scholarly journals Nothing or the opposite: intersecting terror management and objective self‐awareness

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Relevant Word ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Word Completion

The human capacity for self‐awareness allows people to envision their eventual death and thus creates the potential for debilitating anxiety. Terror management research has shown that self‐awareness exacerbates the experience of mortality salience. I suggest that self‐awareness alone can induce mortality salience through dialectical thinking. If constructs include a concept and its opposite, then focusing on one aspect should also increase awareness of the opposite. Focusing on the existing object self should thus lead to the recognition of the non‐existent self that is implied. In study 1, participants experienced one of two self‐awareness manipulations (exposure to a mirror, perceiving the self as distinctive) or no manipulation; mortality salience was measured using a death‐relevant word completion task. Both self‐awareness conditions reported significantly higher mortality salience than the control condition. In study 2, participants exposed to their reflection reported increased death salience and life salience (as measured by death‐ and life‐relevant word completion tasks) than a control group, which directly suggests that self‐awareness leads people to dialectically consider opposing facets of the self. Terror management and objective self‐awareness theories might thus be more intimately tied than was previously thought. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Terror Management and Self-Awareness: Evidence that Mortality Salience Provokes Avoidance of the Self-Focused State

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1216-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Arndt ◽  
Jeff Greenberg ◽  
Linda Simon ◽  
Tom Pyszczynski ◽  
Sheldon Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness

When Death Is Compelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scenario Study ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Abstract. Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality salience should enhance compliance for a request when using the door-in-the-face technique – a persuasion strategy grounded in the norm of reciprocity. In a hypothetical scenario (Study 1), and in a field experiment (Study 2), applying the door-in-the-face technique enhanced compliance in the mortality salience condition compared to a control group.

scholarly journals Emotional responses to mortality salience: Behavioral and ERPs evidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248699
Author(s):  
Shiyun Huang ◽  
Hongfei Du ◽  
Chen Qu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Terror Management Theory (TMT) suggests that death-related thoughts activate proximal defense which allows people to suppress or rationalize death awareness. So far there is no direct evidence to support the emotional response in the proximal defense process. The current research aimed to address this issue by examining behavioral (e.g., accuracy and reaction time) and neural responses (e.g., P1 and N400 amplitude) related to emotional arousal following death-related thoughts during proximal defense. Before engaged in emotional words (e.g., anxiety, fear and neutral) judgment task, participants answered questions that referred to emotional and physical changes about death to induce mortality salience (MS). In the control condition, participants received similar instructions concerning the experience of watching TV. Behavioral results showed that longer reaction time of words was seen in control group than MS group. The ERPs results showed that after reminders of death-related thoughts, in condition of MS, fear words elicited larger P1 ERP amplitudes, while the control group did not have this effect, which might reflect that emotional words caused different early attention patterns between MS group and control group. Moreover, compared with control group, larger N400 ERP amplitudes were elicited in condition of MS, suggesting larger cognitive inhibition of words processing caused by emotional reaction. The above results indicate that the early stages after mortality salience will induce fear and anxiety, but soon these negative emotions are suppressed and are at a lower level of accessibility. This result provides electrophysiological evidence for the proximal defense hypothesis of terror management theory.

