scholarly journals Incidence of HIV-infected infants born to HIV- infected mothers with prophylactic therapy: Preliminary report of hospital birth cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Nia Kurniati ◽  
T Nilamsari ◽  
Arwin AP Akib
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prophylaxis Therapy ◽  
Almost All

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is expandingrapidly and was reported double in several places in Indonesia Toour knowledge, reports regarding HIV-infected infants are stillscarce.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV-infected infantsborn to HIV- mothers who had received prophylaxis therapy at birth.Methods A prospective hospital-based cohort study was held fromJanuary 2003 until December 2004 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hos-pital, Jakarta. The inclusion criteria were mothers with positive HIVand their infants had been given anti retroviral (ARV) therapy. Thebabies were followed up monthly and the status of infection wasdetermined by PCR at the age of 4 weeks and 6 months. Outcomewas measured based on PCR assays or clinical signs of HIV in-fection.Results The mothers’ age ranged from 19 to 27 years. All of themwere carrying their first child and only 41% mothers took ARV pro-phylaxis. Almost all mothers underwent caesarean section and theinfants had formula feeding. HIV infection was diagnosed in 7 in-fants and 2 of them had RNA assays more than 5,000 copies/ml.Six infants were negatives whereas 3 infants were diagnosed asindeterminate HIV infection and needed further examination. Oneneeded no further investigation as the mother was seronegative.Conclusions Preventing HIV transmission from mother to infantcan be done by giving ARV during prenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal period to the newborn. In our hospital, transmission was con-firmed in 6 of 17 infants. Unison protocol must be used and popu-lation of HIV-pregnant mother must be registered in order to knowhow high the transmission rate among Indonesian HIV people

scholarly journals Clinical profile and factors associated with COVID-19 in Yaounde, Cameroon: A prospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251504
Author(s):  
Nicole Fouda Mbarga ◽  
Emilienne Epee ◽  
Marcel Mbarga ◽  
Patrick Ouamba ◽  
Herwin Nanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Factors Associated

Background A year after the COVID-19 pandemic started, there are still few scientific reports on COVID-19 in Africa. This study explores the clinical profiles and factors associated with COVID-19 in Cameroon. Materials and methods In this prospective cohort study, we followed patients admitted for suspicion of COVID-19 at Djoungolo Hospital between 01st April and 31st July 2020. Patients were categorised by age groups and disease severity: mild (symptomatic without clinical signs of pneumonia), moderate (with clinical signs of pneumonia without respiratory distress) and severe cases (clinical signs of pneumonia and respiratory distress not requiring invasive ventilation). Demographic information and clinical features were summarised. Multivariable analysis was performed to predict risk. Findings A total of 313 patients were admitted during the study period; 259 were confirmed cases of COVID-19 by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Among the confirmed cases, the male group aged 40 to 49 years (13.9%) was predominant. Disease severity ranged from mild (26.2%; n = 68) to moderate (59%; n = 153) to severe (14.7%; n = 38); the case fatality rate was 1% (n = 4). Dysgusia (46%; n = 119) and hyposmia/anosmia (37.8%; n = 98) were common features of COVID-19. Nearly one-third of patients had comorbidities (29%; n = 53), of which hypertension was the most common (18.9%; n = 49). Participation in mass gatherings (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.37; P = 0.03) and dysgusia (OR = 2.09, P = 0.02) were predictive of diagnosis of COVID-19. Age groups 60 to 69 (OR = 7.41; P = 0.0001), 50 to 59 (OR = 4.09; P = 0.03), 40 to 49 (OR = 4.54; P = 0.01), male gender (OR = 2.53; P = 0.04), diabetes (OR = 4.05; P = 0.01), HIV infection (OR = 5.57; P = 0.03), lung disease (OR = 6.29; P = 0.01), dyspnoea (OR = 3.70; P = 0.008) and fatigue (OR = 3.35; P = 0.02) significantly predicted COVID-19 severity. Conclusions Most COVID-19 cases in this study were benign with low fatality. Age (40–70), male gender, HIV infection, lung disease, dyspnoea and fatigue are associated with severe COVID-19. Such findings may guide public health decision-making.

