Botanical Signatures of Water Storage Duration in a Hohokam Reservoir

James M. Bayman; Manuel R. Palacios-Fest; Lisa W. Huckell

doi:10.2307/282381

Botanical Signatures of Water Storage Duration in a Hohokam Reservoir

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/282381 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James M. Bayman ◽

Manuel R. Palacios-Fest ◽

Lisa W. Huckell

Keyword(s):

Sonoran Desert ◽

Large Scale ◽

Water Storage ◽

Tohono O'odham ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Canal Irrigation ◽

Irrigation Technology ◽

South Central

Although large-scale canal irrigation technology is commonly associated with the prehistoric Hohokam (A.D. 200–1450) of south-central Arizona, earthen reservoirs were essential for domestic water storage in areas of the Sonoran Desert away from perennial streams. Interpretations of seasonal water storage in prehistoric Hohokam reservoirs are often based on direct analogy with the historic Tohono O'odham (formerly called the Papago). This assumption of seasonal water storage is a hypothesis that should be tested rather than uncritically accepted by archaeologists. Sediments recovered with a hand-driven bucket auger from an earthen reservoir at a large Classic-period (ca. A.D. 1200–1450) Hohokam site (AZ AA:3:32 [ASM]) yielded uncarbonized seeds of an aquatic plant belonging to the genus Lemna (duckweed). The high number of Lemna seeds indicates that water may have been stored on a long-term, perhaps perennial, basis. Analyses of sediments from other reservoirs should generate further discoveries of uncarbonized seeds or other biological remains (e.g., pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, snails) and refine our understanding of prehistoric water storage facilities throughout the world.

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Long-term influence of stand thinning and repeated fertilization on forage production in young lodgepole pine forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2016-0507 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. 1123-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pontus M.F. Lindgren ◽

Thomas P. Sullivan ◽

Douglas B. Ransome ◽

Druscilla S. Sullivan ◽

Lisa Zabek

Keyword(s):

Pinus Contorta ◽

Large Scale ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Stand Density ◽

Stand Age ◽

Forage Production ◽

South Central ◽

Stand Thinning

Integration of trees with forage and livestock production as silvopastoralism is another potential component of intensive forest management. Stand thinning and fertilization may enhance growth of crop trees and understory forage for livestock. We tested the hypothesis that large-scale precommercial thinning (PCT) (particularly heavy thinning to ≤1000 stems·ha−1) and repeated fertilization, up to 20 years after the onset of treatments, would enhance production of graminoids, forbs, and shrubs as cattle (Bos taurus L.) forage. Results are from two long-term studies: (1) PCT (1988–2013) and (2) PCT with fertilization (PCT–FERT) (1993–2013) of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Mean biomass estimates of graminoids, forbs, total herbs, and shrubs were not affected by stand density. However, fertilization enhanced mean biomass estimates of graminoids, forbs, and total herbs, but not shrubs. Thus, the density part of our hypothesis was not supported, but the nutrient addition part was supported at least for the herbaceous components. Biomass of the herbaceous understory was maintained as a silvopasture component for up to 20 years (stand age 13 to 33 years) in fertilized heavily thinned stands prior to canopy closure.

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Long-term responses of mammalian herbivores to stand thinning and fertilization in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-173 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 2302-2312 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Thomas P. Sullivan ◽

Druscilla S. Sullivan ◽

Pontus M.F. Lindgren ◽

Douglas B. Ransome

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

South Central ◽

Commercial Thinning ◽

Snowshoe Hares ◽

Understory Shrubs

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Exrleben, 1777), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)), and moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)) commonly occur in young coniferous forests. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale pre-commercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization 15–20 years after the onset of treatments in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.) stands would enhance relative habitat use by hares, deer, and moose compared with unmanaged stands. Study areas were located in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Habitat use was measured by fecal pellet and pellet-group counts. Understory vegetation and coniferous stand structure were measured in all stands. Habitat use by deer and moose was highest in heavily thinned stands, probably due to the higher levels of forage and cover provided by understory shrubs and conifers in thinned stands. Habitat use by snowshoe hares was highest in high-density stands, but also in lower-density (≤1000 stems·ha–1) stands where an increase in understory conifers provided essential cover for hares. Managers should consider the long-term nature of understory development in young stands managed for timber production. Heavy thinning (≤1000 stems·ha–1) will generate suitable understory habitat for these herbivores sooner than conventional PCT at higher stand densities.

