characteristics of presentism and historicism, and therefore their shortcomings, arise from the specific model of science on which these approaches are based upon. It is in this context the relevance of Bachelard?s philosophy of science and epistemology can be seen to the problem of understanding, or to put it in another way, to the solution of mentioned methodological approaches? shortcomings.

scholarly journals Similarities, Differences, and Missed Connections between Thomas S. Kuhn, Gaston Bachelard and the Continental Historiography of Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-111
Author(s):  
Alberto Fragio
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
European History ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Historical Turn ◽  
Michael Friedman ◽  
Historiography Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Object

AbstractAccording to the American philosopher, Michael Friedman, while triggering the so-called “historical turn,” Kuhn reinstated the history of science as perhaps the most important object for the philosophy of science. In this paper, I show that this reinstatement is rather a rehabilitation of the philosophical and epistemological uses of the history of science, something already present in the continental historiography of science in the first half of the twentieth century, and especially in Gaston Bachelard’s work. In this sense, I undertake a review of the European history and philosophy of science during that period, paying special attention to Gaston Bachelard as one of the leading representatives of the French historical epistemology of the 1930s. I conclude with the late and quite problematic reception of Bachelard’s thought in the early work of Thomas S. Kuhn. My thesis is this strand may help to outline what is continental history and philosophy of science.

scholarly journals Iconoclasm and Imagination: Gaston Bachelard’s Philosophy of Technoscience

Human Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hub Zwart
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epistemological Obstacle ◽  
Mother Earth

Abstract Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962) occupies a unique position in the history of European thinking. As a philosopher of science, he developed a profound interest in genres of the imagination, notably poetry and novels. While emphatically acknowledging the strength, precision and reliability of scientific knowledge compared to every-day experience, he saw literary phantasies as important supplementary sources of insight. Although he significantly influenced authors such as Lacan, Althusser, Foucault and others, while some of his key concepts (“epistemological rupture,” “epistemological obstacle,” “technoscience”) are still widely used, his oeuvre tends to be overlooked. And yet, as I will argue, Bachelard’s extended series of books opens up an intriguing perspective on contemporary science. First, I will point to a remarkable duality that runs through Bachelard’s oeuvre. His philosophy of science consists of two sub-oeuvres: a psychoanalysis of technoscience, complemented by a poetics of elementary imagination. I will point out how these two branches deal with complementary themes: technoscientific artefacts and literary fictions, two realms of human experience separated by an epistemological rupture. Whereas Bachelard’s work initially entails a panegyric in praise of scientific practice, he becomes increasingly intrigued by the imaginary and its basic images (“archetypes”), such as the Mother Earth archetype.

scholarly journals «Everyday practices» in the «history of everyday life»: how the method works

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Z. M. Kobozeva
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
German School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Academic Relations

The article analyzes the modern methodological paradigm within the boundaries of the theory of the history of everyday life and its methods associated with the concept of everyday practices (tactics, strategies) on the example of studying the everyday history of the bourgeois class. Despite the seeming peacefulness of the history of everyday life approach, in its epistemological field, academic relations associated with the struggle of traditionalists and postmodernists, supporters of descriptive history of everyday life and followers of discourse analysis, as well as researchers working with material within the boundaries of developments of linguistically oriented historiography. Research reflection in modern conditions is also associated with the historian's moral choice: to continue to study great dates, events, names, or to shift research optics towards a little-known, unremarkable person, torn from the jaws of time by just an accidental written document that caught a moment of his life. Ethical research reflection, asserting that the little man is the same equal creator of history, like his great contemporary, is associated with methodological ethics, which does not allow formalizing the methodological approach, formulating in the introductory part of the work those principles that are not implemented in practice in research. This article does not so much polemize with respect to the methodological approaches of modern Russian historiography, as it suggests not to follow the fashion, but, taking into account the specifics of the source base, to apply those methods that work, that is, they help to compose a kind of explanatory model of history, those related to the scientific interests of a particular researcher. In this regard, the German school of the history of everyday life A. Ludtke represents that analytical explanatory model of the past, which allows the little man to be made not only the creator of history, but also responsible for all its events.

