The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba: A New Legal Regime

1982 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed ElBaradei
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Sinai Peninsula ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Navigation Channel ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Egyptian Coast

The Gulf of Aqaba is a long, narrow body of water on the eastern side of the Sinai Peninsula. The western shore is Egyptian, the eastern shore is Saudi Arabian, and the head of the Gulf is Israeli and Jordanian territory. The islands of Tiran and Sanafir front the entrance and have been under Egyptian occupation since 1950. Saudi Arabia, however, maintains the claim that the two islands are Saudi Arabian territory. The length of the Gulf is about 96 miles; the breadth at the entrance to the Gulf is 5¾ miles; at its widest the Gulf measures 14½ miles. The entrance to the Gulf is through the Strait of Tiran (about 3 miles wide), between Tiran Island and the Egyptian coast. There are two passages in the Strait; Enterprise Passage and Grafton Passage, 1,300 and 950 yards wide, respectively. Enterprise Passage, which lies close to the Sinai Peninsula coast, is the principal navigation channel into the Gulf, and the only channel that can be navigated safely by vessels of substantial size. On the coastline, Egypt and Saudi Arabia each have over 100 miles of territory; also Jordanian territory encompasses about 3½ miles and the territory of Israel about 6 miles.

Boundary Dispute Concerning the Taba Area

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haihua Ding ◽  
Eric S. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Sinai Peninsula ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Boundary Disputes ◽  
Western Shore

In 1986 Egypt and Israel agreed to submit for resolution by binding arbitration the boundary disputes involving the location of 14 demarcation pillars along their shared border on the Sinai Peninsula. A five-member tribunal (Tribunal), appointed and empowered under provisions of the 1979 Treaty of Peace Between Egypt and Israel (Treaty), and authorized by the Compromis to adopt only locations proposed by one of the state parties, held (4-1): that the Egyptian position is to be accepted on the most important dispute, the location of the southernmost pillar denoting “Ras Taba on the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba”; and, with respect to the 13 remaining pillars in an uninhabited desert region, the position of Egypt is to be accepted in nine instances and that of Israel in four. Professor Lapidoth dissented from the decision as to the pillars in the Taba and Ras el Naqb areas.

The Strait of Tiran, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the 1979 Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lapidoth
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Freedom Of Navigation

The July 1982 issue of this Journal (pp. 532-54) published an article written by Professor Mohamed ElBaradei, The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the GulfofAqaba: A New Legal Regime, in which he gives a contextual interpretation and evaluation of the regime laid down by Article V(2) of the Treaty of Peace. Article V(2) reads:The Parties consider the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba to be international waterways open to all nations for unimpeded and non-suspendable freedom of navigation and overflight. The Parties will respect each other's right to navigation and overflight for access to either country through the Strait of Tiran and the GulfofAqaba.

Roads of Arabia: New finds of Aqaba amphorae in the Red Sea from a newly discovered wreck site at Jeddah/Eliza shoals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Brandmeier
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sea Coast

This paper concerns a probable shipwreck cargo of Aqaba amphorae, which was discovered during the second season of the survey project along the Saudi Arabian coast, initiated by nautical archaeologists of Philipps-University Marburg and conducted in cooperation with members of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Heritage in autumn 2013. Seafaring and sea trade was, according to the few ancient sources and modern research activities, a hazardous endeavor in antiquity. Transport containers like the Aqaba Amphorae played a major role in sea trade, a significant number of which have been detected on various sites along the Red Sea coast and its hinterland. The chronological classification as well as the application is far from complete, and recent archaeometrical investigations help to clarify the logistical aspects of manufacturing and distribution of Aqaba amphorae. Finding a number of remains of Aqaba amphorae at a supposed shipwreck site close to Jeddah delivers new insight into the maritime routes and activities along the western coast of Saudi Arabia. The documentary material currently available is the baseline for further research in the field of maritime archaeology as it pertains to trade in the Red Sea.

scholarly journals Saudi Arabian Developments

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Altbach
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Education System ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Academic Development ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Higher Education System

Saudi Arabia spends significantly on higher education, and its higher education system has expanded impressively in recent years. Now the Kingdom is seeing to upgrade its higher education system and to create a more systematic approach to academic development. Challenges remain, but the effort is proceeding.

Measuring the Causes of Saudi Arabian Construction Accidents: Management and Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-14
Author(s):  
Majed M Moosa ◽  
Leo P. Oriet ◽  
Abdulrahman M Khamaj
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
New Employees ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Construction Accidents