scholarly journals HIV Transmission Rates and Factors Associated with Recent HIV Infection: Results from the Ndhiwa HIV Impact Assessment, South Nyanza, Kenya, 2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S15-S15
Author(s):  
Elfriede Agyemang ◽  
Clement Zeh ◽  
Irene Mukui ◽  
David Maman ◽  
Andrea Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Identifying populations with high HIV transmission rates is important for prevention and treatment strategies. Persons with recently acquired HIV infection are drivers of HIV transmission due to high levels of HIV viral load (VL). We assessed annual HIV transmission rates and factors associated with recent infection to inform targeted interventions in a hyperendemic region in Kenya. Methods The Ndhiwa HIV impact assessment was a population-based survey among persons aged 15–59 years living in South Nyanza, Kenya in 2012. Respondents were tested for HIV using rapid tests per national guidelines and provided blood for centralized testing. Specimens from HIV+ persons were tested for VL and recent infection. Recent infection was defined as normalized optical density value <1.5 on the Limiting Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay, VL >1,000 copies/mL, and no report of HIV treatment. The annual HIV transmission rate per 100 persons living with HIV (PLHIV) was calculated as HIV incidence divided by HIV prevalence, multiplied by 100. Annualized HIV incidence was estimated, assuming a mean duration of recent infection of 141 days (confidence interval [CI] 123–160). Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with recent infection. Estimates were adjusted for survey design. Results Of 6,076 persons tested, 1,457 were HIV+, and 28 were recently infected. HIV incidence and prevalence were 1.7% (CI 1.5–2.0) and 24.1% (CI 22.6–25.5), respectively. Per 100 PLHIV, the annual HIV transmission rate was 7.0 and varied by sex (4.6 male vs. 8.3 female), age (5.2 aged 30+ vs. 10.4 aged <30), and residence (1.4 Kobama vs. 12.0 Riana vs. 12.1 Pala divisions). After controlling for age, sex, and residence, recently infected persons were significantly more likely to reside in Pala division (AOR 8.3, CI 1.1–62.9) than HIV-uninfected persons. Conclusion Approximately 7 in 100 PLHIV transmitted to HIV-uninfected persons in South Nyanza in 2012, similar to national rates observed in the 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. HIV transmission rates were higher in females than males, younger than older, and Riana and Pala than other divisions. Residence in Pala was a risk factor for recent infection. These findings could guide prioritization of interventions to interrupt HIV transmission in this hyperendemic setting. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Detection, diagnosis and clinical tuberculosis in children with hiv infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Elena B. Vasilieva ◽  
Marina E. Lozovskaya ◽  
Ludmila V. Klochkova ◽  
Iulia A. Yarovaya ◽  
Olga M. Noskova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Clinical Detection ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children

The problem of combination of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV remains relevant. Majority of HIV patients are young adults, 90% of which are women of childbearing age, thereby increasing the perinatal HIV transmission rate. In 2014 in Saint Petersburg, >5,000 children with perinatal contact HIV were reported and >300 children were confirmed with HIV infection. We present a comparative analysis of the case histories of 20 children with TB-HIV and 30 with tuberculosis without HIV infection. The analysis identified several cases of delayed diagnosis. In >50% of the cases, the diagnosis of HIV infection was confirmed after 1 year. Four children with HIV infection were diagnosed at school age and connected to suspected cases of tuberculosis. The clinical detection of TB occurs more commonly in children with HIV infection than in those without HIV infection (25% and 5%, respectively). In both groups, tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes was predominantly observed; however, generalized forms of TB were also diagnosed in the group with co-infection (25% of the cases). HIV patients often have decreased body mass, low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and anemia. Hepatosplenomegaly was equally observed in both groups. More than one third (35%) of patients with co-infection had negative sensitivity to tuberculin, and Diaskintest was positive in 50% of the cases. The prevalence and severity of TB in children with HIV infection correlates with the severity of immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Low mother-to-child HIV transmission rate but high loss-to-follow-up among mothers and babies in Mandalay, Myanmar; a cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e0184426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khine Wut Yee Kyaw ◽  
Myo Minn Oo ◽  
Nang Thu Thu Kyaw ◽  
Khaing Hnin Phyo ◽  
Thet Ko Aung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Mother To Child

scholarly journals Modelling the effect of horizontal and vertical transmissions of HIV infection with efficient control strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
U.T. Mustapha ◽  
◽  
T. Sanlidag ◽  
E. Hincal ◽  
B. Kaymakamzade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

In this paper a mathematical model is developed to study the transmission dynamics of HIV infection and the effect of horizontal and vertical transmission in Turkey is analyzed. Model is fitted with the use of confirmed HIV cases of both vertical and horizontal transmission from 2011 to 2018. Using the next generation operator the basic reproduction number of the model is obtained, which shows whether the disease persists or dies out in time. Further analysis shows that the model is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number R0 < 1 and is unstable when R0 > 1. The most sensitive parameters efficient for the control of the infection are obtained using forward normalized sensitivity index. Lastly, the results are obtained with the aid of mesh and contour plots, which show that decreasing the values of transmission rate diseases induced mortality rates and progression rates play a significant role in controlling the spread of HIV transmission.

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