Where Resources are Scarce, Brief Zidovudine Regimen Can Lower Mother-to- Infant HIV Transmission Rate

Recently, researchers have shown much interest in developing new continuous probability distributions by adding one or two parameter(s) to the some existing baseline distributions. This act has been beneficial to the field of statistical theory especially in modeling of real life situations. Also, the exponentiated family as used in developing new distributions is an efficient method proposed and studied for defining more flexible continuous probability distributions for modeling real life data. In this study, the method of exponentiation has been used to develop a new distribution called “Exponentiated odd Lindley inverse exponential distribution”. Some properties of the proposed distribution and estimation of its unknown parameters has been done using the method of maximum likelihood estimation and its application to real life datasets. The new model has been applied to infant mortality rate and mother-to-child HIV transmission rate. The results of these two applications reveal that the proposed model is a better model compared to the other fitted existing models by some selection information criteria.

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Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Ruminations on Mechanisms of Transmission and Methods of Intervention

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.90.1.133 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 133-136

Author(s):

William Borkowsky ◽

Keith Krasinski

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Perinatal Transmission ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

Infected Mother ◽

Effective Barrier ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Maternal And Newborn

Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is undoubtedly a multifactorial process. Neither the quantity of viremia nor the level of neutralizing antibody in the infected mother is alone predictive of HIV transmission to her offspring. Additional cofactors may include the ability of maternal immunity to control the host cell range and rate of viral replication. The placenta probably constitutes an effective barrier to viral transmission unless disrupted by processes such as syphilis. Prevention of such breaks in the trophoblast barrier and efforts to stimulate maternal and newborn HIV-specific immunity may further decrease the perinatal transmission rate

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High vertical HIV transmission rate in the Midwest region of Brazil

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.bjid.2018.04.002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 177-185

Author(s):

Vanessa Terezinha Gubert de Matos ◽

Fabiani de Morais Batista ◽

Naiara Valera Versage ◽

Clarice Souza Pinto ◽

Vanessa Marcon de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Midwest Region

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HIV Transmission Rates and Factors Associated with Recent HIV Infection: Results from the Ndhiwa HIV Impact Assessment, South Nyanza, Kenya, 2012

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx162.037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S15-S15

Author(s):

Elfriede Agyemang ◽

Clement Zeh ◽

Irene Mukui ◽

David Maman ◽

Andrea Kim

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Impact Assessment ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Recent Infection ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Transmission Rates ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Persons Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Identifying populations with high HIV transmission rates is important for prevention and treatment strategies. Persons with recently acquired HIV infection are drivers of HIV transmission due to high levels of HIV viral load (VL). We assessed annual HIV transmission rates and factors associated with recent infection to inform targeted interventions in a hyperendemic region in Kenya. Methods The Ndhiwa HIV impact assessment was a population-based survey among persons aged 15–59 years living in South Nyanza, Kenya in 2012. Respondents were tested for HIV using rapid tests per national guidelines and provided blood for centralized testing. Specimens from HIV+ persons were tested for VL and recent infection. Recent infection was defined as normalized optical density value <1.5 on the Limiting Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay, VL >1,000 copies/mL, and no report of HIV treatment. The annual HIV transmission rate per 100 persons living with HIV (PLHIV) was calculated as HIV incidence divided by HIV prevalence, multiplied by 100. Annualized HIV incidence was estimated, assuming a mean duration of recent infection of 141 days (confidence interval [CI] 123–160). Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with recent infection. Estimates were adjusted for survey design. Results Of 6,076 persons tested, 1,457 were HIV+, and 28 were recently infected. HIV incidence and prevalence were 1.7% (CI 1.5–2.0) and 24.1% (CI 22.6–25.5), respectively. Per 100 PLHIV, the annual HIV transmission rate was 7.0 and varied by sex (4.6 male vs. 8.3 female), age (5.2 aged 30+ vs. 10.4 aged <30), and residence (1.4 Kobama vs. 12.0 Riana vs. 12.1 Pala divisions). After controlling for age, sex, and residence, recently infected persons were significantly more likely to reside in Pala division (AOR 8.3, CI 1.1–62.9) than HIV-uninfected persons. Conclusion Approximately 7 in 100 PLHIV transmitted to HIV-uninfected persons in South Nyanza in 2012, similar to national rates observed in the 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. HIV transmission rates were higher in females than males, younger than older, and Riana and Pala than other divisions. Residence in Pala was a risk factor for recent infection. These findings could guide prioritization of interventions to interrupt HIV transmission in this hyperendemic setting. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Incidence of HIV-infected infants born to HIV- infected mothers with prophylactic therapy: Preliminary report of hospital birth cohort study

