Study-Test Awareness Can Enhance Priming on an Implicit Memory Task: Evidence from a Word Completion Task

2003 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Mace
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Word Completion

scholarly journals The influence of spatial locations of priming stimuli on performances of a word completion task

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (0) ◽  
pp. 1B-053-1B-053
Author(s):  
Masako Abe ◽  
Takahiro Niida ◽  
Yuma Shinomiya ◽  
Kenji Suzuki ◽  
Tsuyoshi Nogami
Keyword(s):  
Completion Task ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Word Completion

scholarly journals Retrieval Orientation and the Control of Recollection: An fMRI Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2372-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa M. Morcom ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Retrieval Orientation ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Word Task ◽  
The Impact

This study used event-related fMRI to examine the impact of the adoption of different retrieval orientations on the neural correlates of recollection. In each of two study–test blocks, participants encoded a mixed list of words and pictures and then performed a recognition memory task with words as the test items. In one block, the requirement was to respond positively to test items corresponding to studied words and to reject both new items and items corresponding to the studied pictures. In the other block, positive responses were made to test items corresponding to pictures, and items corresponding to words were classified along with the new items. On the basis of previous ERP findings, we predicted that in the word task, recollection-related effects would be found for target information only. This prediction was fulfilled. In both tasks, targets elicited the characteristic pattern of recollection-related activity. By contrast, nontargets elicited this pattern in the picture task, but not in the word task. Importantly, the left angular gyrus was among the regions demonstrating this dissociation of nontarget recollection effects according to retrieval orientation. The findings for the angular gyrus parallel prior findings for the “left-parietal” ERP old/new effect and add to the evidence that the effect reflects recollection-related neural activity originating in left ventral parietal cortex. Thus, the results converge with the previous ERP findings to suggest that the processing of retrieval cues can be constrained to prevent the retrieval of goal-irrelevant information.

Evidence for long-term cross-language repetition priming in low fluency Chinese–English bilinguals

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI LI ◽  
LEI MO ◽  
RUIMING WANG ◽  
XUEYING LUO ◽  
ZHE CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
First Language ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Cross Language

Previous studies have found that proficiency in a second language affects how the meanings of words are accessed. Support for this hypothesis is based on data from explicit memory tasks with bilingual participants who know two languages that are relatively similar phonologically and orthographically (e.g., Dutch–English, French–English). The present study tested this hypothesis with Chinese–English bilinguals using an implicit memory task – the cross-language repetition priming paradigm. Consistent with the result of Zeelenberg, R. and Pecher, D. (2003), we obtained reliable effects of long-term cross-language repetition priming using a conceptual implicit memory task. Overall, the four experiments support the Revised Hierarchical Model as they demonstrate that low fluency bilinguals can only access the conceptual representation of the second language via the lexical representation of the first language.

scholarly journals A working memory intervention weakens the reconsolidation of a threat memory and its biases processing towards threat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soledad Picco ◽  
Luz Bavassi ◽  
Rodrigo S. Fernández ◽  
María E. Pedreira
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Experimental Psychopathology ◽  
Control Networks

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThreat-conditioning (TC) memory plays a central role in anxiety disorders, but not in a simple way. This memory impacts on complex cognitive systems by modifying behavioral responses with a bias to fearful stimuli and overestimating potential threats. In this study we proposed a global approach analyzing the scope of disrupting TC memory reconsolidation in the implicit memory, the declarative contingency and the cognitive biases.METHODSDay 1: Subjects were trained on TC. Day 2: after Threat-memory reactivation, one group performed a high demanding working memory task (HWM) and the other a low demanding working memory task (LWM). The last group, only performed the HWM task. Day 3: TC memory was tested by an extinction session followed by reinstatement. Finally, all subjects completed tasks targeting stimuli representation, valuation and attentional bias towards threat.RESULTSDisrupting reconsolidation of TC memory with a HWM weakened the implicit memory retention and faded the representation and valuation towards threat but it had no effect on attentional bias. Moreover, we revealed that subjects’ performance during the working memory task was specifically associated in TC memory retention.CONCLUSIONSOur findings reveal a strong impairment of the threat-memory restabilization and associated emotional biases. This may result from the competition between defensive survival and central-executive control networks. Our results fits with Experimental Psychopathology approach, disentangling the relation between the implicit memory, cognitive, valenced systems and the possibility to weaken both the threatening memory and the systems associated with the maintenance of anxiety profile.

