scholarly journals Bałkany w ujęciu historiografii kościelnej V wieku związanej ze środowiskiem konstantynopolitańskim

Vox Patrum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 277-299
Author(s):  
Sławomir Bralewski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability

In the accounts of Socrates of Constantinople, Hermias Sozomenus and Phi­lostorgius, i.e. those ecclesiastical historians who represented the Constantino­politan point of view in church history, the region of the Balkans was neither ad­ministratively nor culturally or religiously uniform. Contents of their works sug­gest, however, that the area was very important strategically, which was indirectly stressed in Sozomenus’ and Phlilostorgius’ accounts of the conflicts between Con­stantine and Licinius, and then directly referred to when the three historians wrote on the invasion of the Goths and Maximus’ usurpation. All the three sources also imply that the Balkan peninsula became a shelter not only for refugees from the outside of the empire but also a safe haven for political fugitives from the Roman territories, as for instance is the case of Valentinian II and his entourage. It is also clearly visible that the region was treated by the historians as the hinterland of Constantinople, i.e. the second capital of the Roman Empire, founded by order of Constantine. Security of the capital was largely dependent on the stability of the Roman rule in the Balkans and the maintenance of peace in the area. The advent of the Huns, who pushed other barbarians to cross the Danube river, destabilized the region. The destabilization occurred even despite efforts of christianizing the inflowing tribes, which was an element of the strategy of the Romans targeted at subjecting the barbarian peoples to the empire both politically as well as re­ligiously. Socrates’, Sozomenus’ and Philostorgius’ accounts also show that the Balkans became a border zone of the empire (divided into its western and eastern parts) and a melting pot of various religious influences, which is exemplified by the regional history of Arianism. It is also undeniable that not only Socrates of Constantinople and Hermias Sozomenus but also Phlostorgius devoted to the Bal­kans more attention than Eusebius of Caesarea did. The fact can be explained on he basis of their geographical proximity to the region, which naturally drew the interest of the former, Constantinopole-based three. Last but not least, Sozomenus displayed in his narrative a better geographical competence as for the region than Socrates and therefore he tried to emend the account of his predecessor.

scholarly journals Słowianie w Historii powszechnej Teofilakta Simokatty – bizantyńska perspektywa aksjologiczna

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kotłowska
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Universal History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

Slavs in Theophylact Simocatta’s „Universal History” – a Byzantine axiological perspectiveThe Universal History of Theophylact Simocatta constitutes a very important source for the history of the Later Roman Empire, especially within the context of appearance of the Avars and the Slavs in the Balkans. This article confirms the high reliability and great value of Theophylact’ s narrative concerning the Slavs in the last two decades of the sixth century. In the second part, some new remarks have been given, which argue for the authenticity of the famous episode about Slavs “living at the end of the Western Ocean” (6.2). Moreover, the author is firmly convinced that the so-called Western Ocean should be identified with the Baltic Sea. Słowianie w Historii powszechnej Teofilakta Simokatty – bizantyńska perspektywa aksjologiczna Historia powszechna Teofilakta Simokatty stanowi bardzo istotne źródło do dziejów późnego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, m.in. w kontekście pojawienia się Awarów i Słowian na Bałkanach. Przedłożony artykuł potwierdza wysoką wiarygodność i faktograficzne znaczenie narracji Teofilakta odnośnie do Słowiańszczyzny ostatnich dwóch dziesięcioleci VI wieku. Druga część artykułu zawiera nową argumentację na rzecz autentyczności słynnego epizodu o Słowianach „mieszkających przy krańcu zachodniego Oceanu”. Autorka jest przekonana, że tzw. „zachodni Ocean” należy utożsamić z Morzem Bałtyckim.

The Slaves of the Churches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. The story begins in the New Testament era, when the earliest Christian norms were established, and continues through the late Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Carolingian Empire, to the thirteenth-century establishment of a body of ecclesiastical regulations (canon law) that would persist into the twentieth century. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. The book stops in the thirteenth century, which was a time of great changes, not only in the history of the legal profession, but also in the history of slavery as Europeans began to reach out into the Atlantic. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon.

