The Patriarchate of Alexandria: A Study in National Christianity

1946 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Church History ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Point ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
History Of

The history of the patriarchates in the conciliar period of church history offers interesting parallels to that of the kingdoms and republics which had occupied the same territory in Hellenistic days. Like the Seleucid Empire, Antioch began with a leading position, which it gradually lost by secessions and internal divisions. The Patriarchate of Jerusalem revolted from Antioch in the fifth century A.D. as the Jews had under the Maccabees seven centuries before, although for less serious reasons. As the Hellenistic rulers of Asia Minor and Greece gradually lost out to Macedon and Rome, so the ecclesiastical jurisdictions of the same area were ultimately absorbed in the Patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople. But the closest parallel of all is in Egypt. As the Ptolemies built their power on a closely knit and almost impregnable kingdom, from which they ventured forth to take their part in the high politics of the Hellenistic world, so the patriarchs of Alexandria, backed by the united support of the Egyptian Church, took a leading part in the affairs of the great church for two centuries. After generations of splendor, the ecclesiastical, like the civil dynasty, was subject to internal divisions and harassed by external interference, and ended its career in war and catastrophe. The major aspects of this story are a familiar topic in church history, but it may repay another survey from the special point of view of the relation of church and state in Egypt.

Biblical Criticism and Censorship in Ancien Régime France: the Case of Richard Simon

1985 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Lambe
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Political History ◽  
Book Trade ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancien Regime ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancien Régime ◽  
Vital Element

The case of Richard Simon and the suppression of his book, Histoire critique du Vieux Testament in 1678 stands at a point where the interests of both Church and State in maintaining control of the book trade intersected. As such, the case is of interest in two important areas: first, from the point of view of the social and political history of the ancien régime in France, this case exhibits the intense concern for maintenance or extension of the powers of jurisdiction of the authorities which is so characteristic of the reign of Louis XIV. In some instances this preoccupation with autorité and droit led to an unseemly public jockeying for power, and it is interesting to see how the book trade is seen as a vital element in this struggle.

The Sect to Denomination Process in America: The Freewill Baptist Experience

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. Bordin
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Church History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Teaching ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ernst Troeltsch

Shortly after the turn of the century Ernst Troeltsch joined Max Weber in examining the history of religious organizations from the point of view of the newly evolving discipline of sociology. Of the contributions Troeltsch made in his monumental study, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, the one which has proved most stimulating when applied to American church history was his differentiation of sect-type from church-type religious organization. In 1929, H. Richard Niebuhr in his Social Sources of Denoniinationalisrn elaborated Troeltsch's ideas, especially as they related to American developments, suggesting that in the American environment the denomination occupied a midway position between church and sect. While Troeltsch hints at the tendency of the sect to acquire churchly characteristics in time, Niebuhr spells out the steps in the process of transformation from sect to denomination which he sees as following inevitably, arguing that each generation's sects must become denominations in the next generation. These in turn leave behind a new group of disinherited whose needs are unmet and from which spring the next sect movement.

The Debate Between Toncho Zhechev and Iskra Panova – the End of the Discussions with a Privileged Point of View in the History of Bulgarian Philosophy

Diogenes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimiter Tsatsov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Traditions

The article draws attention to situations within certain local traditions and experiences, such as the debates about the leading position of certain theories in the history of Bulgarian philosophy.

scholarly journals I. The Metre of the Brhaddevata

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of

It is perhaps difficult to exaggerate the importance from the point of view of the literary history of India of the Bṛhaddevatā attributed to Śaunaka. That this has not hitherto received full recognition is due in part to the fact that it has been held, for example even by Dr. E. Sieg, that the Bṛhaddevatā is later in date than the Mahābhārata. This is, however, certainly not the case, as Professor A. A. Macdonell has shown conclusively in his edition of the former work. About 300 ślokas of the work are devoted to legends, and this must, it seems, be regarded as a conclusive proof that at the date of its composition there existed in Sanskrit an ākhyāna or itihāsa literature. Now the date of the Bṛhaddevatā is fixed by Professor Macdonell, on grounds which appear to me unassailable, at about 400 b.c., perhaps earlier. It follows, therefore, that a Sanskrit itihāsa literature can be proved to have existed in the fifth century b.c.

