The Future of the American States

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brooke Graves
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Federal System ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
American States ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
The University

In any consideration of the future of the states, it is desirable at the outset to recall the circumstances of their development and of their entry into the Union. When the present Constitution was framed and adopted, the states were more than a century and a half old. At that time, and for many years thereafter, it was the states to which the people gave their primary allegiance. Under the Articles of Confederation, the strength of the states was so great that the central government was unable to function; when the Constitution was framed, the people were still greatly concerned about “states' rights.” This priority of the states in the federal system continued through the nineteenth century, down to the period of the Civil War; in the closing decades of that century, state government sank into the depths in an orgy of graft and corruption and inefficiency, which resulted in a wave of state constitutional restrictions, particularly upon legislative powers.At this time, when the prestige and efficiency of the state governments were at their lowest ebb, there began to appear ringing indictments of the whole state system. Most conspicuous of these were the well known writings of Professors John W. Burgess, of Columbia University, and Simon N. Patten, of the University of Pennsylvania.

Trends of centre–state relations in India under the neo-liberal regime

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhat Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Financial Strength

India had been envisioned as a federation by our Constitution makers, and so states were assigned some important subjects in which the centre could have no or only limited authority. Thus state governments run by opposition parties could pursue policies different from those of the Central Government in a number of ways. But since the onset of economic ‘liberalisation’ beginning with the late 1980s the financial strength and economic role of the state governments have been constantly undermined. This came, first, through the raising of interest rates to attract foreign finance capital, which created budgetary crises for the states since they fell under heavy debt simply to pay interest on existing debt. Neo-liberal policies were then imposed on them by Finance Commissions which made compliance with these compulsory for centre’s financial assistance. More recently the states’ powers have been further curtailed by the Goods and Services Tax, which has deprived the state government of the power to determine tax rates on goods produced within the states. Another means to the same end has been the centre’s trade agreements with foreign countries, with no reference made to states whose products thereby may be priced out of the market. The demonetisation of 2016, which impacted so destructively on employment and the cooperative sector in the states, was also undertaken by the centre without any reference to the states.

ERIC FONER'S “RECONSTRUCTION” AT TWENTY-FIVE

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Eric Foner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
List Type ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
City College ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Duke University ◽  
The University ◽  
Oral Presentations

What follows is a written reproduction of a forum held at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in San Francisco in April 2013. The forum commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Eric Foner's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. Kate Masur (Northwestern University) organized and introduced the discussion, and the commentators in order of speaking were the following: •Heather Andrea Williams, The University of Pennsylvania•Gregory P. Downs, City College of New York and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York•Thavolia Glymph, Duke University•Steven Hahn, The University of Pennsylvania•Eric Foner, Columbia University The written version on the following pages largely preserves the feel and tone of the original oral presentations by the contributors. However, given the opportunity for reflection inherent in the published word, the authors and editors have made some small changes to enhance readability.

Future of Engineering Technology Education

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Rennels
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technology Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technology Programs ◽  
The University

Engineering technology education in the United States can trace its history back to the Wickenden and Spahr study of 1931, which identified the place of engineering technology education in the technical spectrum [1]. By 1945, the Engineering Council for Professional Development developed the first accreditation procedures for two-year engineering technology programs and by 1946, the first program was accredited. On this timeline the Purdue University engineering technology programs at Indianapolis can trace their history back to 1946 [2]. Over the last 70 years, engineering technology education in the United States has distinguished itself by a history of evolution, development and continuous improvement. Engineering technology education faces significant challenges during the next several years. These challenges are driven by the rapid evolution of computer technology and changing expectations of the educational process by the stakeholders. Stakeholders include not only students and faculty but also various groups in both the public and private sectors including industry, professional organizations, funding agencies, state government and the university system. Two specific challenges facing engineering technology educators are ‘basic faculty credentials’ and changing expectations for ‘creative activities’. These two challenges can be delineated by the following questions: • Will a doctorate degree be necessary for engineering technology faculty in the future for promotion and tenure in the university environment? • Will applied research or pedagogical research be ‘good enough’ for tenure? This paper addresses these two issues using a study of current engineering technology faculty hiring practices as a basis. Ultimately, critical future discussions must occur as engineering technology education continues to evolve and move into the future.

Errata Notices

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-927
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Han Fei ◽  
May 1968 ◽  
Hsun Tzu ◽  
East Asian Studies ◽  
The University

In the November 1967 issue under Other Books Received Watson, Burton trans. Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsun Tzu And Han Fei Tzu was incorrectly listed as to price, publisher and number of pages. It is published in one cloth bound volume by the Columbia University Press at $10.00 and contains 454 pp.Adele Rickett, a member of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, was incorrectly given as a member of the faculty of Philadelphia University in the Errata Notice, page 691 of the May 1968 issue.A. K. Warder, a member of the Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Toronto, was given an incomplete affiliation listing on page 371 of the February 1968 issue.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitava Sil
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Software Engineer ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
The State ◽  
It Services ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
The University

With a manpower of over one billion, it is ironic that India suffers from dearth of talent and skill to fulfill the present day need of industry and as a result it is a serious challenge to mitigate shortages of skills required by in industry sector. Study reveals that of the 6 lakhs engineers that graduate annually, only 18% are employable for the software engineer-IT services role, while just 4% are appropriately trained to be directly deployed on projects. For core jobs in mechanical, electronics/electrical and civil engineering profession, only a mere 7.5% to 8% are employable. Education is a concurrent subject under the purview of the Central Government as well as the State Government. In addition, statutory bodies like All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) have their empowerment by the Acts of Parliament to regulate higher education.

