The Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
Thomas Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

A remark which I made in regard to Tenney Frank's article on the first and second temples of Castor at Rome, to the effect that its conclusions are based on inaccurate drawings, seems to call for some justification on my part. I may say that I had fully intended to discuss the matter in print long before this, and that it was only the impossibility of offering a more satisfactory solution that prevented me from doing so. But, if the truth is ever to be reached in this difficult problem, we must first clear away mistakes and misunderstandings; and it is with this object in view that I am publishing this note at the present time.A careful examination of the existing remains seems to establish the following points with regard to the earliest temple. (As I have not been able to give a fresh series of drawings, I have adhered closely to the order of Frank's argument.) The first point of divergence is in regard to the interpretation of the walls e and d. The former is no less than 3·24 metres in thickness, the latter 1·54 m.; and they are supposed each to carry a line of four wooden columns only 0·77 m. in diameter. The adaptation of means to ends is entirely out of all proportion.

scholarly journals Deep-water decapod crustaceans studied with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3550 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH POUPIN ◽  
LAURE CORBARI ◽  
THIERRY PÉREZ ◽  
PIERRE CHEVALDONNÉ
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Density ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Marquesas Islands ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Decapod crustaceans were studied in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia, between 50–550 m by using a remotelyoperated vehicle (ROV) equipped with high resolution cameras and an articulated arm. Careful examination of videos andphotographs combined with previous inventories made in the area with conventional gears allowed the identification of30 species, including 20 species-level determinations. Species identified belong to shrimps (Penaeoidea, Stenopodidea,and Caridea), lobsters (Astacidea and Achelata), anomurans (Galatheoidea and Paguroidea), and brachyuran crabs(Dromioidea, Homolodromioidea, Raninoidea, Leucosioidea, Majoidea, Parthenopoidea, Portunoidea, and Trapezioidea).Most of these species were observed and photographed in situ for the first time. A discussion is given on the geographic distribution, density, ecology, and behavior.

Hydrogeological applications of the empirical approach to water resistivity - salinity relationships

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
B.M. Haines ◽  
D.W. Emerson ◽  
M.J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Well Logs ◽  
Quantitative Interpretation ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Water Resistivity

Hydrogeological evaluation of subsurface aquifers involves measurement of electrolyte resistivity and subsequent determination of solution salinity. Resistivity of the water may be evaluated by quantitative interpretation of electrical well logs or by direct measurement on recovered samples. Determination of a reliable relationship between electrolyte resistivity and salinity presents a more difficult problem. Approximate solutions have been attempted frequently on theoretical and experimental bases. An empirical relationship derived from previously collected data provides the most satisfactory solution for any particular situation (be it region, valley, basin or aquifer).

scholarly journals Issues Regarding the Assimilation of Cloud and Precipitation Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 3785-3798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Errico ◽  
Peter Bauer ◽  
Jean-François Mahfouf
Keyword(s):  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Precipitation Characteristics ◽  
Satellite Radiance Data ◽  
Prediction Systems ◽  
Radiance Data ◽  
Peculiar Nature

Abstract The assimilation of observations indicative of quantitative cloud and precipitation characteristics is desirable for improving weather forecasts. For many fundamental reasons, it is a more difficult problem than the assimilation of conventional or clear-sky satellite radiance data. These reasons include concerns regarding nonlinearity of the required observation operators (forward models), nonnormality and large variances of representativeness, retrieval, or observation–operator errors, validation using new measures, dynamic and thermodynamic balances, and possibly limited predictability. Some operational weather prediction systems already assimilate precipitation observations, but much more research and development remains. The apparently critical, fundamental, and peculiar nature of many issues regarding cloud and precipitation assimilation implies that their more careful examination will be required for accelerating progress.

The North-West Stoa of the Athenian Agora

1948 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 152-155
Author(s):  
R. E. Wycherley
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Type I ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Temple

The stoa investigated by the Americans in the N.W. corner of the agora of Athens has won with good reason a notable place among ancient monuments, both as a subject of topographical controversy and as an interesting architectural type. I should like to turn to it again for a short time and in particular to examine at greater length than was possible in a brief review C. Anti's theory of its genesis, given in Chap. IX of his Teatri Greci Arcaici. As the non-committal name given to it in my heading shows, I should like for the present to steer clear as far as possible of the difficult problem of its identification. Anti confidently assumes that the building was the Stoa Basileios; indeed his theory of the origin of the type depends partly on the correctness of this assumption. But the identification has been the subject of a good deal of dispute; even H. A. Thompson, while putting forward with sober confidence his view that the stoa is both the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios and the Basileios, admits in the end that ‘an element of uncertainty must persist’. I accept Thompson's view, but certainly not with sufficient confidence to use it as a corner-stone in building up any theory. It is very distracting when one finds that whereas Anti links up his Royal Stoa with oriental palaces, A. Rumpf looks the other way in space and time and regards his Royal Stoa (a building of very different type—the spacious hypostyle hall west of the North-West Stoa and north of the temple of Hephaestus) as the Stammutter of the Roman basilica. ‘They ran away in opposite directions, and vanished to the east and to the west.’ Both of course use the name Basileios to support their identifications. One may perhaps be excused for giving up the riddle for a while and concentrating on the architectural form of the North-West stoa as we undoubtedly have it.

scholarly journals Transformative Poetry. A Case Study of W. H. Auden’s Musée Des Beaux Arts and General Conclusions

Perichoresis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Marcel Sarot
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Massacre Of The Innocents ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