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Rocky shoreline deposits in the Lower Silurian (upper Llandovery, Telychian) Chicotte Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e06-054 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1205-1214 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

André Desrochers

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Large Scale ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sea Level Changes ◽

Lower Silurian ◽

South Central ◽

Local Relief ◽

Anticosti Island ◽

Bounding Surfaces

The upper Llandovery (Telychian) Chicotte Formation is a regionally extensive crinoid-rich unit exposed in the south-central part of Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Chicotte encrinites represent an inner ramp, crinoidal sand-shoal complex (about 80 m thick) that prograded over deeper middle to outer ramp facies of the underlying Jupiter Formation in response to a long-term sea-level fall. The typical depositional unit in the Chicotte Formation is a metre-scale subtidal cycle indicating that higher frequency sea-level changes were also present. Metre-scale cycles are typically characterized by coarsening-upward, locally cross-bedded encrinitic material capped by a sharp erosional surface. These bounding surfaces change progressively upsection from simple planar to low-relief scalloped erosional surfaces to complex polyphase surfaces formed by distinct but superimposed erosional events. Three-dimensional paleomorphological features with local relief up to 50 m associated with erosional surfaces are exposed along coastal and river sections and in places have been partially exhumed by modern erosion along coastal exposures to expose a prominent intraformational unconformity. Paleolandforms include large-scale irregular sea stacks and shallow cliffs, similar to those present along modern rocky shorelines. Reefal limestones with small pockets of well-washed crinoidal sand and brachiopod banks form a narrow shoreline sediment wedge piled against the intra-Chicotte unconformity. The sea-level lowstand recorded within the Chicotte Formation coincides with a major sea-level lowstand recognized elsewhere on several continents during the early to middle Telychian time, indicating a eustatic rather than tectonic origin.

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Impacts of Large-Scale Groundwater Exploitation Based on Long-Term Evolution of Hydraulic Heads in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Water ◽

10.3390/w13101357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1357

Author(s):

Mazeda Islam ◽

Marc Van Van Camp ◽

Delwar Hossain ◽

Md. Mizanur Rahman Sarker ◽

Shahina Khatun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Public Works ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

South Central ◽

The City

Dhaka city has emerged as the fastest-growing megacity, having more than 20 million inhabitants, with a growth rate of 3.62%. Unplanned and rapid urbanization, coupled with exponential population growth, has significantly altered the groundwater dynamics in Dhaka city. This study concentrates on the evolution of long-term piezometric heads of the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA) and the Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) based on long-term hydrographs, piezometric maps and synthetic graphical overviews of piezometric trends. Due to over-exploitation, the piezometric level (PL) has declined deeper than −85 and −65 m PWD (Public Works Department reference datum) in UDA and MDA, respectively. The highest rate of decline was observed in the south-central to southeastern parts of the city both in UDA (4.0 m/year) and MDA (5.74 m/year). The results clearly show that the rates of decline in PL vary from 2.25 to 5.74 m/year in both aquifers of the city, and urban expansion has greatly affected the shape and extent of the depression cone over the past four decades. The magnitudes of the depression cones in both aquifers seem to pose a considerable threat to groundwater resources, indicating that the current exploitation is not sustainable at all.

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Diapause induction and termination in Indian strains of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2017.35 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 149 (5) ◽

pp. 607-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Enakshi Ghosh ◽

Chandish R. Ballal

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Diapause Induction ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Trichogramma Chilonis ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Term Storage

