Frequency of toxigenic Fusarium species and fusariotoxins in wheat grain in Serbia

A total of 88 and 40 wheat samples collected immediately prior to harvest in 2005 and 2006, respectively, under different agroecological conditions, were studied in respect to the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and the production of fusariotoxins. The greatest number of samples was infected with species of the genera Fusarium (81.8 and 65.0%), and Alternaria (36.3 and 17.5%) with the intensity ranging from 9.4 to 84.0% in 2005 and from 23.4 to 80.6% in 2006. Out of 13 identified species belonging to the genus Fusarium, F. graminearum had the highest frequency (35.2 and 12.5%) and the intensity up to 67.2%, and 21.9%, in 2005 and 2006, respectively, followed by F. poae but only in 2005 (20.4%), and F. proliferatum in 2006 (19.7%). The natural occurrence of mycotoxins in positive samples varied from 37 to 331 ppb for zearalenone and from 31 to 125 ppb for diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin. The concentration of mycotoxins amounted, on average, to 133.4, 61.0 and 45.7 ppb for zearelenone, DAS and T-2 toxin, respectively.

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Natural toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin occurrence in maize hybrids

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah2001075k ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 75-85

Author(s):

Vesna Krnjaja ◽

Violeta Mandic ◽

Zorica Bijelic ◽

Milos Lukic ◽

Tanja Petrovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

The European Union ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Genus Fusarium ◽

Permissible Levels ◽

The Republic

The objective of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of maize hybrids to the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungal species, in particular toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species, and mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs)). Grain samples of six commercial maize hybrids (MAS 34.B - FAO 300, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, KWS Konfites and ZP 427 - FAO 400, and MAS 56.A - FAO 500) were collected at harvest in 2018. A total of seven fungal genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium and Rhizopus, were identified of which only species from the genus Fusarium were present on maize grains of all hybrids tested. The incidence of Fusarium spp. was higher in the hybrids MAS 48.L (54.6%), and MAS 56.A (53.3%), compared to MAS 40.F (37.3%), KWS Konfites (28%), MAS 34.B (22.6%) and ZP 427 (12%) hybrids. Among the identified Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides), F. proliferatum was present in all hybrids, ranging from 9.3% (ZP 427) to 30.7% (MAS 48.L ), whereas F. subglutinans was present in two hybrids, MAS 40.F (16%) and MAS 56.A (9.3%). The incidence of F. graminearum ranged from 0% (KWS Konfites) to 9.3% (MAS 34.B), while the incidence of F. verticillioides ranged from 0% (MAS 34.B and ZP 427) to 21.3% (MAS 48.L). In the samples, Aspergillus species were not identified. The effect of maize hybrids was significant on the level of mycotoxins. MAS 34.B hybrid had a statistically significantly higher levels of AFB1 and DON than other hybrids. The FBs level was the highest in the hybrid MAS 34.B (1202 ?g kg-1) and the lowest in the hybrid KWS Konfites (88.33 ?g kg-1). However, the FBs level did not differ between hybrids MAS 34.B, MAS 40.F, and MAS 56.L, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, and MAS 56.A, and KWS Konfites and ZP 427. In all hybrids, AFB1, DON, and FBs levels were below the maximum permissible levels stipulated by the legislation of the European Union and the Republic of Serbia in unprocessed maize. The agro-ecological conditions in 2018 favored the development of Fusarium species on maize grains of the hybrids tested, especially fumonisin producing species.

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The presence of toxigenic Fusarium species and Fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1101063k ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 63-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. Krnjaja ◽

S. Stankovic ◽

J. Levic

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Limit Values ◽

Genus Fusarium ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Penicillium Spp ◽

Insignificant Correlation ◽

Isolated Species

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 ?g kg-1, average 490 ?g kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 ?g kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 ?g kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.

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What about the 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins?

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2008.1124 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 181-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Jestoi ◽

M. Kokkonen ◽

S. Uhlig

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Natural Toxins ◽

Toxic Metabolites ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Very High

Most Fusarium species are capable of producing mycotoxins that may cause adverse effects on human or animal health. The most commonly studied Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. However, it seems that nearly all of the most prevalent Fusarium species infecting grains are also capable of producing other toxic metabolites. The existing studies, although exiguous, have clearly demonstrated that other toxic metabolites of Fusarium spp. are also present in our foods and feeds, occasionally at very high levels. It is apparent that since mycotoxins, including these 'other' metabolites, are natural toxins, they cannot be completely eliminated from food and feed chains. However, scientific studies are needed to determine their true significance. Thus, the mechanism and level of toxicity as well as presence and concentration levels will have to be fully clarified. In this paper, we briefly review the prevalence of the dominant Fusarium species contaminating maize and small-grain cereals worldwide, and the current knowledge on the biological activity as well as the natural occurrence of their selected less-known toxic metabolites. Additionally, the significance of these 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins is discussed.