Two ‘Virtues’ of Tiberius: A Numismatic Contribution to the History of his Reign

1939 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. V. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

Mr. M. P. Charlesworth's Raleigh Lecture, ‘The Virtues of a Roman Emperor: Propaganda and the Creation of Belief,’ serves admirably to illuminate a new aspect of the history of the Roman Empire, in which the debt of pure history to numismatics (and notably to the work of Mr. Mattingly in the British Museum Catalogues) will be plain. From the numismatic point of view there is, indeed, one curious omission in Mr. Charlesworth's argument; and attempts to make good the omission have opened up a series of speculations which are here discussed.

Ancient water robotics and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekâi Şen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Water Power ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although water resources have been developed throughout the centuries for the service of different civilizations, at different scales and in different regions, their use in automation has been conceived only recently. Research into the history of water from an automation point of view has led to some unknown or hidden facts. Starting from the ancient Greek period before the prophet Christ and after about the 12th century, many researchers tried to make use of water power for working some simple but effective devices for the service of mankind. Among these are the haulage of water from a lower level to a higher elevation by water wheels in order to irrigate agricultural land. Hero during the Hellenistic period and Vitruvius of the Roman Empire were among the first who tried to make use of water power for use in different human activities, such as water haulage, watermills, water clocks, etc. The highlights of these works were achieved by a 12th century Muslim researcher, Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari, who lived in the southeastern part of modern day Turkey. He reviewed all the previous work from different civilizations and then suggested his own designs and devices for the use of water power in automation of excellent types. He even combined animals and water power through early designs of valves, pistons, cylinders and crank mills, as will be explained in this paper. His works were revealed by German historians and engineers in the first quarter of the 19th century. Later, an English engineer translated his book from Arabic into English, revealing the guidelines for modern automation and robotic designs originating from the 12th century. This paper gives a brief summary of the early workers' devices and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari's much more developed designs with his original hand-drawn pictures.

The Patriarchate of Alexandria: A Study in National Christianity

1946 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Church History ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Point ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
History Of

The history of the patriarchates in the conciliar period of church history offers interesting parallels to that of the kingdoms and republics which had occupied the same territory in Hellenistic days. Like the Seleucid Empire, Antioch began with a leading position, which it gradually lost by secessions and internal divisions. The Patriarchate of Jerusalem revolted from Antioch in the fifth century A.D. as the Jews had under the Maccabees seven centuries before, although for less serious reasons. As the Hellenistic rulers of Asia Minor and Greece gradually lost out to Macedon and Rome, so the ecclesiastical jurisdictions of the same area were ultimately absorbed in the Patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople. But the closest parallel of all is in Egypt. As the Ptolemies built their power on a closely knit and almost impregnable kingdom, from which they ventured forth to take their part in the high politics of the Hellenistic world, so the patriarchs of Alexandria, backed by the united support of the Egyptian Church, took a leading part in the affairs of the great church for two centuries. After generations of splendor, the ecclesiastical, like the civil dynasty, was subject to internal divisions and harassed by external interference, and ended its career in war and catastrophe. The major aspects of this story are a familiar topic in church history, but it may repay another survey from the special point of view of the relation of church and state in Egypt.

The Sect to Denomination Process in America: The Freewill Baptist Experience

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. Bordin
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Church History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Teaching ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ernst Troeltsch

Shortly after the turn of the century Ernst Troeltsch joined Max Weber in examining the history of religious organizations from the point of view of the newly evolving discipline of sociology. Of the contributions Troeltsch made in his monumental study, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, the one which has proved most stimulating when applied to American church history was his differentiation of sect-type from church-type religious organization. In 1929, H. Richard Niebuhr in his Social Sources of Denoniinationalisrn elaborated Troeltsch's ideas, especially as they related to American developments, suggesting that in the American environment the denomination occupied a midway position between church and sect. While Troeltsch hints at the tendency of the sect to acquire churchly characteristics in time, Niebuhr spells out the steps in the process of transformation from sect to denomination which he sees as following inevitably, arguing that each generation's sects must become denominations in the next generation. These in turn leave behind a new group of disinherited whose needs are unmet and from which spring the next sect movement.