Abstract This article situates Auden’s poem Musée des Beaux Arts in the process of his conversion to Christianity. The author argues for the layered intertextuality of the poem, in which allusions to Bruegel’s Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, The Census at Jerusalem, and The Massacre of the Innocents can be recognised. Moreover, Philippe de Champaigne’s Presentation in the Temple and Peter Paul Rubens’s The Martyrdom of St Livinus (in the same museum in Brussels) seem also to have influenced the poem. Finally, there is reason to suppose that John Singer Sargent’s Crashed Aeroplane influenced Auden. In an analysis of the structure of the poem, the author argues that there is a clear structure hidden under the surface of day-to-day language. He connects this hidden structure with Auden’s poem The Hidden Law, and suggests that Auden wished to claim that even though we cannot understand suffering, it has a hidden meaning known only to God. This hidden meaning connects our suffering with the self-emptying of Christ, a connection which the author demonstrates is in fact also made in Musée des Beaux Arts.

Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus Millar
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
The People ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
Actual Movement ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

What we call the ‘Eastern frontier’ of the Roman Empire was a thing of shadows, which reflected the diplomatic convenience of a given moment, and dictated the positioning of some soldiers and customs officials, but hardly affected the attitudes or the movements of the people on either side. Nothing more than the raids of desert nomads, for instance, hindered the endless movement of persons and ideas between Judaea and the Babylonian Jewish community. Similarly, as Lucian testifies, offerings came to the temple of Atargatis at Hierapolis-Bambyce from a wide area of the Near and Middle East, including Babylonia. The actual movement to and fro of individuals was reflected, as we have recently been reminded, in a close interrelation of artistic and architectural styles. Moreover, whatever qualifications have to be made in regard to specific places, it is incontestable that Semitic languages, primarily Aramaic in its various dialects, remained in active use, in a varying relationship to Greek, from the Tigris through the Fertile Crescent to the Phoenician coast. This region remained, we must now realize, a cultural unity, substantially unaffected by the empires of Rome or of Parthia or Sassanid Persia.

A Note on the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene and its Re-Erection

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. H. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Account ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Jewish Revolt ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

During the course of work in Cyrenaica extending over the 1950s and 1960s I was asked by the late Richard Goodchild, then Controller of Antiquities, to note and comment on any architectural features which I felt to have special significance. In this way, across the years, I handed over to him various short notes with drawings of miscellaneous items that I had observed. Of one such observation a copy has come to hand recently among old papers.While working with the Michigan Expedition to Apollonia (1965–68) I visited the late Professor Stucchi's project for re-erecting the remains of the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene, begun in 1967. During the visit I was interested to observe the detailing of a triglyph block from the peristyle entablature. This seemed to conflict with, or rather to add somewhat to the then accepted building history of the temple — i.e. a (late) Archaic Greek Temple overthrown during the Jewish Revolt and subsequently refurbished minus the peristyle.Work on Professor Stucchi's project is not yet completed; and although he published both progress reports and some discussion of the findings, he has not, to my knowledge, given us a detailed account of the evidence for the history of the building; so perhaps my note made in 1968 remains of interest. I have left the argument as it stood, but some updating material has been added to the footnotes.G.R.H.W.Avignon, December 1993.

The Metrical Forms of the Poem of the Cid

PMLA ◽  
1927 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-603
Author(s):  
Henry R. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
Verse Forms ◽  
Verse Structure

The pages that follow embody an attempt to present the verse forms of the Poema as transmitted in the manuscript in greater completeness than was possible in the study recently published in the “Revue Hispanique,” and to invite a more detailed and serious investigation of this subject than is usually bestowed upon it. It is only on the basis of a strictly critical discussion of all the questions involved in the elucidation of the text of our epic, in its relation to other contemporary narrative documents and poetic works, that the difficult problem of its verse structure can be brought nearer to a satisfactory solution. Nothing can be more contrary to the spirit of science than to judge an admittedly anomalous and doubtful form without the light shed upon it by the organic whole to which it belongs, or to explain the fissures between hemistichs of three and twelve syllables with the supposition of the equalizing effect of musical rendition when there is no evidence of such rendition and the sense has suffered as much as the metrical symmetry.

scholarly journals On the observations of stars made in some British stone circles.—Preliminary note

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Summer Solstice ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
May Day ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Sacrifice ◽  
Made In

In continuation of my work in Egypt in 1891, and Mr. Penrose’s in Greece in 1892, I have recently endeavoured to see whether there are any traces in Britain of the star observations which I found connected with the worship of the sun at certain times of the year. A star rising about an hour before the sun was watched in order to determine the time at which it was necessary to begin the preparations of the sacrifice which took place at the sun’s rising. I stated that Spica was the star the heliacal rising of which heralded the sun at Thebes on May-day in the temple of Min, 3200 b. c. Sirius was associated with the Summer Solstice at about the same time. The equinoxes were provided for in the same way in Lower Egypt, but they do not concern us now.

scholarly journals Third Eteocretan Fragment

1904 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
R. S. Conway
Keyword(s):  
British School ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

§ 1. A Welcome addition to our knowledge of this language, the pre-Hellenic speech of Praesos and therefore the direct representative, according to all the traditions, of that spoken at the Court of Minos, was made in the continued explorations of the Altar-hill of Praesos by the British School in June 1904. As the nomos-fragment was found among débris which had fallen from the temple on the top of that hill, Mr. Bosanquet set himself to explore a line of ‘pockets,’ or vertical cavities in the rock along the side of the hill, some distance below the summit. One of these was choked with large pieces of rock which he removed by blasting; and he was rewarded by the discovery underneath of the new and most interesting inscription reproduced here.

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