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THE EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE ON FUSARIUM SPECIES

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b53-050 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 693-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

R. H. Stover

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Optimum Growth ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Genus Fusarium ◽

Saturated Condition ◽

Soil Saturation

Six species and forms of the genus Fusarium show optimum growth and survival in soil at 15% saturation. Optimum soil moisture content for actinomycete growth and survival is similar to that for the Fusarium species whereas that for bacteria is at 75% soil saturation. The present studies indicate that Fusarium spp. are strongly aerobic and that Fusarium populations can be greatly reduced by maintaining the soil in a saturated condition in the absence of hosts.

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Contamination of Wheat Cultivated in Various Regions of Poland during 2017 and 2018 Agricultural Seasons with Selected Trichothecenes and Their Modified Forms

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11020088 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 88 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marcin Bryła ◽

Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽

Tomoya Yoshinari ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

Krystyna Szymczyk

Keyword(s):

Natural Occurrence ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Percentage Occurrence ◽

Immunoaffinity Columns ◽

Low Levels ◽

Modified Forms ◽

Ratio Range

Cross-interaction of antibodies within the immunoaffinity columns used in this study facilitated the simultaneous determination of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), their glucoside derivatives (NIV-3G, DON-3G), and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) in wheat grain harvested in various regions of Poland. In Poland, 2018 was a warm, dry agricultural season, and hence, was relatively less favourable for cereal cultivation than 2017. Data on the natural occurrence of NIV-3G in wheat grain are among the first published in the literature. DON was the most frequently found mycotoxin in the tested samples; the percentage occurrence of DON-positive samples was 92% in 2017 and 61% in 2018. Moreover, DON concentrations were generally higher in 2017 samples (5.2–1670.7 µg/kg) than those in 2018 samples (range 5.0–461.7 µg/kg). A similar pattern was found for DON-3G. However, no statistically significant differences between the samples from the two agricultural seasons were observed for the other three mycotoxins that were analysed, and their concentrations were generally considerably lower. DON was strongly correlated with DON-3G (correlation coefficient r = 0.9558), while NIV was strongly correlated with NIV-3G (r = 0.9442). The percentage occurrence of NIV-3G- and DON-3G-positive samples was 14% in 2017 and 49% in 2018. The NIV-3G/NIV ratio was 5.9–35.7%, while the DON-3G/DON ratio range was 3.2–53.6%. In 2018, wheat samples from Southern Poland exhibited statistically significantly higher levels of DON than those from Northern Poland. The dry and hot summer of 2018 not only reduced wheat yields, but also limited development of Fusarium spp. Therefore, grain harvested that year was generally contaminated with relatively low levels of mycotoxins. Lower levels of DON were also accompanied by lesser amounts of DON-derivatives.

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Effects of moulds on the safety and processing quality of Triticum aestivum

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0814105s ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 105-114

Author(s):

Marija Saric ◽

Tatjana Stojanovic ◽

Marija Skrinjar ◽

Mirjana Menkovska

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Genus Fusarium ◽

Sanitary Condition ◽

Technological Quality ◽

Wheat Products ◽

Mould Contamination ◽

Isolated Species

Wheat and wheat products are frequently subjected to mould infestations. Many of them are potential producers of various mycotoxins. Some of the consequences, due to the infestations by genus Fusarium and Alternaria, are mostly: yield loss, decrease of biological and technological quality, and unacceptable quality of infected kernels for the production and processing into human food because of the possible presence of mycotoxins. It is unknown whether and how the contaminated grains are distributed during milling into various flour streams and finished products. Wholegrain flours and related products contain all anatomic parts of kernels, including mycotoxins. It is a known fact that mycotoxins are resistant to thermal degradation, so they do not loose their toxicity during processing. Moulds from genus Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. synthesize mycotoxins, mostly zearalenon and ochratoxin A. The aim of the investigation was to examine mould contamination of wheat grain, as well as to identify the isolated species, especially those capable of producing toxins, and to determine their impact on technological quality, safety and sanitary condition of wheat. Six varieties of wheat, contaminated with moulds, were investigated. Each sample was separated manually into four fractions: sound kernels, black germ kernels, kernels infected slightly and those infected severely with Fusarium spp.

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Structure and Abundance of Fusarium Communities Inhabiting the Litter of Beech Forests in Central Europe

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12060811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 811

Author(s):

Hanna Stępniewska ◽

Robert Jankowiak ◽

Piotr Bilański ◽

Georg Hausner

Keyword(s):