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi46.5.2006.209-13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Nia Kurniati ◽

T Nilamsari ◽

Arwin AP Akib

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

First Child ◽

The Status ◽

Prophylaxis Therapy ◽

Almost All

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is expandingrapidly and was reported double in several places in Indonesia Toour knowledge, reports regarding HIV-infected infants are stillscarce.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV-infected infantsborn to HIV- mothers who had received prophylaxis therapy at birth.Methods A prospective hospital-based cohort study was held fromJanuary 2003 until December 2004 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hos-pital, Jakarta. The inclusion criteria were mothers with positive HIVand their infants had been given anti retroviral (ARV) therapy. Thebabies were followed up monthly and the status of infection wasdetermined by PCR at the age of 4 weeks and 6 months. Outcomewas measured based on PCR assays or clinical signs of HIV in-fection.Results The mothers’ age ranged from 19 to 27 years. All of themwere carrying their first child and only 41% mothers took ARV pro-phylaxis. Almost all mothers underwent caesarean section and theinfants had formula feeding. HIV infection was diagnosed in 7 in-fants and 2 of them had RNA assays more than 5,000 copies/ml.Six infants were negatives whereas 3 infants were diagnosed asindeterminate HIV infection and needed further examination. Oneneeded no further investigation as the mother was seronegative.Conclusions Preventing HIV transmission from mother to infantcan be done by giving ARV during prenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal period to the newborn. In our hospital, transmission was con-firmed in 6 of 17 infants. Unison protocol must be used and popu-lation of HIV-pregnant mother must be registered in order to knowhow high the transmission rate among Indonesian HIV people

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Detection, diagnosis and clinical tuberculosis in children with hiv infection

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped8419-25 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 19-25

Author(s):

Elena B. Vasilieva ◽

Marina E. Lozovskaya ◽

Ludmila V. Klochkova ◽

Iulia A. Yarovaya ◽

Olga M. Noskova

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Delayed Diagnosis ◽

Low Grade ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Perinatal Hiv ◽

Clinical Detection ◽

Tuberculosis In Children

The problem of combination of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV remains relevant. Majority of HIV patients are young adults, 90% of which are women of childbearing age, thereby increasing the perinatal HIV transmission rate. In 2014 in Saint Petersburg, >5,000 children with perinatal contact HIV were reported and >300 children were confirmed with HIV infection. We present a comparative analysis of the case histories of 20 children with TB-HIV and 30 with tuberculosis without HIV infection. The analysis identified several cases of delayed diagnosis. In >50% of the cases, the diagnosis of HIV infection was confirmed after 1 year. Four children with HIV infection were diagnosed at school age and connected to suspected cases of tuberculosis. The clinical detection of TB occurs more commonly in children with HIV infection than in those without HIV infection (25% and 5%, respectively). In both groups, tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes was predominantly observed; however, generalized forms of TB were also diagnosed in the group with co-infection (25% of the cases). HIV patients often have decreased body mass, low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and anemia. Hepatosplenomegaly was equally observed in both groups. More than one third (35%) of patients with co-infection had negative sensitivity to tuberculin, and Diaskintest was positive in 50% of the cases. The prevalence and severity of TB in children with HIV infection correlates with the severity of immunosuppression.