Low self-awareness of ADHD in adults using a self-report screening questionnaire

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Manor ◽  
N. Vurembrandt ◽  
S. Rozen ◽  
D. Gevah ◽  
A. Weizman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Subscale Score ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Screening Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractIntroductionAwareness of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has been growing over the last decade. One of the most interesting issues related to this topic is these adults’ self-awareness of their ADHD symptoms and their estimation of their own impairments. Our hypothesis while studying young adult ADHD populations was that there would be a significant difference between their self-report and their clinical assessment.MethodOne hundred and three students volunteered for this study. In order to validate our ADHD screening questionnaire (ADHD-SQ), and to assess the level of awareness they have of their own symptoms, participants underwent a complete clinical assessment for ADHD. They were divided into a control group (n = 24), and an ADHD study group (n = 79), which in turn was composed of two sub-groups, one comprising 24 ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and the other 55 ADHD combined type (ADHD-C).ResultsFactor analysis yielded two factors explaining 41% of the variance. The Inattention (IA) subscale score tended to be higher in both ADHD sub-groups as compared to the control group (6.5±2.1 vs. 2.34±2.3 with P<0.001), with no significant difference between the two ADHD sub-groups. Hyperactivity Impulsivity (HI) subscale was significantly higher for the ADHD-C sub-group than in the ADHD-I sub-group, whose score was similar to that of the control group (control: 1.6±2.1; ADHD-I: 1.55±1.0; ADHD-C: 4.5±2.6, P<0.0001). Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis showed similar results. The area under the curve (AUC) of IA subscale score was 0.90 (95% confidence: 0.83–0.96) and for HI subscale score was 0.75, (95% confidence: 0.63–0.86). Classification into groups used a cut-off point of 3+ items out of nine, in the SQ and 6+ items out of nine in the clinical assessment. These two classifications showed 68% agreement (46% sensitivity and 95% specificity). In both ADHD sub-groups, the self-reported average number of positive symptoms per student was relatively low for both clusters; this phenomenon was pronounced in the specific subtypes. The self-rated HI cluster score was considerably low in the ADHD-C sub-group (4.5±2.6), and the IA one was particularly low in the ADHD-IADHD-I sub-group (5.9±1.9).ConclusionThis study's results indicate that ADHD symptoms are under-reported for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive clusters, indicating that adults with ADHD tend to under-estimate their own ADHD-related impairments. We suggest that this questionnaire may be used both in research and academic settings to help counsellors and students to obtain early indication of ADHD and to refer students suspected of having ADHD to full clinical assessment.

I Control therefore I am: Effects of Mortality Salience on Control Attributions

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo B. Willis ◽  
Alejandro Tapia-V ◽  
Rocío Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mechanism Control ◽  
Type Of Failure ◽  
Do So

Terror Management Theory posits that when individuals are faced with their own mortality, they use several defense mechanisms to reduce the existential anxiety caused by the thought of their own death. In this paper, we examined one such mechanism: Control attributions. To do so, we ran an experiment (n = 140) in which we manipulated mortality salience and type of failure (relevant vs. irrelevant consequences) with which participants were faced. Participants were then instructed to evaluate the possible causes of their failure. The results indicated that participants assigned to the mortality salience condition, compared to those assigned to the control group, were more prone to making controllable attributions. That is, even in situations in which individuals are motivated to avoid responsibility (i.e., a relevant failure), mortality salience increased perceived controllability. These results suggest that attributions might serve as a control mechanism to compensate for the sheer uncontrollability of death.

scholarly journals Effect of Prism Adaptation Therapy on the Activities of Daily Living and Awareness for Spatial Neglect: A Secondary Analysis of the Randomized, Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Katsuhiro Mizuno ◽  
Kengo Tsujimoto ◽  
Tetsuya Tsuji
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spatial Neglect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Prism Group

Background: Rehabilitation for unilateral spatial neglect (USN) using prism adaptation (PA) is one of the most widely used methods, and the effectiveness of PA is well-evidenced. Although the effect of PA generalized various neglect symptoms, the effectiveness for some aspects of neglect is not fully proven. The Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS) was developed to identify problems with the activities of daily living (ADL) caused by USN. The CBS is composed of 10 observation assessments and a self-assessment questionnaire. To assess the self-awareness of USN, the anosognosia score is calculated as the difference between the observational scores and the self-assessment scores. To investigate how PA affects ADL and self-awareness in subacute USN patients during rehabilitation, we analyzed each item of the CBS and self-awareness from a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) that we previously conducted (Mizuno et al., 2011). Methods: A double-masked randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a 2-week PA therapy on USN in 8 hospitals in Japan. We compared each item of the CBS, anosognosia score, and absolute value of the anosognosia score between the prism group and the control group. Results: Two of ten items (gaze orientation and exploration of personal belongings) were significantly improved in the prism group compared with those in the control group. The absolute value of the anosognosia score was significantly improved by PA. Conclusions: Improvement of oculomotor exploration by PA may generalize the behavioral level in a daily living environment. This study suggested that PA could accelerate the self-awareness of neglect during subacute rehabilitation.

scholarly journals A Hero in the Name of Truth: Mortality Salience Increases Heroic Perceptions of Edward Snowden