scholarly journals Dampak Dikeluarkannya Edik Milano 313 bagi Kebebasan Gereja

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Jon Mister R. Damanik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church History ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Church history is not an outdated or outdated writing, but church history has an important role to play. Because in the history of the church there are important parts that can be used as a teaching for the church today. Chrestus is a term for followers of Christ, and Christians are used as an outlet for pleasure when they are persecuted, pitted against hungry animals, used as torches to light the garden, nearly 250 years of persecuted Christians have not been given freedom by the state even if there is a problem -problems like a fire whose cause is Christians because they do not worship their gods so that the gods are angry. The Edik Milan is a decree issued in 313 which greatly influenced the church's freedom to carry out religious activities. The meaning of Edik is: "an order carried out by the ruler." Milan is "the Roman state where Roman rule ruled." With the issuance of this Edict of Milan by Konstantin the Great, the ruler of the Roman empire gave a glimmer of hope in freedom of worship. Events that have occurred in the church in the past are a motivation for the church to keep carrying out the command of the Lord Jesus, namely to make all nations become His disciples. The church exists today because there was a church in the past, hope to continue learning about history because from history there will be a lot to know about what happened in the past as a positive lesson in the present.AbstrakSejarah Gereja bukan suatu tulisan yang tidak berlaku atau yang sudah usang, tetapi sejarah gereja memiliki peranan penting untuk dipelajari. Karena dalam sejarah gereja terdapat bagian-bagian yang penting untuk dapat dijadikan sebagai suatu pengajaran bagi gereja masa kini. Chrestus adalah suatu sebutan untuk pengikut Kristus, dan orang-orang Kristen dijadikan sebagai pelampiasan kesenangan pada saat mereka dianiaya, diadu dengan binatang lapar, dijadikan obor sebagai penerang taman, hampir 250 tahun orang-orang Kristen dianiaya tidak diberikan kebebasan oleh negara bahkan jika ada masalah-masalah seperti kebakaran yang penyebabnya itu adalah orang Kristen karena mereka tidak menyembah dewa mereka sehingga dewa murka. Edik Milan adalah suatu Surat Keputusan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 313 yang sangat berpengaruh bagi kebebasan gereja untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ibadah-ibadah. Arti Edik adalah: ”perintah yang dilakukan oleh penguasa.” Milan adalah ”negara Roma tempat pemerintahan Romawi berkuasa.” Dengan dikeluarkan Edik Milan ini oleh Konstantinu Agung penguasa kekaisaran Romawi memberikan secercah harapan dalam kebebasan dalam melaksanakan ibadah. Peristiwa yang pernah terjadi pada gereja pada masa dulu adalah suatu motivasi bagi gereja untuk tetap menjalankan perintah Tuhan Yesus yaitu untuk menjadikan semua bangsa menjadi murid-Nya. Gereja ada pada hari ini karena ada gereja pada masa lalu, harapan teruslah belajar tentang sejarah karena dari sejarah akan banyak diketahui apa yang terjadi pada masa lalu sebagai suatu pembelajaran yang positif pada masa kini.

Wallachian cnezates in history of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Valentinovich Pilipchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
South Eastern Europe

This paper is devoted to the history of Wallachians a day knezats in the High Middle Ages. Wallachians mentioned far more often than in the Balkans and north of the Danube by the thirteenth century. Wallachian rebellious were subjects Romaios (Byzantinians), but this does not exclude the situational alliances with Romaios and Wallachian contingents participating in the campaigns of Byzantine army. Formation of political structures the Romanians in regions to the north of the Danube can be dated to the IX-XIII centuries. Making Wallachia as an independent state linked to the crisis in the Golden Horde and the expansion of Hungary to the east. Basarab just completed buissnes of Seneslav. Knezate of Gelou is nothing like Wallachian-Slavic cnezat in Transylvania. Regarding the migration of Wallachians in Muntenia, it was implemented as from the territory of Transylvania, as well as from the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. Key words: cnezates, Wallachians, Wallachia, Vlachs, Muntenia