Recent Literature in Church HistoryThe Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Adolph Harnack , James MoffattDas nachapostolische Zeitalter: Geschichte der christlichen Gemeinden vom Beginn der Flavierdynastie bis zum Ende Hadrians. Rudolph KnopfThe Church's Task under the Roman Empire. Charles BiggMilitia Christi: Die christliche Religion und der Soldatenstand in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten. Adolph HarnackThe Statutes of the Apostles; Or, Canones Ecclesiastici. G. HornerThe Valerian Persecution: A Study of the Relations between Church and State in the Third Century, A. D.Patrick J. HealyLibri Sancti Patricii: The Latin Writings of Saint Patrick. Saint Patrick , Newport J. D. WhiteBurchard I. von Worms und die deutsche Kirche seiner Zeit (1000-1025): Ein kirchen- und sittengeschichtliches Zeitbild. Albert Michael KönigerAnalekten zur Geschichte des Franciscus von Assisi. H. BoehmerA Short History of Italy. Henry Dwight SedgwickThe Most Illustrious Ladies of the Italian Renaissance. Christopher HareLuthers Werke. Otto ScheelDr. Martin Luthers Kleiner Katechismus nach den ältesten Ausgaben, in hochdeutscher, niederdeutscher und lateinischer Sprache. Karl KnokeEnchiridion: Der kleine Catechismus fur die gemeine Pfarher und Prediger. D. Martin Luther , O. AlbrechtKatholizismus und Reformation: Kritisches Referat über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen der neueren katholischen Theologie auf dem Gebiete der Reformationsgeschichte. Walther KöhlerDie geistlichen Übungen des Ignatius von Loyola: Eine psychologische Studie. Karl HollA History of the Inquisition in Spain. Henry Charles LeaDie Verfasser der Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum. Walther BrechtEnglish Church History: From the Death of King Henry VII. to the Death of Archbishop Potter. Alfred PlummerThomas Cranmer and the English Reformation, 1489-1556. A. F. PollardJohn Knox, the Hero of the Scottish Reformation. Henry CowanJohn Knox: A Biography. D. MacmillanThe Religious Controversies of Scotland. Henry F. HendersonThe Westminster Confession of Faith and the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England: The Legal, Moral, and Religious Aspects of Subscription to Them. James DonaldsonHistoire de la tolérance religieuse: Evolution d'un principe social. Amédée MatagrinL'histoire, le texte et la destinée du Concordat de 1801. Em. SévestreThe Development of Religious Liberty in Connecticut. M. Louise GreeneDas Armenische Hymnarium: Studien zu seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung. Nerses Ter-MikaëlianRituale Armeniorum: Being the Administration of the Sacraments and the Breviary Rites of the Armenian Church; Together with the Greek Rites of Baptism and Epiphany. F. C. ConybeareEast Syrian Epiphany Rites. A. J. MacLeanBlatt aus der Geschichte des Stundismus in Russland. ChristophilosAus der Arbeit unter den Stundisten. A. J. StefanowitschAtlas zur Kirchengeschichte: 66 Karten auf 12 Blättern. Karl Heussi , Hermann MulertThe Disciples of Christ. Errett GatesJohn Fletcher Hurst: A Biography. Albert Osborn

1906 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-362
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Zenos ◽  
Walter Rauschenbusch ◽  
Franklin Johnson ◽  
Eri B. Hulbert ◽  
J. W. Moncrief ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Church History ◽  
Third Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Disciples Of Christ ◽  
Saint Patrick ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Aspects

scholarly journals Territorial Dioceses and Ethnic Episcopies in the Structure of the Church Organization of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (Canonical Aspects)

Slovene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zadornov
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Church Organization ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Liturgical Language ◽  
Church Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Structures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Church Organizations

The coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles in the structure of ecclesiastical organizations is a well known fact in church history. Both principles are equally legitimate from the point of view of canonical law. The “ethnic principle” was based on legal norms of the so-called 34th Apostolic Rule, and contrary to the opinion of scholars of the 19th century, it was still in use after the era of the Ecumenical Councils. This fact must be considered by students of the history of Church organizations in the First Bulgarian Kingdom, too. The observations regarding the structure of church organizations in Simeonic Bulgaria make it possible to assume the coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles of church organizations in his kingdom. As is known, Slavonic church schools were established in the southwestern part of the First Bulgarian Kingdom after 886. They were aimed at training the Slavonic clergy for the Slavonic church organization. In 893, the Bulgarian King Simeon was elevated to the throne, and a Slavonic eparchy headed by St. Clement of Ohrid was established in the southwestern territories of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. As a result, heterogeneous church organizations were established in the region, and church structures of ethnic and territorial types appeared. They differ from each other by the language of their church services. Old Church Slavonic must have been used as a liturgical language in the ethnic Slavonic eparchy. Since direct historical evidence for such heterogeneous church structure in the First Bulgarian Kingdom is absent, new interpretations of sources made on the basis of canonical law can be of importance for Slavonic studies.

scholarly journals Bałkany w ujęciu historiografii kościelnej V wieku związanej ze środowiskiem konstantynopolitańskim

Vox Patrum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 277-299
Author(s):  
Sławomir Bralewski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability

In the accounts of Socrates of Constantinople, Hermias Sozomenus and Phi­lostorgius, i.e. those ecclesiastical historians who represented the Constantino­politan point of view in church history, the region of the Balkans was neither ad­ministratively nor culturally or religiously uniform. Contents of their works sug­gest, however, that the area was very important strategically, which was indirectly stressed in Sozomenus’ and Phlilostorgius’ accounts of the conflicts between Con­stantine and Licinius, and then directly referred to when the three historians wrote on the invasion of the Goths and Maximus’ usurpation. All the three sources also imply that the Balkan peninsula became a shelter not only for refugees from the outside of the empire but also a safe haven for political fugitives from the Roman territories, as for instance is the case of Valentinian II and his entourage. It is also clearly visible that the region was treated by the historians as the hinterland of Constantinople, i.e. the second capital of the Roman Empire, founded by order of Constantine. Security of the capital was largely dependent on the stability of the Roman rule in the Balkans and the maintenance of peace in the area. The advent of the Huns, who pushed other barbarians to cross the Danube river, destabilized the region. The destabilization occurred even despite efforts of christianizing the inflowing tribes, which was an element of the strategy of the Romans targeted at subjecting the barbarian peoples to the empire both politically as well as re­ligiously. Socrates’, Sozomenus’ and Philostorgius’ accounts also show that the Balkans became a border zone of the empire (divided into its western and eastern parts) and a melting pot of various religious influences, which is exemplified by the regional history of Arianism. It is also undeniable that not only Socrates of Constantinople and Hermias Sozomenus but also Phlostorgius devoted to the Bal­kans more attention than Eusebius of Caesarea did. The fact can be explained on he basis of their geographical proximity to the region, which naturally drew the interest of the former, Constantinopole-based three. Last but not least, Sozomenus displayed in his narrative a better geographical competence as for the region than Socrates and therefore he tried to emend the account of his predecessor.

Pinsk General Congregation of Orthodox Clergy in 1791 as the First Experience of Hostile Actions of the Phanar Against Russian Orthodox Church

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 277-292
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Separatist Movement

The article examines the little-known event in the Church history of the Western Russian region – the Pinsk General Congregation of 1791, which put on its agenda the issue of the subordination of the Orthodox population in Poland to the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The author traces the premises, course and significance of this meeting of the Orthodox clergy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as the role of the Patriarch of Constantinople Neophytos VII in its holding and his guiding motives. It is concluded that: 1) the Pinsk Congregation was an unlawful assembly from the canonical point of view, and it served to intensify the actions of the Russian Empire against the Polish statehood; 2) the motives for the support of the Congregation on the part of the leadership of the Patriarchate of Constantinople were the idea of the universal power of Constantinople in the Orthodox world, and also the Greek nationalism; 3) the assistance to the separatist movement of the Orthodox clergy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealths in 1791 became, chronologically, the first experience of Phanar’s hostile actions against Russian Orthodox Church.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Attic Vases

1905 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 224-242
Author(s):  
G. M. A. R.
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Ceramic Art ◽  
The World ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of

One of the most interesting phenomena in the history of ceramic art is the absorption of the market of the world by Attic ware. The sixth-century tombs of Italy, Sicily and elsewhere show a gradual decrease in importations from Corinth, Chalcis, Cyrene and Ionia, and by the time of the beginning of the fifth century the Attic black- and red-figured ware has acquired a complete monopoly. The area over which these Attic vases were distributed comprises almost the whole of the world as known at that time—Greece Proper, the Aegean Islands, the Cyrenaica, Egypt, Asia Minor, the Crimea and above all Italy and Sicily. The question suggests itself how far this large and varied export was influenced by the special demand in various localities; how far, in fact, each locality had its own definite needs for special vase forms, which the ceramic trade of Athens was to supply.

An Eighth-century Poem on St. Ninian

Antiquity ◽  
1940 ◽  
Vol 14 (55) ◽  
pp. 280-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Levison
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Northern Province ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
Spiritual Instruction ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Whithorn in Galloway and Kirkmadrine nearby are famous to the archaeologist and historian as the homes of the oldest Christian monuments in Scotland, namely the memorial stones still to be found there. They were erected in a district where the church history of Scotland originated through the efforts of St. Ninian. A few lines in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, III, 4, contain the earliest traditions about him which have come down to us. According to this late record, ‘Nynia’ was a British bishop who brought the Christian faith to the southern Picts (australes Picti). He had got his spiritual instruction in Rome, and had his episcopal see and his last resting-place amidst other saints-at Whithorn, Ad Candidam Casam, so called after the church dedicated to St. Martin which he built of stone, a fashion unusual to the Britons. As to his age, Bede merely says that he was at work a long time before St. Columba came to the northern Picts in 565. The intercourse with Rome can hardly have been later than the fifth century; a dedication to St. Martin who probably died in 397, cannot have been made before the same century. When Bede finished his History in 731, Whithorn was under Northumbrian rule, belonging to the northern ‘province’ of Bernicia. An English episcopal seat had been erected there shortly before, having Pecthelm as first bishop (Hist. eccl v, 23); he had been a long time deacon and monk in Wessex with Aldhelm, the abbot of Malmesbury and bishop of Sherborne, famous for his writings, who died in 709. Pecthelm was one of Bede’s authorities (ib., v. 13, 18); so it has been suggested that the latter was indebted to Pecthelm for his knowledge of Ninian. Pecthelm was one of the correspondents of St. Boniface who also came from Wessex, and who wrote him a letter on a question of canonical law shortly before he (Pecthelm) died in 735. It must also be noted that Bede distinguishes clearly between Whithorn, situated amongst the British, and the Pictish country, the scene of Ninian’s missionary efforts.

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