Forest Type ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Old Growth ◽

Sequence Comparisons ◽

Genus Fusarium ◽

Species Complexes ◽

Beech Stand

Members of the genus Fusarium and related genera are important components of many ecosystems worldwide and are responsible for many plant diseases. However, the structure of beech litter-inhabiting Fusarium communities and their potential role in reducing the natural regeneration of European beech are not well understood. To address this issue, we examined Fusarium communities in the litter of uneven-aged, old-growth beech-dominated forests in the Carpathians (Poland) and in the Alps (Austria), and in a managed beech stand (Poland). The fungi inhabiting beech litter were investigated using beechnuts and pine seedlings as bait. The pathogenicity of the most common species was investigated by inoculating beech germinants. Fusarium spp. were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons of RPB2 and TEF1-α genes, combined with phylogenetic analyses. Twelve fungal species were identified from 402 isolates, including nine known and three currently undescribed species. The isolates resided in three species complexes within the genus Fusarium. These were the F. oxysporum (one taxon), F. sambucinum (three taxa), and F. tricinctum (six taxa) species complexes. In addition, one isolate was assigned to the genus Neocosmospora, and one isolate could be placed within the genus Fusicolla. The most frequently isolated fungi from beechnuts and beech germinants were F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. sporotrichioides Sherb. and Fusarium sp. B. The structure and abundance of species within Fusarium communities varied by beech forest type. The species richness of Fusarium spp. was greatest in old-growth beech-dominated stands, while abundances of Fusarium spp. were higher in managed beech-dominated stands. Pathogenicity tests showed that all four Fusarium species isolated from beechnuts and beech germinants could cause germinants to rot beech, suggesting that these fungi may play a negative role in the natural beech regeneration.

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Ubiquity of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feeds in Republic of Serbia

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0906477k ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽

pp. 477-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vesna Krnjaja ◽

J. Levic ◽

S. Stankovic

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

High Productivity ◽

Animal Feeds ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

Penicillium Spp

Climatic conditions and growing of grain on large areas in Republic of Serbia are suitable for development of numerous toxigenic species, such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., and resulting from this is frequent incidence of animal feed contamination by their toxic products. In Republic of Serbia, the most frequent fungi determined in animal feed are those from Fusarium genus, as well as their mycotoxins. Of Fusarium species the most frequent one is F. graminearum, and of toxins zearalenon, in maize or wheat grains, which are the main raw material in production of animal feeds. Development of this fungi and bio-synthesis of zearalenon most often depend on period of rains in the third decade of May when wheat is in the blossoming phenostage or on ample precipitation and low temperatures at the end of summer or beginning of autumn during sensitive pheno-stage of maize growing. Aflatoxins are rarely isolated in Republic of Serbia, but there are conditions for their increased presence in imported feed components. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A is more frequent than incidence of aflatoxins in climatic conditions of Republic of Serbia. Presence of mycotoxins produced by species of genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium indicates potential risk of incidence of mycotoxicosis, especially in younger animal categories. For the purpose of protection of health of animals, realization of profit and high productivity in livestock production, it is necessary to explain factors which can cause animal intoxication, and to identify toxins and develop methodology for assessment of the potential toxicity of animal feed.

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Species of the genus Fusarium and Fusarium toxins in the grain of winter and spring wheat in Poland

Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin ◽

10.37317/biul-2021-0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-42

Author(s):

Tomasz Góral ◽

Piotr Ochodzki ◽

Linda Kærgaard Nielsen ◽

Dorota Walentyn-Góral

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fusarium Toxins ◽

Average Content ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Genus Fusarium

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain from harvest in 2009 and 2010 in Poland. Samples from different locations were analyzed for the content of DNA of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. In 2009, DNA of F. graminearum and F. poae was present in all samples, F. culmorum in 82% of samples, and F. avenaceum in 55% of samples. In 2010, the highest content of DNA was found for F. graminearum followed by F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. langsethiae. The amount of F. culmorum DNA was very low. The most frequently occurring species were F. poae and F. graminearum, however, the amount of F. poae DNA was lower. In 2009, deoxynivalenol was detected in all samples. In 2010, the average content of deoxynivalenol was lower than in 2009. Nivalenol was detected at very low concentration in both years. Significant correlations between content of F. graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol concentration in the grain and between content of F. poae DNA and nivalenol concentration in the grain in 2009 were found.

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Influence of temperature and species origin on Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale pathogenicity to wheat seedlings

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/12/2009-pps ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 59-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

K. Hudec ◽

D. Muchová

Keyword(s):

Slovak Republic ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Microdochium Nivale ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Mountain Regions ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Species Origin

The influence of temperature and species origin on the in vitro growth rate and pathogenicity of Fusarium and Microdochium nivale (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, and M. nivale) to wheat seedlings was examined. The mycelial growth of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. poae was the fastest at 25°C, and of M. nivale at 15°C. The isolates of F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae originating from mountain regions grew significantly faster at 15°C than those from flatland regions. The isolates from flatland regions grew significantly faster at 25°C than those from mountain regions. F. culmorum and F. graminearum were the most pathogenic species to the root development. The retardation of wheat grain germination caused by the tested species was assessed in descending order: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, M. nivale, F. avenaceum, F. poae. The biomass growth retardation at 15°C was assessed in descending order: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, M. nivale, F. avenaceum, F. poae; at 25°C as follows: F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, M. nivale, F. poae. The isolates of M. nivale and F. poae originating from mountain regions were significantly more pathogenic than those from flatland regions. The results suggest that there exist different temperature ecotypes and pathotypes of Fusarium species and Microdochium nivale across the territory of the Slovak Republic.

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