Recent Literature in Church HistoryThe Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Adolph Harnack , James MoffattDas nachapostolische Zeitalter: Geschichte der christlichen Gemeinden vom Beginn der Flavierdynastie bis zum Ende Hadrians. Rudolph KnopfThe Church's Task under the Roman Empire. Charles BiggMilitia Christi: Die christliche Religion und der Soldatenstand in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten. Adolph HarnackThe Statutes of the Apostles; Or, Canones Ecclesiastici. G. HornerThe Valerian Persecution: A Study of the Relations between Church and State in the Third Century, A. D.Patrick J. HealyLibri Sancti Patricii: The Latin Writings of Saint Patrick. Saint Patrick , Newport J. D. WhiteBurchard I. von Worms und die deutsche Kirche seiner Zeit (1000-1025): Ein kirchen- und sittengeschichtliches Zeitbild. Albert Michael KönigerAnalekten zur Geschichte des Franciscus von Assisi. H. BoehmerA Short History of Italy. Henry Dwight SedgwickThe Most Illustrious Ladies of the Italian Renaissance. Christopher HareLuthers Werke. Otto ScheelDr. Martin Luthers Kleiner Katechismus nach den ältesten Ausgaben, in hochdeutscher, niederdeutscher und lateinischer Sprache. Karl KnokeEnchiridion: Der kleine Catechismus fur die gemeine Pfarher und Prediger. D. Martin Luther , O. AlbrechtKatholizismus und Reformation: Kritisches Referat über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen der neueren katholischen Theologie auf dem Gebiete der Reformationsgeschichte. Walther KöhlerDie geistlichen Übungen des Ignatius von Loyola: Eine psychologische Studie. Karl HollA History of the Inquisition in Spain. Henry Charles LeaDie Verfasser der Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum. Walther BrechtEnglish Church History: From the Death of King Henry VII. to the Death of Archbishop Potter. Alfred PlummerThomas Cranmer and the English Reformation, 1489-1556. A. F. PollardJohn Knox, the Hero of the Scottish Reformation. Henry CowanJohn Knox: A Biography. D. MacmillanThe Religious Controversies of Scotland. Henry F. HendersonThe Westminster Confession of Faith and the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England: The Legal, Moral, and Religious Aspects of Subscription to Them. James DonaldsonHistoire de la tolérance religieuse: Evolution d'un principe social. Amédée MatagrinL'histoire, le texte et la destinée du Concordat de 1801. Em. SévestreThe Development of Religious Liberty in Connecticut. M. Louise GreeneDas Armenische Hymnarium: Studien zu seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung. Nerses Ter-MikaëlianRituale Armeniorum: Being the Administration of the Sacraments and the Breviary Rites of the Armenian Church; Together with the Greek Rites of Baptism and Epiphany. F. C. ConybeareEast Syrian Epiphany Rites. A. J. MacLeanBlatt aus der Geschichte des Stundismus in Russland. ChristophilosAus der Arbeit unter den Stundisten. A. J. StefanowitschAtlas zur Kirchengeschichte: 66 Karten auf 12 Blättern. Karl Heussi , Hermann MulertThe Disciples of Christ. Errett GatesJohn Fletcher Hurst: A Biography. Albert Osborn

1906 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-362
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Zenos ◽  
Walter Rauschenbusch ◽  
Franklin Johnson ◽  
Eri B. Hulbert ◽  
J. W. Moncrief ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Church History ◽  
Third Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Disciples Of Christ ◽  
Saint Patrick ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Aspects

scholarly journals Territorial Dioceses and Ethnic Episcopies in the Structure of the Church Organization of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (Canonical Aspects)

Slovene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zadornov
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Church Organization ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Liturgical Language ◽  
Church Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Structures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Church Organizations

The coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles in the structure of ecclesiastical organizations is a well known fact in church history. Both principles are equally legitimate from the point of view of canonical law. The “ethnic principle” was based on legal norms of the so-called 34th Apostolic Rule, and contrary to the opinion of scholars of the 19th century, it was still in use after the era of the Ecumenical Councils. This fact must be considered by students of the history of Church organizations in the First Bulgarian Kingdom, too. The observations regarding the structure of church organizations in Simeonic Bulgaria make it possible to assume the coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles of church organizations in his kingdom. As is known, Slavonic church schools were established in the southwestern part of the First Bulgarian Kingdom after 886. They were aimed at training the Slavonic clergy for the Slavonic church organization. In 893, the Bulgarian King Simeon was elevated to the throne, and a Slavonic eparchy headed by St. Clement of Ohrid was established in the southwestern territories of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. As a result, heterogeneous church organizations were established in the region, and church structures of ethnic and territorial types appeared. They differ from each other by the language of their church services. Old Church Slavonic must have been used as a liturgical language in the ethnic Slavonic eparchy. Since direct historical evidence for such heterogeneous church structure in the First Bulgarian Kingdom is absent, new interpretations of sources made on the basis of canonical law can be of importance for Slavonic studies.

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