AbstractThe role of temperature in diapause induction was studied as a mode of long-term storage of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Three different strains of this widely used biocontrol agent (T. chilonis Nilgiris strain, T. chilonis Kodaikanal strain, and T. chilonis 15 °C strain) reared on the factitious host Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used for this experiment. Except T. chilonis laboratory strain, all the other strains could successfully undergo diapause at their pre-pupal stage. Maximum percentage of healthy pre-pupae were recorded in the three strains by providing a pre-storage temperature of 10 °C for 35 days with eight hours of photophase wherein 75–87% could enter into diapause. Further, at a maintenance temperature of 5 °C with 24 hours of scotophase, diapause could be maintained. Diapause could be terminated after six months of storage with 23–36% of adult emergence. However, there was significant reduction in longevity and parasitism rate of the emerged adults. Considering superior biological parameters, 95 days of storage (including pre-storage duration) could provide around 60% adult emergence. Successful long-term storage of T. chilonis strains through diapause induction can facilitate commercial insectaries in stockpiling this biocontrol agent for large-scale field releases. This is the first study on successful induction and termination of diapause in T. chilonis strains and evaluating their performance attributes.

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Synthesis of past isotope hydrology investigations in the area of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Geologija ◽

10.5474/geologija.2020.019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 251-270

Author(s):

Klara Nagode ◽

Tjaša Kanduč ◽

Sonja Lojen ◽

Branka Bračič Železnik ◽

Brigita Jamnik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Stable Isotope ◽

Large Scale ◽

Numerical Data ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Sava River ◽

The Impact ◽

Ljubljansko Barje ◽

The Sava River

Water isotope investigations are a powerful tool in water resources research as well as in understanding the impact that humans have on the water cycle. This paper reviews past hydrological investigations of the Ljubljansko polje and Ljubljansko barje aquifers that supply drinking water to the City of Ljubljana, with an emphasis on hydrogen, oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios. Information about the methods used and results obtained are summarised, and the knowledge gaps identified. Overall, we identified 102 records published between 1976 and 2019. Among them, 41 reported stable isotope data of groundwater, surface water and precipitation and were further analysed. Isotope investigations of the Ljubljansko barje began in 1976, while groundwater and surface water investigations of the Ljubljansko polje and along the Sava River began as late as 1997. Isotope investigations of carbon started even later in 2003 in the Ljubljansko polje and in 2010 in the Ljubljansko barje. These investigations were performed predominantly in the frame of short-term groundwater research projects at five main wellfields and sites along the Sava River. Almost no large-scale, long-term stable isotope studies have been conducted. The exceptions include groundwater monitoring by the Union Brewery in Ljubljana (2003- 2014) and precipitation in Ljubljana since 1981. Since 2011, more detailed surveys of the Ljubljansko barje were performed, and in 2018, the first extensive investigation started at wellfields and objects that form part of the domestic water supply system. Given the number of available studies, we felt that publishing all the numerical data and appropriate metadata would allow for a better understanding of the short and long-term dynamics of water circulation in the urban environment. In the future, systematic long-term approaches, including the appropriate use of isotopic techniques, are needed.

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Prehistoric Reservoirs and Water Basins in the Mesa Verde Region: Intensification of Water Collection Strategies during the Great Pueblo Period

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/281885 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 664-681 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Richard H. Wilshusen ◽

Melissa J. Churchill ◽

James M. Potter

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Large Scale ◽

American Southwest ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Mesa Verde ◽

Temporal Placement ◽

Collection Strategies ◽

Mesa Verde Region

More than 20 examples of probable prehistoric water basins with minimum storage capacities of 10,000–25,000 gallons of water are known in the Mesa Verde region of the American Southwest. The temporal placement of these artificially constructed basins, their exact uses, and their importance as public architecture have been poorly understood. We summarize the general literature on these features, give a detailed account of the excavation results of a dam and basin that we tested and dated, and then synthesize all available data from the gray literature on prehistoric water basins in our area. We argue that water basins and reservoirs in the northern Southwest typically stored domestic water for particular communities and that the first evidence of these public features is probably associated with Chaco-era communities. These features represent early experiments with large-scale water conservation and suggest a long-term commitment to locales by specific communities. Their locations along the canyon edges foreshadow shifts in settlement and increased water conservation strategies that become more pronounced in the later Great Pueblo-period villages-the last villages in this area before the migration of Puebloan people to the south after A.D. 1280.

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Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100024945 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

P. Ambrož

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Line ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coronal Magnetic Field ◽

Source Surface ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

Characteristic Relationship ◽

The Magnetic Field ◽

Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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