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
National Security Agency ◽  
Cultural Standards

<p>Edward Snowden has made significant personal sacrifices by revealing the truth about secret surveillance activities by the National Security Agency. According to research on terror management theory, reminding people of their own death strengthens worldview-bolstering reactions, such as following cultural standards and supporting people who uphold those standards. Assuming Snowden’s disclosures were motivated by fighting for the truth and for the value of honesty, and further that cultural values become more important under mortality salience, we hypothesized that reminding people on their own death increases heroic perceptions of Snowden. As predicted, results of our study indicated that participants in the mortality salience condition reported stronger heroic perceptions compared to a control group. This effect was found to be independent of patriotism or political orientation.</p>

scholarly journals Self-awareness Skill Training of Mothers as the Head of the Household and the Self-efficacy of Their Sons

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Maliheh Aziznejad ◽  
◽  
Sara Janmohammadi ◽  
Marhamat Farahaninia ◽  
Hamid Haghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Post Test

Background: The adults’ life is rooted in their childhood. Children living in single-parent families have less self-efficacy than others. Educating self-awareness skill reliance on the family is among the key aspects of self-efficacy promotion in early childhood. The present study aimed to determine the effect of self-awareness training of the mothers as the head of the household on the self-efficacy of their 10- to 12-year-old sons. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a Pre-test-Post-test and a control group design. The study sample consisted of 10- to 12-year-old boys (N=71) from public schools of Ray City, Iran, and their heads of the family mothers. The study subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The Pre-test was administered to both groups. Then, the mothers of the intervention group attended four 45-minute training sessions twice a week. Moreover, the Post-test was administered to the groups three months after the end of the intervention. The required data were collected by demographic characteristics form, Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS), and Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C). Furthermore, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including the Chi-squared test, Fisher’s Exact test, Independent Samples t-test, Paired Samples t-test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS. Results: The study results suggested a significant difference in self-awareness Mean±SD scores of the mothers in the intervention group before (41.77±10.59) and after (53.83±8.43) conducting the intervention (P<0.001); however, such difference was not significantly different in the control group before (47.31±12.45) and three months after the intervention (47.05±11.76). There was a significant difference between the self-efficacy Mean±SD scores of boys in the intervention group before (61.88±9.29) and after (70.44±8.12) providing the intervention (P<0.001); however, this difference was not significantly different in the control group before (65.68±11.33) and after the intervention provision (65.14±12.01). Conclusion: In this study, mothers’ self-awareness positively affected their sons’ self-efficacy. Thus, self-awareness enabled mothers to identify the emotions of themselves and their children and become aware of them and pay more attention to interacting with their children. These findings help school health nurses in providing a proper educational environment with the collaboration of mothers who are the head of the family.

Toward a greater understanding of the emotional dynamics of the mortality salience manipulation: Revisiting the “affect-free” claim of terror management research.

2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Lambert ◽  
Fade R. Eadeh ◽  
Stephanie A. Peak ◽  
Laura D. Scherer ◽  
John Paul Schott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Emotional Dynamics

scholarly journals The effect of reframing technique on self-awareness on learning of the 7th grade students

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Andi Zulfiana ◽  
Farida Aryani ◽  
Muhammad Jufri
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Quasi Experimental

This study is aimed (1) to describe the self-awareness on learning of the 7th grade students, (2) to describe the implementation of technique reframing in affecting the self-awareness on learning of the 7th grade students, and (3) to investigate the effect of reframing technique on self-awarenss on learning of the 7th grade students. Quantitative approach was used in this study by implementing quasi experimental design and using Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design to 24 samples. Data collection techniques applied in this research were self-awareness scale on learning developed by the researcher, observation, and interview. Data analysis technique applied in tis study was independent samples t-test which was conducted through Statistical Product for Service Solustion (SPSS) version 24.0. The study found that (1) the self-awareness on learning of the 7th grade students before the treatment of reframing technique was in low category, while that after the treatment of such technique was in moderate and high categories, (2) the self-awareness on learning of the 7th grade students was increased after the treatment of reframing technique, and (3) reframing technique can increase the self awareness on learning of the 7th grade students.

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