Introduction: Research indicate that construction site accidents are a global concern, and rates are rapidly increasing. In developing countries such as Saudi Arabia, safety issues are frequently ignored, and little is known about their causes. Objectives: This study aimed to shed light on factors causing accidents in Saudi Arabian construction companies. Methods: An online detailed survey, using Google Form, of accident features was distributed randomly to potential employees in 35 construction companies in Saudi Arabia, where one of the top administrators or safety officers were required to respond to the survey. It was conducted from 1st June to 31st August, 2013. The safety practices and perceptions of accident causes were assessed. Results: The response rate was 63%. Over half of the surveyed organizations encountered all of the selected accident types. While 19 (86%) of the construction companies maintained the equipment regularly, 15 (68%) had regular maintenance staff and 13 (59%) inspected the equipment before use. Although 18 (82%) of the workers were supplied with personal protective equipment (PPE), only 12 (55%) emphasized its use and offered site orientation for new employees.  In the last part of the survey, respondents were requested to rate 25 factors affecting safety performance at the construction sites on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most important. The three most important factors of poor safety performance were the firm's top leaders, a lack of training, and the reckless operation of equipment. Conclusion: Changing attitudes of surrounding safety culture have the potential to significantly improve safety outcomes in the Saudi Arabian construction industry. Two Saudi Arabian corporations, Saudi Aramco and Saudi Chevron Petrochemical provide a positive model for increasing construction safety in the country, but there is a paucity of industry-level data. Further scholarly attention is strongly indicated.

Bioactive Compounds, High Performance Liquid Chromatography Screening of Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Potential Activity of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-704
Author(s):  
Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham ◽  
Khizar Hayat ◽  
Mohammed Asif Ahmed ◽  
Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah ◽  
Rokayya Sami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
Potential Activity ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Crocus Sativus L

Saffron (Crocus sativus L) has been widely used for many therapeutic purposes such as a pain reliever, inflammation cure due to the highly bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The effect of boiling time (5, 10, and 15 min) was investigated on the bioactive compounds of saffron samples from different origins (Spain, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan). Depending on the origin of the saffron sample, the extraction time showed a different effect on their total polyphenol content (TPC). The highest TPC was noted in saffron from Spain boiled for 10 min (45.01 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the sample from Saudi Arabia (44.03 mg GAE/g DW) and Afghanistan (43.54 mg GAE/g DW) boiled for 15 min, respectively. The Spanish saffron extracted for 10 min significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (12.26 mg CE/g DW), while the Saudi saffron extracted for 5 min (6.06 mg CE/g DW) showed the lowest range among all the samples. There were no significant differences among the reducing power of Saudi Arabian saffron extracted for 10 min, and Spanish saffron extracted for 5 and 15 min, respectively. The reducing power of saffron samples echoed the results of the TPC and TFC. 1,2-DHB (dihydroxy benzene), chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid are increased upon the increase of boiling time in Saudi Arabian saffron samples. In a word, 10 min and 15 min boiling times achieved the best extraction for Spanish saffron followed by Saudi and Afghani saffron samples, respectively.

Married Couples’ Perception of the Excessive Use of SocialMedia and its Impact on Marital Problems in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1A) ◽  
pp. 61-94
Author(s):  
Nashmi Alanazi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
The Common ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Abstract: This study explores married couples’ perception of the effects of using social media on marital relationships in Saudi Arabian society. The study discusses the growing use of social media, the common applications used, the reasons why married couples use social media, and the potential marital problems caused by the excessive use of social media. These issues are explored through the viewpoints of married couples living in Saudi Arabia. An online-based questionnaire was used to collect data, and the data sample comprised 1,226 married Saudi citizens; 55.7% male and 44.3% female. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The results show that the use of social media is common among married couples in Saudi Arabia, and that the majority use social media excessively. WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat are the most common applications used. The study also finds that married couples use social media for a number of different purposes, including communicating with family and friends, keeping up to date with celebrity and social media influencers’ news, as well as sharing photos and videos with others. Finally, spouses think that their partner’s excessive use of social media can cause marital problems, including the feelings of jealousy, the neglect of family responsibilities, the weakening of interpersonal communication, and the feelings of mistrust. Keywords: Social Media, Excessive Use of Social Media, and Marital Problems.

scholarly journals A fattening trial with yearling rams of the Saudi Arabian Najdi and Arabi breeds.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
H. Appelman
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Daily Gain

The major sheep breeds of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, the Nejdi and Arabi, are described. The fattening performance and carcass characters of 8 yearling rams of each breed were studied and the data tabulated. Owing to the high variation among animals and the small numbers used, most interbreed differences were not significant. Over the 13 wk of the trial, for Nejdi and Arabi resp., av. daily gain was 128.6 and 154.9 g, and food conversion 13.83 and 11.04 g/g gain (P

scholarly journals Saudi Arabian Administrative Areas and Neighborhoods in COVID-19 Infections: An Application of 3 X 3 Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Monthly Basis

Abstract Saudi Arabia has been seriously affected by COVID-19 across various administrative areas. Not only the prominent cities but also upcoming future cities and small townships were affected. This research aims at an analysis of COVID-19 data published by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia to understand effects of broader administrative areas and neighborhoods and its interaction on spread of the epidemic. This research applies a generalized linear model (3 X 3) of administrative areas (major, middle sized and others) and neighborhoods (large, medium sized, and others) on COVID-19 infected cases classifying on a monthly basis from March to November, 2020. A total of 213 neighborhoods of various categories have been affected in the country with variousfrequencies and changes, based on local demographics. More than the broader administrative areas smaller neighborhoods receive significance and thus the interaction of variables in producing the number of cases: giving lessons for policies, programs and plans of development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document