scholarly journals Divided Attention Selectively Impairs Value-Directed Encoding

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake L. Elliott ◽  
Gene A. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Random Number ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Number Generation ◽  
Divided Attention Task ◽  
Study Test

In the present study, we examined the effect of value-directed encoding on recognition memory and how various divided attention tasks at encoding alter value-directed remembering. In the first experiment, participants encoded words that were assigned either high or low point values in multiple study-test phases. The points corresponded to the value the participants could earn by successfully recognizing the words in an upcoming recognition memory task. Importantly, participants were instructed that their goal was to maximize their score in this memory task. The second experiment was modified such that while studying the words participants simultaneously completed a divided attention task (either articulatory suppression or random number generation). The third experiment used a non-verbal tone detection divided attention task (easy or difficult versions). Subjective states of recollection (i.e., “Remember”) and familiarity (i.e., “Know”) were assessed at retrieval in all experiments. In Experiment 1, high value words were recognized more effectively than low value words, and this difference was primarily driven by increases in “Remember” responses with no difference in “Know” responses. In Experiment 2, the pattern of subjective judgment results from the articulatory suppression condition replicated Experiment 1. However, in the random number generation condition, the effect of value on recognition memory was lost. This same pattern of results was found in Experiment 3 which implemented a different variant of the divided attention task. Overall, these data suggest that executive processes are used when encoding valuable information and that value-directed improvements to memory are not merely the result of differential rehearsal.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation Examining the Effects of Acute Exercise on Implicit Memory Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-716
Author(s):  
Paul D. Loprinzi ◽  
Morgan Gilbert ◽  
Gina Robinson ◽  
Briahna Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Real World ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Memory Score ◽  
And Control

Emerging work suggests that acute exercise can enhance explicit memory function. Minimal research, however, has examined whether acute exercise is associated with implicit memory, which was the purpose of this study. Three separate experimental studies were computed (N = 120; Mean age = 21). In Experiment 1, participants were randomly assigned to either a moderate-intensity bout of acute exercise (15-minute) or engaged in a seated control task (15-minute), followed by the completion of a word-fragmentation implicit memory task. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, but instead employed a higher-intensity exercise protocol. For Experiment 3, participants were randomly assigned to either a moderate-intensity bout of acute exercise (15-minute) or engaged in a seated control task (15-minute), followed by the completion of a real world, 3-dimensional implicit memory task. For Experiment 1, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had an implicit memory score of 7.0 (0.5) and 7.5 (0.6) (t(38) = 0.67, p = .51). For Experiment 2, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had an implicit memory score of 6.9 (1.9) and 7.8 (2.4) (t(38) = 1.27, p = .21). These findings suggest that exercise, and the intensity of exercise, does not alter implicit memory from a word fragmentation task. For Experiment 3, the exercise and control groups, respectively, had a discrimination implicit memory index score of 0.48 (0.18) and 0.29 (0.32) (t(38) = 2.16, p = .03). In conclusion, acute exercise does not influence a commonly used laboratory-based assessment of implicit memory but may enhance real world-related implicit memory function.

scholarly journals Nothing or the opposite: intersecting terror management and objective self‐awareness

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Relevant Word ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Word Completion

The human capacity for self‐awareness allows people to envision their eventual death and thus creates the potential for debilitating anxiety. Terror management research has shown that self‐awareness exacerbates the experience of mortality salience. I suggest that self‐awareness alone can induce mortality salience through dialectical thinking. If constructs include a concept and its opposite, then focusing on one aspect should also increase awareness of the opposite. Focusing on the existing object self should thus lead to the recognition of the non‐existent self that is implied. In study 1, participants experienced one of two self‐awareness manipulations (exposure to a mirror, perceiving the self as distinctive) or no manipulation; mortality salience was measured using a death‐relevant word completion task. Both self‐awareness conditions reported significantly higher mortality salience than the control condition. In study 2, participants exposed to their reflection reported increased death salience and life salience (as measured by death‐ and life‐relevant word completion tasks) than a control group, which directly suggests that self‐awareness leads people to dialectically consider opposing facets of the self. Terror management and objective self‐awareness theories might thus be more intimately tied than was previously thought. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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