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492Determinants of mother to child transmission of HIV in West Shewa, Oromiya: Mixed-method study

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Fufa Banja

Keyword(s):

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Care Home ◽

Home Delivery ◽

Support Program ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Education And Awareness ◽

Mother To Child ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Without intervention, transmission rate of HIV from mother to child ranges from 15% to 45%, that can be reduced to below 5% with effective intervention. In West Shewa zone transmission rate is 10% currently. Aim of the study is to identify determinants of transmission of HIV from mother to child in West Shewa Zone which has 2.1 million populations. Methods Mixed methods: unmatched case-control study, N = 96(24 cases, 72 controls) and one-on-one questioner was conducted. Variables of interest were collected using structured and semi-structured questioner and data abstraction forms from mothers of exposed infants, medical records of mothers and children. Result Majority among cases(70.8%) were not included in to option B+ program. Home delivery increases 6 times chance of HIV, AOR=6.047, CI(1.549–29.230), none inclusion in to option B+ increase 18 chance of HIV transmission, AOR=18.0;CI(5.0–68.1). Partner noninvolvement to HIV care increases chance of transmission by 7.3 times, AOR=7.3;CI(1.14–37.459). Mother- mother support program decrease chance of transmission by 86.5% with AOR=0.135CI (0.11–0.396). Poor ANC practices among rural residents contributed to unaware MTCT of HIV. Conclusion Mother-to-mother support program has protective effect, while None inclusion to option B+, partner noninvolvement to HIV care, Home delivery and poor ANC practice were determinant factors of HIV transmission from mother to child. Key messages Health education and awareness creation should be implemented by HEW to improve ANC practice, and increase VCT among rural residents.

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Why are Testing Rates so Low in Sub-Saharan Africa? Misconceptions and Strategic Behaviors

Forum for Health Economics & Policy ◽

10.1515/fhep-2012-0033 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 219-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olivier Sterck

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Aids Epidemic ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Cost ◽

Dhs Surveys ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Voluntary testing and counseling (VTC) is a popular method for fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The purpose of VTC is to reduce the incidence of the virus in a two-fold manner. First, testing provides access to health care and antiretroviral therapies that diminish the transmission rate of the virus. Second, counseling encourages safer behavior for not only individuals who test HIV-negative and wish to avoid HIV/AIDS infection but also altruistic individuals who test HIV-positive and wish to protect their partners from becoming infected by HIV. Surprisingly, DHS surveys that were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa provide empirical evidence that testing services are underutilized. Moreover, it is rare for both partners in a couple to be tested for HIV. This paper proposes a theoretical model that indicates how misperceptions about the HIV/AIDS virus may explain these puzzles. More specifically, this study demonstrates that individuals who are at risk of HIV infection may act strategically to avoid the cost of testing if they overestimate the risk of HIV transmission or believe that health care is not required if HIV is asymptomatic. The correction of false beliefs and the promotion of self-testing are expected to increase HIV testing rates.

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Rising mother-to-child HIV transmission in a resource-limited breastfeeding population

Tropical Doctor ◽

10.1258/td.2009.090167 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 70-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Felicity Zvanyadza Gumbo ◽

Nyaradzai Edith Kurewa ◽

Gwendoline Quintoline Kandawasvika ◽

Kerina Duri ◽

Munyaradzi Paul Mapingure ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Transmission Rates ◽

Time Points ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Single Dose Nevirapine ◽

Blood Specimens ◽

Mother To Child

The objective of this study was to determine mother to child HIV transmission rates at different time points in a breastfeeding cohort enrolled in a single dose nevirapine program in Harare, Zimbabwe. Between 2002–2004, 434 HIV-positive mothers and their infants were recruited and followed up from delivery to 15 months. Infant blood specimens were collected for HIV testing at these time points. The majority of the patients (78%) received single dose nevirapine. The overall HIV transmission rate was 21.8% (17.8–25.8). Receiving single dose nevirapine was protective against HIV vertical transmission although statistically insignificant (relative risk: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.49–1.19). Breastfeeding was not found to be associated with HIV vertical transmission ( P = 0.612). In this resource-limited setting, HIV transmission rates are high. Efforts to use more efficacious regimens to arrest HIV vertical transmission are required.

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