Value Added Tax and Fiscal Federalism in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Wollela Abehodie Yesegat ◽  
Richard Krever
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Legal Form

Crucial to the success of any federal state is the fiscal viability of the central government and component federal states. A feature common to most federal systems is the collection of greater revenues by the central government and reliance by states on transfers from the central government in addition to locally imposed taxes to fund budget expenditures. As is the case in many other federal jurisdictions, in Ethiopia the value added tax (VAT), a tax levied on business sales but ultimately borne by consumers, is an important source of central government revenue. As is also the case in many federal jurisdictions, an assignment of a portion of central government VAT revenues to states is one of the main sources of transfer payments by the central government to state governments in Ethiopia. However, the Ethiopian version of fiscal federalism differs significantly from that found in most other jurisdictions in three key design features – the division between the central and state governments of responsibilities to administer the VAT, the basis on which VAT revenues are divided between the central government and the state governments, and a peculiar design feature that results in tax collections by one state government to be offset by tax reductions suffered by another state government. All three features are cause for concern. The division of administrative responsibility undermines the goal of comprehensive uniform tax administration. The basis for division of tax revenues, a distinction built on the legal form of businesses, leads to assignments of VAT revenue unrelated to fiscal needs. And, most importantly, the odd design feature – the assignment of revenues from the VAT, intended to be a tax on consumers, to the state in which the seller is located rather than the state of the buyer – results in effective cross subsidies when businesses located in wealthier states sell goods and services to businesses operating in poorer states. This article provides a history of the Ethiopian regime and explores how the unique features of the Ethiopian fiscal federalism system arose. It suggests a system that divides revenue on the basis of a fiscal equalisation formula that divides VAT revenues on the basis of relative budget needs of states or a system that allocates revenue to the state in which the customer is located would yield a fairer outcome than the current system. It concludes with modernisation of the tax administration coupled with the adoption of a fiscal equalisation formula for distributing VAT revenues and a generous transitional system for transition to this regime would yield the optimal path going forward.

Pajak Daerah dan Restribusi Daerah (PDRD) Dikaitkan dengan Pertumbuhan Investasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Fernando Hariandja
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Regional Authority ◽  
The People ◽  
Direct Compensation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Investment Growth

Tax has a very important role in the life of the country, especially in the implementation of development. Tax revenue is the payment of contributions by the people to the government that are regulated in the law without direct compensation. As is the case with central government taxes, Regional Taxes have an important role in implementing state/government functions, both in the functions of regulation, budgeting, redistributive, and allocation of resources and a combination of the four. A good local tax in principle must provide adequate income for regions with the level of fiscal autonomy they have. Some regions do accommodate the function of revenue and regulation in the formulation of Regional Tax policies. The step that has not been widely considered by the regions is the provision of Regional Tax incentives to attract investment in the regions. In the current era of regional autonomy, regions are given greater authority to regulate and manage their own households. The aim is to bring government services closer to the community. Anyway, President Joko Widodo often complained about the small value of investment coming into Indonesia, one of which is caused by the irrationality of the Regional Tax rates in the eyes of investors. This paper analyzes what policies the government has taken towards PDRD, which are considered to have many of these problems to increase investment growth in Indonesia. To overcome this, the government has made several efforts, one of which is to establish the Omnibus Law. However, the formation of the Omnibus Law itself actually unwittingly has the potential to erode the regional authority to look for sources of locally-generated revenue (PAD). If PAD is reduced, automatically the level of regional dependence on funds from the central government will be even greater, and if PAD is low, then the level of local government public service to the community is also feared to be reduced.

Protection and Regulation of Groundwater

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

This chapter focuses on protection and conservation of one of the most important sources of freshwater in India—the groundwater. The existing legal framework on groundwater consists of instruments at the Union and state levels. The first section of the chapter covers instruments that are the basis of the most important regulatory institution at the Union level, the Central Groundwater Authority. Given the fact that a number of states have enacted a separate law to govern groundwater, the second section reproduces instruments to demonstrate different models adopted by different states. Over the last few years, a few initiatives have been taken by the central government to propose Model Groundwater Bills to encourage state governments to reform groundwater laws. The third section reproduces the latest draft of the Model Groundwater Bill that indicates the future direction of the groundwater legal regime in India.

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