THE METHODS OF A RESEARCH OF PROCESSES OF SPONTANEOUS SOCIALIZATION BASED ON NONCLASSICAL APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Abashina A.D.
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Subject Domain ◽  
Child Research ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Internet Environment ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
Research Complex ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Individual

Relevance and statement of a problem. Now processes of socialization of younger generation undergo profound changes. They are characterized by transformation of space-time characteristics – narrowing of the field purposeful, expansion of processes of spontaneous socialization. At the same time the methodological approaches and methods of a research aimed at the analysis of the static phenomena applied in pedagogics become insufficient for a research of chaotic processes. There is a need for search of methodology and methods of a research within which the analysis of processes of spontaneous socialization of modern children and teenagers is possible. Research search shows that the solution of this task is possible on the basis of nonclassical methodological approach. Research objective: identification of opportunities of nonclassical methodology for a research of processes of spontaneous socialization of the modern child. Research problems: representation of the methods in logic of nonclassical methodology aimed at the analysis of these processes. Object and subject of research: the situation of development of the child which is characterized by experiences concerning the relations and readiness for an exception of social interaction in various spheres of activity and immersion in the Internet environment. Subject domain of a research: complex of the relations which are the cornerstone of purposeful and spontaneous socialization of the teenager. Research methodology - nonclassical (anthropological) approach. Research materials. In the course of work on a problem the research methods based mainly on the individual and communicative practicians aimed at the analysis of experiences and communication of the child were developed. Results of a research. The qualitative methods based nonclassical approach will allow to understand not only experiences of the child, but also as negative trends under what conditions they lead to break in relations and to search of significant network contacts that is under what conditions processes of purposeful socialization are weakened collect in his social situation of development, extend borders of socialization spontaneous.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESOURCE USE BY MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
S. S. BUDARIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Performance Audit ◽  
Available Resources

The article reveals methodological approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of the use of resources of medi-cal organizations in order to improve the availability and quality of medical care based on the application of the methodology of performance audit; a methodological approach to the use of individual elements of the efficiency audit methodology for evaluating the performance of medical organizations and the effectiveness of the use of available resources is proposed.

Characteristics of Scientific Inquiry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Miksza ◽  
Kenneth Elpus
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Historical Developments

This chapter introduces the reader to basic characteristics of science and situates the design and analysis considerations presented throughout the book within the context of scientific inquiry. A brief description of key historical developments regarding the philosophy of science is provided. An overview of the fundamental aspects of inductive and deductive scientific reasoning and the importance of falsification to scientific progress is presented. In addition, the values of objectivity and transparency as well as the importance of scientific community are stressed. The usefulness of statistical tools for helping researchers clarify their questions, establish criteria for their judgments, and communicate evidence for their claims is also discussed.

An Introduction to the History of Sociology. Harry Elmer Barnes

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Harold Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
History Of Sociology ◽  
History Of

Robert M. Young's Mind, Brain and Adaptation revisited

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Christopher Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Philosophy Department ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Scientific Ideas

Abstract Robert Maxwell Young's first book Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century (1970), written from 1960 to 1965, still merits reading as a study of the naturalization of mind and its relation to social thought in Victorian Britain. I examine the book from two perspectives that give the volume its unique character: first, Young's interest in psychology, which he considered should be used to inform humane professional practices and be the basis of social reform; second, new approaches to the history of scientific ideas. I trace Young's intellectual interests to the Yale Philosophy Department, the Cambridge Department of Experimental Psychology and a new history and philosophy of science community. Although Young changed his political outlook and historiography radically after 1965, he always remained faithful to ideas about thought and practice described in Mind, Brain.

A Short History of Sociology. Heinz Maus

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-86
Author(s):  
Eugen Weber
Keyword(s):  
Short History ◽  
History Of Sociology ◽  
History Of
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